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In the 1980s, Senegalese ethnic harmony was tarnished by the emergence of the Mouvement des Forces DeÌ mocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC). The major demand of this organization was the independence of Casamance, a southern province of Senegal. In the initial years of the movement (1980-1990), the MFDC capitalized upon the grievances of the local populations, and received support from them. In the first half of the 1990s, it began to receive substantial support from neighboring countries and in response came to rely less upon the support of local constituents. It escalated the violence not only against the state but also against local populations, which reinforced its growing dependence upon external patrons rather than popular support. In the 1990s, the government of Senegal worked to cut off both external and internal support to the MFDC, by improving its relations with the neighboring countries and by practicing a politics of "charm" vis aÌ vis the local populations. In response, the MFDC has become engaged in the illegal exploitation of the natural resources. As the MFDC has shifted from one support base to another, it has pragmatically altered tactics and objectives. This demonstrated adaptability of the MFDC has important implications for our understanding of post-Cold War civil conflicts, and for the governments' efforts to resolve them. It suggests that the distinction between "greed" and "grievance," which motivates much of the recent scholarly debate on ethnic conflict, is largely a false one, and that governments must address both in their efforts to resolve such conflicts. / Senegalese National Gendarmerie author.

A transposição da língua e da cultura portuguesa para novos lugares foi uma consequência dos Descobrimentos. Este estudo incide sobre as marcas da presença portuguesa na África ocidental, nomeadamente no Senegal, onde milhares de jovens estudam o português, tanto no Ensino Secundário como no Superior. Contudo, a comunidade portuguesa é muito pequena. A autora, que foi leitora na Universidade Cheikh Anta Diop, fez um levantamento sobre o ensino do português para a embaixada em Dacar e recorreu a um inquérito para investigar não só as motivações específicas dos estudantes mas também outros aspectos da cultura senegalesa, e a sua relação com a presença portuguesa. analisou ainda relatos da época, documentos históricos e bibliografia diversa para avaliar o impacto das expedições marítimas portuguesas nestes territórios e as suas repercussões até aos nossos dias.

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Abstract Although nodulated legumes have been used by indigenous peoples in Africa for centuries, their full potential has never been realized. With modern technology there is scope for rapid improvement of both plant and microbial germplasm. This review gives examples of some recent developments in the form of case studies; these range from multipurpose human food crops, such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), through to beverages (teas) that are also income-generating such as rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgren, honeybush (Cyclopia Vent. spp.), and the widely used food additive gum arabic (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.). These and other potential crops are welladapted to the many different soil and climatic conditions of Africa, in particular, drought and low nutrients. All can nodulate and fix nitrogen, with varying degrees of effectiveness and using a range of bacterial symbionts. The further development of these and other species is essential, not only for African use, but also to retain the agricultural diversity that is essential for a changing world that is being increasingly dominated by a few crops such as soybean.

The thesis "Tuba: an African eschatology in Islam" adopts afrocentric hypotheses for the study of Islam. First, the thesis demonstrates how certain phenomena specific to Islam in Africa, those usually qualified as products of religious syncretism, are on the contrary indicative of the ongoing process of synthesis and enrichment within Islam, and, secondly, that African spiritual tradition continues today as in the past to participate along with others in this constructive process. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis the spiritual significance of the modern Islamic holy city of Touba in Senegal will be analyzed. / Touba is named for the Tree of Paradise (Tuba) of Islamic tradition and the holy city has been constructed around the singular arboreal image. The spiritual meaning imparted by Touba, a deliberate creation, is expressed in the topography of the holy city, in its geographic configuration. The thesis adapts the methodologies of spatial analysis, and specifically the semiotic reading of landscape, to the study of a religious phenomenon, i.e., the creation of a holy city. / in order to explain the significance of this holy city for Islamic eschatology, the meanings which three distinct religious traditions (Islam, West Africa, Ancient Egypt) have attached to the image of the cosmic tree are inventoried. The tree as archetype here serves to establish the continuity of African religious thought from pharaonic Egypt to modern Muslim Senegal.

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 224-227).

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 1993. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / Typescript. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 205-208.

Univ., Magisterarbeit, 2007--Frankfurt (Main).