Neste trabalho é descrita a organização de SINSEM, um sistema de processamento automático de especificação SINtático-SEMânticas de linguagens de programação. É colocada a motivação para um tal sistema, em relação ao uso que se daria a ele. O sistema é situado entre sistemas similares, dos quais alguns são brevemente descritos, incluindo-se exemplos de uso. Procura-se estabelecer conceitos relativos as trabalho com sistemas de auxilio ao projeto e à implementação de linguagens de programação. É discutida a estrutura lógica do sistema e uma filosofia de utilização, bem como é apresentada a nova metalinguagem proposta construído a partir da notação BNF, com extensões para se exprimir a semântica de uma linguagem de um modo construtivo, permitindo a especificação de gramáticas livres do contexto sem recursões a esquerda, visando a produção de reconhecedores recursivos descendentes dotados de ações semânticas. São apresentadas a sintaxe concreta e estática da metalinguagem, explicando-se também as funções semânticas (do tipo estático e do tipo concreto) pré-definidas no ambiente de desenvolvimento onde a ferramenta se integra. Tal ambiente pode ser operado por um conjunto de comandos que constituem uma interface (o "envelope"), que inclui também uma biblioteca sintático-semântica (que pode ser atualizada pelo usuário). A interface é descrita por meio de DFD'S E DE UM DICIONÁRIO DE DADOS. Ao final é apresentado um exemplo, parcialmente comentado (capítulo 5), de definição completa de uma linguagem de programação (CSSD), usando-se a metalinguagem proposta e os itens pré-definidos da biblioteca sintático-semântica. / In this work it is specified the constitution of SINSEM, an automatic processing system for SYNtactic and SEMantic specifications of programming languages. it is discussed motivation for such a system, according to uses it could have. The system is situated among similar systems, and some of these are briefly described, including examples. It is attempted to establish concepts about working with ,design and implementation aiding systems for programming languages. It is discussed the logical structure of the system and a philosophy of use, as well is presented a new metalanguage proposal for syntactic and semantic descriptions that is a production system constructed from BNF notation, with extensions to give language semantics in a constructive way, allowing specification of free context grammars with no left recursions, aiming the generation of preliminary versions of recursive descent parsers with semantic actions. The abstract and concrete syntax of the metalanguage are presented, and are also explained the semantic functions (of static and concrete type) predefined with and within the development environment where this frame is inserted. That environment can be operated by a set of commands that constitutes an interface ( the " envelope") wich includes too a syntactic-semantic library ( this can be made up to date by the user own). The interface is described by means of a set of DFD's and a data dictionary. At the end. it is presented an example, partially commented (chapter 5), of a complete definition of a programming language ( CSSD ), using the proposed metalanguage and the predefined items of the syntactic-semantic iibrary.

Neste trabalho é descrita a organização de SINSEM, um sistema de processamento automático de especificação SINtático-SEMânticas de linguagens de programação. É colocada a motivação para um tal sistema, em relação ao uso que se daria a ele. O sistema é situado entre sistemas similares, dos quais alguns são brevemente descritos, incluindo-se exemplos de uso. Procura-se estabelecer conceitos relativos as trabalho com sistemas de auxilio ao projeto e à implementação de linguagens de programação. É discutida a estrutura lógica do sistema e uma filosofia de utilização, bem como é apresentada a nova metalinguagem proposta construído a partir da notação BNF, com extensões para se exprimir a semântica de uma linguagem de um modo construtivo, permitindo a especificação de gramáticas livres do contexto sem recursões a esquerda, visando a produção de reconhecedores recursivos descendentes dotados de ações semânticas. São apresentadas a sintaxe concreta e estática da metalinguagem, explicando-se também as funções semânticas (do tipo estático e do tipo concreto) pré-definidas no ambiente de desenvolvimento onde a ferramenta se integra. Tal ambiente pode ser operado por um conjunto de comandos que constituem uma interface (o "envelope"), que inclui também uma biblioteca sintático-semântica (que pode ser atualizada pelo usuário). A interface é descrita por meio de DFD'S E DE UM DICIONÁRIO DE DADOS. Ao final é apresentado um exemplo, parcialmente comentado (capítulo 5), de definição completa de uma linguagem de programação (CSSD), usando-se a metalinguagem proposta e os itens pré-definidos da biblioteca sintático-semântica. / In this work it is specified the constitution of SINSEM, an automatic processing system for SYNtactic and SEMantic specifications of programming languages. it is discussed motivation for such a system, according to uses it could have. The system is situated among similar systems, and some of these are briefly described, including examples. It is attempted to establish concepts about working with ,design and implementation aiding systems for programming languages. It is discussed the logical structure of the system and a philosophy of use, as well is presented a new metalanguage proposal for syntactic and semantic descriptions that is a production system constructed from BNF notation, with extensions to give language semantics in a constructive way, allowing specification of free context grammars with no left recursions, aiming the generation of preliminary versions of recursive descent parsers with semantic actions. The abstract and concrete syntax of the metalanguage are presented, and are also explained the semantic functions (of static and concrete type) predefined with and within the development environment where this frame is inserted. That environment can be operated by a set of commands that constitutes an interface ( the " envelope") wich includes too a syntactic-semantic library ( this can be made up to date by the user own). The interface is described by means of a set of DFD's and a data dictionary. At the end. it is presented an example, partially commented (chapter 5), of a complete definition of a programming language ( CSSD ), using the proposed metalanguage and the predefined items of the syntactic-semantic iibrary.

Neste trabalho é descrita a organização de SINSEM, um sistema de processamento automático de especificação SINtático-SEMânticas de linguagens de programação. É colocada a motivação para um tal sistema, em relação ao uso que se daria a ele. O sistema é situado entre sistemas similares, dos quais alguns são brevemente descritos, incluindo-se exemplos de uso. Procura-se estabelecer conceitos relativos as trabalho com sistemas de auxilio ao projeto e à implementação de linguagens de programação. É discutida a estrutura lógica do sistema e uma filosofia de utilização, bem como é apresentada a nova metalinguagem proposta construído a partir da notação BNF, com extensões para se exprimir a semântica de uma linguagem de um modo construtivo, permitindo a especificação de gramáticas livres do contexto sem recursões a esquerda, visando a produção de reconhecedores recursivos descendentes dotados de ações semânticas. São apresentadas a sintaxe concreta e estática da metalinguagem, explicando-se também as funções semânticas (do tipo estático e do tipo concreto) pré-definidas no ambiente de desenvolvimento onde a ferramenta se integra. Tal ambiente pode ser operado por um conjunto de comandos que constituem uma interface (o "envelope"), que inclui também uma biblioteca sintático-semântica (que pode ser atualizada pelo usuário). A interface é descrita por meio de DFD'S E DE UM DICIONÁRIO DE DADOS. Ao final é apresentado um exemplo, parcialmente comentado (capítulo 5), de definição completa de uma linguagem de programação (CSSD), usando-se a metalinguagem proposta e os itens pré-definidos da biblioteca sintático-semântica. / In this work it is specified the constitution of SINSEM, an automatic processing system for SYNtactic and SEMantic specifications of programming languages. it is discussed motivation for such a system, according to uses it could have. The system is situated among similar systems, and some of these are briefly described, including examples. It is attempted to establish concepts about working with ,design and implementation aiding systems for programming languages. It is discussed the logical structure of the system and a philosophy of use, as well is presented a new metalanguage proposal for syntactic and semantic descriptions that is a production system constructed from BNF notation, with extensions to give language semantics in a constructive way, allowing specification of free context grammars with no left recursions, aiming the generation of preliminary versions of recursive descent parsers with semantic actions. The abstract and concrete syntax of the metalanguage are presented, and are also explained the semantic functions (of static and concrete type) predefined with and within the development environment where this frame is inserted. That environment can be operated by a set of commands that constitutes an interface ( the " envelope") wich includes too a syntactic-semantic library ( this can be made up to date by the user own). The interface is described by means of a set of DFD's and a data dictionary. At the end. it is presented an example, partially commented (chapter 5), of a complete definition of a programming language ( CSSD ), using the proposed metalanguage and the predefined items of the syntactic-semantic iibrary.

L’adverbe est l’une des catégories invariables du discours. Le définir clairement n’est pas toujours chose aisée, tant cette catégorie grammaticale regorge de mots d’une grande hétérogénéité, non seulement du point de vue de leur nature, mais également du point de vue de leur rôle. L’adverbe peut ainsi signifier la comparaison, le lieu, la manière ou la qualité, l’ordre et le rang, la quantité, le temps, etc. Il peut encore servir de connecteur logique, de négation, etc. Lorsque l’adverbe permet de répondre à la question « où ? » posé autour du verbe, on parle d’adverbe locatif, traditionnellement appelé adverbe de lieu. C’est à cette catégorie d’adverbes que nous avons consacré notre étude. Les adverbes locatifs ont rarement fait l’objet d’une étude exhaustive, ce qui nous a amené à nous intéresser à leur classification dans le cadre théorique du lexique-grammaire. Pour parvenir à nos fins, nous nous sommes proposé pour objectif principal de mettre en évidence les différentes propriétés syntactico-sémantiques de ces adverbes locatifs. Mais avant d’en arriver-là, il était nécessaire de clarifier la notion très ambivalente de lieu, ce vocable permettant en effet de regrouper des réalités diverses telles que les lieux ayant un sens purement locatif (ex. ici, là-haut) et les lieux impliquant l’idée d’activités qui leur sont associées (ex. au cinéma, à l’école), pour ne citer que ces deux exemples. Il s’agissait donc de mettre en évidence cette classification interne au sein même de cette dernière notion de lieu. Ainsi, nous parlons d’adverbes locatifs non prédicatifs pour désigner les adverbes ayant un sens de lieu impliquant également un sens d’activité associée à ce lieu. De même, les adverbes locatifs prédicatifs pour parler des adverbes désignant explicitement une activité liée à un lieu tout en possédant une référence de lieu rendant possible une telle activité. Compte tenu de la rareté des études qui examinent de manière systématique le lien entre la notion de lieu et les adverbes de lieu, tout l’intérêt de notre démarche aura été d’élaborer une approche analytique qui rende compte des phénomènes sémantico-syntaxiques propres aux adverbes locatifs. Cette étude est d’autant plus nécessaire que l’absence d’une méthode d’analyse a souvent fait obstacle à l’établissement d’une classification des adverbes locatifs. / The adverb is an invariable part of discourse. Defining it with clarity is not a simple assignment, as this category in grammar is filled with words of great heterogeneity, not only from the point of view of their nature, but also from the point of view of their role. The adverb can thus mean comparison, place, manner, quality, order, rank, quantity, and time, etc. It can also be used as a logical connector, negation, etc. When the adverb allows the question "where?" to be raised around the verb, one speaks of locative adverb, traditionally known as adverb of place. It is to this category of adverbs that we have devoted our study. Locative adverbs have rarely been studied exhaustively, which has led us to consider their classification in the theoretical framework of the lexicon-grammar. In order to achieve our goals, we propose to highlight the different syntactico-semantic properties of these adverbs. But before we came to that point, it was necessary to clarify the very ambivalent notion of place, since this term allows us to gather diverse realities such as places with a purely locative sense (e.g. here, up there) and places involving the idea of activities associated within them (e.g. at the cinema, at the school), to only mention these two examples. It was therefore necessary to bring to light this internal classification within the very notion of place. Thus, we speak of non-predicative locative adverbs to denote adverbs with a sense of place that also implies a sense of activity associated with those places. Similarly, predicative locative adverbs to speak of adverbs explicitly designating an activity linked to a place while referring to a location allowing such activity to be performed Given the scarcity of studies that systematically examine the link between the notion of place and adverbs of place, all the interest of our approach will have been to develop an analytical approach that accounts for the semantico-syntactic phenomena specific to locative adverbs. This study is all the more necessary due to the absence of a method of analysis often hindered the establishment of a classification of adverbs of place.

Dans le domaine de l’architecture et de la conservation du patrimoine historique, les technologies de l’information et de la communication permettent l’acquisition de grandes quantités de données introduisant des supports d’analyses pour différentes finalités et à différents niveaux de détails (photographies, nuages de points, imagerie scientifique, …). L’organisation et la structuration de ces ressources est aujourd’hui un problème majeur pour la description, l’analyse et la compréhension d’objets patrimoniaux. Cependant les solutions existantes d’annotations sémantiques d’images ou de modèle 3D se révèlent insuffisantes notamment sur l’aspect de mise en relation des différents supports d’analyse.Cette thèse propose une approche permettant de conduire des annotations sur les différents supports bidimensionnels tout en permettant la propagation de ces annotations entre les différentes représentations (2D ou 3D) de l’objet. L’objectif est d’identifier des solutions pour corréler (d’un point de vue spatial, temporel et sémantique) des jeux d’annotations au sein d’un jeu d’images. Ainsi le système repose sur le principe de spatialisation des données permettant d’établir une relation entre les représentations 3D, intégrant toute la complexité géométrique de l’objet et par conséquent permettant l’extraction d’informations métriques, et les représentations 2D de l’objet. L’approche cherche donc à la mise en place d’une continuité informationnelle depuis l’acquisition d’images jusqu’à la construction de représentations 3D sémantiquement enrichies en intégrant des aspects multi-supports et multi-temporels. Ce travail a abouti à la définition et le développement d’un ensemble de modules informatiques pouvant être utilisés par des spécialistes de la conservation d’un patrimoine architectural comme par le grand public. / In the field of architecture and historic preservation , the information and communication technologies enable the acquisition of large amounts of data introducing analysis media for different purposes and at different levels of details ( photographs, point cloud, scientific imaging, ...). The organization and the structure of these resources is now a major problem for the description, the analysis and the understanding of cultural heritage objects. However the existing solutions in semantic annotations on images or on 3D model are insufficient, especially in the linking of different analysis media.This thesis proposes an approach for conducting annotations on different two-dimensional media while allowing the propagation of these annotations between different representations (2D or 3D) of the object. The objective is to identify solutions to correlate (from a spatial, temporal and semantic point of view) sets of annotations within sets of images. Thus, the system is based on the principle of data spatialization for establishing a relationship between the 3D representations, incorporating all the geometric complexity of the object and therefore to the metric information extraction, and 2D representations of object. The approach seeks to the establishment of an information continuity from the image acquisition to the construction of 3D representations semantically enhanced by incorporating multi-media and multi-temporal aspects. This work resulted in the definition and the development of a set of software modules that can be used by specialists of conservation of architectural heritage as by the general public.

<div>Supervised classification methods based on deep learning have achieved great success in many domains and tasks that are previously unimaginable. Such approaches build on learning paradigms that require hundreds of examples in order to learn to classify objects or events. Thus, their immediate application to the domains with few or no observations is limited. This is because of the lack of ability to rapidly generalize to new categories from a few examples or from high-level descriptions of categories. This can be attributed to the significant gap between the way machines represent knowledge and the way humans represent categories in their minds and learn to recognize them. In this context, this research represents categories as semantic trees in a high-level attribute space and proposes an approach to utilize these representations to conduct N-Shot, Few-Shot, One-Shot, and Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL). This work refers to this paradigm as the problem of general classification (GCP) and proposes a unified framework for GCP referred to as the Few and Zero-Shot Technique (FAZT). FAZT framework is an end-to-end approach that uses trainable 3D convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks to simultaneously optimize for both the semantic and the classification tasks. Lastly, the problem of systematically obtaining semantic attributes by utilizing domain-specific ontologies is presented. The proposed framework is validated in the domains of hand gesture and action/activity recognition, however, this research can be applied to other domains such as video understanding, the study of human behavior, emotion recognition, etc. First, an attribute-based dataset for gestures is developed in a systematic manner by relying on literature in gestures and semantics, and crowdsourced platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ZSL dataset for hand gestures (ZSGL dataset). Next, our framework is evaluated in two experimental conditions: 1. Within-category (to test the attribute recognition power) and 2. Across-category (to test the ability to recognize an unknown category). In addition, we conducted experiments in zero-shot, one-shot, few-shot and continuous learning conditions in both open-set and closed-set scenarios. Results showed that our framework performs favorably on the ZSGL, Kinetics, UIUC Action, UCF101 and HMDB51 action datasets in all the experimental conditions.<br></div><div><br></div>