Spelling suggestions: "subject:"semiempirical method"" "subject:"semiempirica method""
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Numerical Investigation of Ship's Continuous-Mode Icebreaking in Level IceTan, Xiang January 2014 (has links)
This thesis is a summary of studies that were carried out as part of candidacy for aPhD degree. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate some factors in shipdesign that are intended for navigating in ice using numerical simulations. A semiempiricalnumerical procedure was developed by combining mathematical modelsthat describe the various elements of the continuous-mode icebreaking process inlevel ice. The numerical procedure was calibrated and validated using full- andmodel-scale measurements. The validated numerical model was in turn used toinvestigate and clarify issues that have not been previously considered.An icebreaker typically breaks ice by its power, its weight and a strengthened bowwith low stem angle. The continuous icebreaking process involves heave and pitchmotions that may not be negligible. The numerical procedure was formulated toaccount for all of the possible combinations of motions for six degrees of freedom(DOFs). The effects of the motion(s) for certain DOF(s) were investigated bycomparing simulations in which the relevant motion(s) were first constrained andthen relieved.In the continuous-mode icebreaking process, a ship interacts with an icebreakingpattern consisting of a sequence of individual icebreaking events. The interactionsamong the key characteristics of the icebreaking process, i.e., the icebreakingpattern, ship motions, and ice resistance, were studied using the numericalprocedure in which the ship motions and excitation forces were solved for in thetime domain and the ice edge geometry was simultaneously updated.Observations at various test scales have shown that the crushing pressure arisingfrom the ice–hull interaction depends on the contact area involved. A parametricstudy was carried out on the numerical procedure to investigate the effect of thecontact pressure on icebreaking.The loading rates associated with the ship’s forward speed have been anticipatedto play an important role in determining the bending failure loads, in view of thedynamic water flow underneath the ship and the inertia of the ice. The dynamicbending behavior of ice could also explain the speed dependence of the icebreakingresistance component. A dynamic bending failure criterion for ice was derived,incorporated into the numerical procedure and then validated using full-scale data.The results obtained using the dynamic and static bending failure criteria werecompared to each other.In addition, the effect of the propeller flow on the hull resistance for ships runningpropeller first in level ice was investigated by applying the information obtainedfrom model tests to the numerical procedure. The thrust deduction in ice wasdiscussed.
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Étude théorique et expérimentale du boulonnage à ancrage réparti sous sollicitations axiales / Theoretical and experimental study of fully grouted rockbolts and cablebolts under axial loadsBlanco Martin, Laura 29 March 2012 (has links)
Le boulonnage et le câblage à ancrage réparti sont deux techniques de renforcement du terrain couramment utilisées dans l'industrie minière et dans le génie civil. Au fil de cette recherche, on s'intéresse à la réponse de ces éléments sous des sollicitations axiales de traction, en régime statique. Dans ces conditions, l'expérience montre que la rupture se produit le plus fréquemment à l'interface barre-scellement via un processus de décohésion qui commence dès que la force sur la barre atteint une valeur limite. L'objectif est de mieux comprendre le comportement de cette interface, avant et après rupture. Premièrement, on revoit l'état de l'art afin de comprendre le travail effectué et les aspects non maîtrisés à ce jour. Deuxièmement, on décrit des outils analytiques qui permettent de comprendre la réponse d'un boulon ou d'un câble à ancrage réparti soumis à une force de traction. Ensuite, on présente les études expérimentales menées en laboratoire et in situ. Des essais d'arrachement ont été effectués pour déterminer les principaux facteurs qui régissent la réponse de l'interface. Finalement, on analyse les résultats des essais effectués en laboratoire sur les boulons. Après l'obtention des variables nécessaires, on propose un modèle semi-empirique d'interface, qui devra être validé par des essais complémentaires. Cette perspective et d'autres améliorations sont également présentées. / Rockbolting and cablebolting are two ground reinforcement techniques broadly used in civil and mining engineering. This research focuses on the behaviour of fully grouted bolts subjected to tensile axial loads, in static conditions. Under these circumstances, experience throughout the world proves that failure usually takes place at the bolt-grout interface via a decoupling process that starts if the load on the bolt exceeds a critical value. The objective is to gain more insight into the behaviour of this interface, before and after failure. First, the state-of-the-art is presented to understand the existing advances and to identify the lacking aspects. Secondly, analytical tools that help understand the response of a fully grouted bolt subjected to a tensile load are described. Then, the field and laboratory experimental campaigns are exposed. Pull-out tests have been conducted to determine the most influencing parameters on the interface behaviour. Finally, the laboratory results on rockbolts are analyzed. Once the necessary variables are obtained, a semi-empirical interface behaviour model is proposed. The further evaluation of this model and other improvements are suggested as perspectives of evolution.
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Probabilistic Added Wave Resistance Predictions for Design of RoPax Ferries / Probabilistiska Beräkningsmetoder av Adderat Vågmotstånd för Design av RoPax FartygViinikka, Jonathan January 2023 (has links)
This thesis investigates reasons for significant uncertainties in added wave resistance predictionsand how wave conditions can potentially affect the design of RoPax ferries. The objectiveis to find a suitable prediction method of added wave resistance for the RoPax ferry designapplication. Furthermore, the wave environment on the route strongly influences this delicateand complex phenomenon. Thus, the emphasis is to understand the added wave resistancethrough a case study with a probabilistic wave environment.The fast transition into decarbonization and regulations regarding energy-efficient ship designhave ramped up the awareness of the influence of seaways. For lower speeds, the addedresistance becomes a more significant part of total resistance, with concerns regarding minimumpropulsion power and safe maneuvering in adverse sea conditions. Consequently, the demandhas rocketed for profound insight and accurate prediction methods of added wave resistance. Inaddition, with new larger ships, added wave resistance domain for short waves becomes essentialand an additional challenge regarding predictions. Nevertheless, added wave resistancepredictions are complex and contain many pitfalls, so accurate estimations of the ship’s addedwave resistance response and wave environment are crucial. In addition, added wave resistanceis very ship-specific, and published research for RoPax ferries is rare.Due to significant uncertainties for general numerical methods, the study investigates a new(modified NTUA) semi-empirical method refined for ships with a large beam-to-draft ratio.In addition, a realistic wave environment is included by selecting relevant wave spectra forconditions on the route.The study shows that significant variances of added wave resistance predictions arise fromselecting prediction methods beyond the range of applicability and rough assumptions of waveconditions and spectra. The case study discovered that errors might also be introduced bythe classification society definitions, which gives reasons to rethink the applied definition of"average BF 8" wave conditions for Safe Return to Port (SRtP) assessments. This can causea false illusion of the ship’s performance and safety in waves. Only the misjudgment ofthe most critical peak period resulted in a rough underestimation (> 40%) of mean addedwave resistance. The error corresponded to 215% of the still water resistance for the SRtPassessment. In addition, the nature of added wave resistance is very ship specific. Therefore, theauthor emphasizes caution when selecting the prediction method, especially for semi-empiricalmethods. Despite the first promising glance of the applied semi-empirical method, it appearsthat the ship database correlates poorly for RoPax ferries. Reliability for the method is weak forshort waves, with a tendency to large overestimations. The lack of references of RoPax vesselsfor validations, accident statics in adverse sea conditions and recent insight into nonlinear effectsrequest further research on added wave resistance for modern hull shapes. / Den här studien undersöker orsaker till stora osäkerheter i adderade vågmotståndsberäkningaroch hur vågförhållanden eventuellt kan påverka designen av RoPax-färjor. Målet är att hittaen tillämpbar beräkningsmetod för adderat vågmotstånd för RoPax-designapplikationer. Dettakänsliga och komplexa fenomenet påverkas starkt av vågmiljön längs med rutten. Därför ärtyngdpunkten att förstå det adderade vågmotståndet genom en fallstudie med en probabilistiskvågmiljö.Den snabba övergången av minskat koldioxidutsläpp och designriktlinjerna för energieffektivafartyg har drivit fram förståelsen av sjövägarna inverkan. För lägre hastigheter utgör de adderademotstånd en mer betydande del av det totala motståndet, vilket har skapat oro för otillräckligframdrivningskraft och förlust av manövreringsförmåga under ogynnsamma sjöförhållanden.Därmed har efterfrågan ökat för djupare förståelse och noggranna beräkningsmetoder föradderat vågmotstånd. Dessutom, för allt större fartyg, blir också den adderade vågmotstånds-domänen för korta vågor dominerande och ytterligare en utmaning för beräkningsmetoderna.Eftersom adderade vågmotståndsberäkningarna är komplexa och omfattar många fallgropar,så därför är noggranna uppskattningar av fartygetsresponsen för adderad vågmotstånd ochvågmiljön avgörande. Dessutom är adderade vågmotståndet väldigt fartygsspecifikt, och publi-cerad forskning för RoPax-färjor är sällsynta.På grund av betydande osäkerheter för allmänna numeriska metoder utforskar studien enny (modifierad NTUA) semi-empirisk metod anpassad för fartyg med ett stort skeppbredd-djupgående förhållande. Dessutom inkluderas en realistisk vågmiljö genom att välja relevantavågspektra baserat på ruttens förhållanden.Studien visar att omfattande variationer av adderade vågmotståndsberäkningar uppstår genomatt välja beräkningsmetoder utanför dess tillämpningsområde, och grova antaganden om våg-förhållanden och vågspektra. Fallstudien upptäckte att fel också kan introduceras genomklassificeringssällskapets definitioner, vilket ger skäl att överväga den tillämpade definitionen av”genomsnittliga Beauforts 8"vågförhållanden för Safe Return to Port (SRtP) utredningar. Dettakan orsaka en falsk illusion av fartygets prestanda och säkerhet i vågor. Endast felbedömningenav den kritiska pik-perioden resulterade i en grov underskattning (> 40%) av den genomsnittligaadderade vågmotståndet. Felet motsvarade 215% av lugnvatten motståndet för SRtP-utredningen.Dessutom är karaktären av adderat vågmotstånd mycket fartygsspecifik. Därför framhållerförfattaren försiktighet för val av beräkningsmetoden, speciellt för semi-empiriska metoder.Trots en lovande första anblicken av det tillämpade semi-empiriska metoden, verkar det somom fartygsdatabasen korrelerar dåligt för RoPax-fartyg. Tillförlitligheten för metoden är svagför korta vågor, med en tendens till stora överskattningar. Bristen på RoPax-referenser förvalidering, olycksstatistiken för RoPax-fartyg och den senaste tidens insikt i icke-linjära effekterger anledning för vidare forskning om adderat vågmotstånd för moderna skrovformer.
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