Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 497-513).

Pädag. Hochsch., Diss., 2004--Freiburg (Breisgau).

xi, 105 p. : map. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This thesis explores the empowerment effects of informal education programs run by the highly acclaimed non-governmental organization (NGO) Tostan in Senegal, West Africa. My interviews with 25 women in six rural communities in Senegal reveal that participants in Tostan training programs experience multiple forms and degrees of empowerment. The respondents in this study report sometimes feeling empowered in terms of education, access to resources, individualization and participation. In light of the literature on empowerment, my respondents remain only partially empowered, constrained by existing sociopolitical relations and economic dependency. My research also considers whether there are structural limits to empowerment when an outside NGO comes into a community for a relatively short time to promote change better produced indigenously. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Dennis Galvan, Chair; Dr. Stephen Wooten; Dr. Anne Williams

Gum arabic is a natural gummy exudate from acacia trees and exhibits natural built-in variations commonly associated with hydrocolloids. This study is concerned with the determination of factors which could influence its properties and functionality. These factors include origin (location, soil type, rainfall), different collections, age of the trees and storage condition. Previous studies acknowledged the influence of some of these factors but somehow lack providing definitive answers to questions being asked by the end user and required for the development of Gum arabic industry in Sudan. Local knowledge as well as the various stages of gum collection and processing were reviewed in order to provide a clear background and the justification for the experimental design. In this study samples were collected from six plantations located in the west and east regions in Sudan. Samples were collected from trees of different age (5, 10, 15 and 20 years old) and also from different picking interval (1-4). Each sample was divided into three portions (UK, Khartoum and Port Sudan) and stored for 5 years in order to determine the effect of the respective location. Various analytical parameters (% loss on drying, Optical rotation, % protein, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution) were measured to fully characterise the gum samples and to determine their functionality (emulsification). The results obtained for all samples were consistent with those previously reported in the literature (see Chapter 4). The only exception, identified in a number of samples from the western region, is the high proportion (~30%) of high molecular weight fraction termed arabinogalactan-protein complex (AGP). The results clearly demonstrated significant variations between plantations located in western region compared with the eastern region. However, the variations between the plantations within the same region are statistically not significant. High values of % protein, viscosity, Mw and % AGP were obtained from the 1st pick, from both regions, and then significantly decreased thereafter to the fourth pick. Samples from west region in Sudan, from 1st and 2nd pick and from tree age (15) years gave the highest viscosity, molecular weight, % AGP and superior emulsification performance compared to other samples from different tree ages. The regression statistical analysis for the physiochemical properties correlation with emulsification performance demonstrated the role of % AGP to be the most influential factor followed by viscosity. The major finding of this study is the effect of storage condition on the properties and functionality of Acacia senegal. An increase in the molecular weight for all stored samples (for 5 years) irrespective of region was evident and statically significant. However, this increase was more prominent for samples from the western region compared to the eastern region. The AGP fraction was increased by the storage treatment up to 40% in Port-Sudan, 20% in Khartoum-Sudan and 15% in UK. The result clearly demonstrated that the temperature and humidity are the crucial factors to induce the natural maturation process in acacia gums. Statistical analysis (linear regression) suggested statistically significant models and equations to predict and explain the variations in the physiochemical and functional properties based on the environmental factors, picking set and age of the tree.

In den frühen 1980er-Jahren findet in Senegal ein bedeutender Wandel in der lokalen Musikszene statt: Die bislang weitreichend dominante afro- kubanische Musik der modernen Orchester wird innerhalb weniger Jahre von einem neuen Trend abgelöst: Mbalax. Anja Brunner verfolgt in diesem Buch die Entwicklungen in der Musikszene Senegals von den 1960er- Jahren bis zur Etablierung von Mbalax als neuem Popularmusikgenre vor dem Hintergrund der gesellschaftlichen, politischen, technischen und medialen Veränderungen, die zur Entstehung dieser neuen „senegalesischen“ Popularmusik beitragen.:Vorbemerkung und Danksagung …………………………………… 5 Remerciements ……………………………………………………... 6 Anmerkungen zum Text ……………………………………………. 7 Einleitung …………………………………..…………………….… 9 Musik der Wolof und musiques in Senegal ………………….…..…… 21 Griots und Griottes der Wolof ……………………….…….…... 21 Instrumente und musikalische Konzepte ………………..……… 23 Das Spannungsfeld zwischen Tradition und Moderne ……..….... 28 Musique traditionnelle und musique moderne in Senegal ………… 30 Kuba, Nachtclubs, Négritude – Musique moderne bis Ende der 1960er- Jahre ………………………………...………………...……………..34 Kubanische Musik in Senegal …………………….…..………… 35 Senghor, Négritude und Francité – Die Rolle der Kultur im Staat 39 Premier Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres ………………...………. 43 Musik der Nachtclubs …………………………………………. 45 Wolof als Liedsprache und traditionelles Repertoire ……...…….. 48 Rock, Pop, Soul – Musik der Jugend …………………………… 52 Covers, Salsa und „recherches musicales“ – Musik in den 1970er- Jahren ……………………..…...…………..…...…………………… 54 Senegalesische Kopien und unerwünschte Folklore …………...… 54 Orchestre du Baobab ……………………...……………………... 58 Politische Öffnung, Zensur und Tourismus …………………….. 60 „Musique authentiquement sénégalaise“? …………………...…... 64 „Autopsie d’une musique“ ………………………...……………. 67 Die Tama in der musique moderne ……………...………………. 68 Afro-Sounds …………….…………..………………………….. 72 Musikbetrieb der modernen Musik …………………..………… 77 Neue Generation zwischen Tradition und Moderne …………..... 82 Kritik der Jugend – Der Film Xala als Beispiel ………………….. 86 Die Etablierung von Mbalax in Dakar ………..…………….....…….. 91 Xalam II ………………………………...……………………… 91 Number One ……………………………………………………. 94 Super Diamono ……………………...………………………….. 95 Étoile de Dakar, Youssou Ndour und Super Étoile ………………. 97 Rund um Mbalax ………………………………………………. 99 Musikalische Veränderungen …………………………………… 101 Neues Selbstbewusstsein, Imagewandel und Generationenwechsel 106 Sabar-Tanz in den Diskotheken – eine kleine Revolution ………. 110 Politischer Wechsel ……………………………………………... 112 Musikindustrie und Piraterie …………………………………… 116 Radio und Fernsehen …………………………………………… 121 Il faut mbalaxer tout? – Erfolgsmusik Mbalax ………………...... 124 Resümee: Mbalax als Musik der Wolof …………...…………………. 128 Quellenverzeichnis …………………………………………………... 131 Literatur ………………………………………………………... 131 Tageszeitungen …………………………………………………. 138 Interviews ………………………………………………………. 143 Audio- und Videoquellen ………………………………………. 143 Zeittafel …………………………………………...………………… 145 Index ………………………………………………………………... 147

Like many African nations, Senegalese education emphasizes teaching approaches characterized by lecture-driven courses and information memorization.The objective of the study was to assess the needs for employing learner-centered practices and challenges professors' faced in terms of current teaching and learning methods at five Senegalese higher-education institutions. An explanatory mixed method study was designed to assess professors' teaching strategies, attitudes toward learner-centered methods, social climate at the institutions, perceived confidence in effectively incorporating these methods, as well as the challenges faced in current teaching and learning approaches. Results showed professors had positive attitudes towards learner-centered methods and thought they were effective teaching techniques. Professors also indicated that they felt little to no pressure from their peers or institutions in employing other methods and some felt confident enough to use learner-centered strategies properly. Data also revealed that the culture of instruction and the constraints in teaching were the primary obstacles preventing professors from effectively incorporating the methods in their classrooms. The study's findings indicated that: 1) addressing the normative beliefs and social norms toward learner-centered methods requires an understanding of the cultural context of Senegalese instruction and 2) professional trainings can make a marked difference in how professors think about teaching practice, as well as increase self-efficacy that can influence their behavior toward more learner-centered strategies. / Master of Science

No description available.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 N39 / Master of Science

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Water availability is a critical limiting element in semi-arid ecosystem productivity and presents particular challenges in Sahelian countries such as Senegal. The landscapes are characterized by the presence of two common semi-arid shrubs (Piliostigma reticulatum and Guiera senegalensis), both of which may be important hydraulic regulators in these water-limited ecosystems. Dry season observations revealed higher moisture levels in soil surrounding the shrub shallower roots relative to bare soil. This observation led us to hypothesize that these shrubs may participate in a natural irrigation phenomenon termed as "hydraulic redistribution" (HR). This dissertation reports on three studies performed to ascertain the existence of and investigate the characteristics of this hypothesized phenomenon. The first study investigated seasonal variability in soil water and shrub root patterns. Soil moisture content declined steadily in the 0.9-1.2 m depth range and increased in the 0.2-0.4 m depth range, which supports the HR hypothesis. The second study quantified plot scale water balance fluxes. Notably, shrub water uptake from the water table served as a crucial contribution to the system water balance. The third study investigated the magnitude and dynamics of HR during the dry season. Crop-shrub associations were evaluated from measurements of soil moisture and potential, root sap flow and plant physiological measurements. This study proved the existence of HR and quantified the HR magnitude (~0.1 mm d⁻¹). For shrubs and annual crops in close association with shrubs, HR clearly provides a mechanism for drought-stress avoidance and maintenance of plant physiological functions. At the landscape scale, the interplay between shrub root morphology and HR may play a vital role in ecosystem function with practical implications for nutrient cycling and water balance in arid ecosystems. / Graduation date: 2006