<p>In the future network-based Swedish Defence (NBD), attaining information superiority will be of great importance. This will be achieved by a network of networks where decision-makers, information- and weapon-systems are linked together. As a part of the development of NBD, we have performed a study of user interface design for a future network-based tool package for analysis of sensor systems, referred to as the C2SR-system. </p><p>This thesis was performed at Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Sensor and Information Networks, during the autumn 2002. A pre-study concerning the requirements of usability, trustworthiness and functionality of a userinterface for the C2SR-system was performed. Officers representing the future users in the NBD played an important role when gathering these requirements. Another important part of the pre-study was the evaluation of software that contains parts of the functionality necessary for the C2SR-system. </p><p>On the basis of the results from the pre-study, we have designed a user interface to the future C2SR-system. To demonstrate the most important conclusions, a prototype was implemented.</p>

<p>In the future network-based Swedish Defence (NBD), attaining information superiority will be of great importance. This will be achieved by a network of networks where decision-makers, information- and weapon-systems are linked together. As a part of the development of NBD, we have performed a study of user interface design for a future network-based tool package for analysis of sensor systems, referred to as the C2SR-system. </p><p>This thesis was performed at Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Sensor and Information Networks, during the autumn 2002. A pre-study concerning the requirements of usability, trustworthiness and functionality of a user interface for the C2SR-system was performed. Officers representing the future users in the NBD played an important role when gathering these requirements. Another important part of the pre-study was the evaluation of software that contains parts of the functionality necessary for the C2SR-system. </p><p>On the basis of the results from the pre-study, we have designed a user interface to the future C2SR-system. To demonstrate the most important conclusions, a prototype was implemented.</p>

In the future network-based Swedish Defence (NBD), attaining information superiority will be of great importance. This will be achieved by a network of networks where decision-makers, information- and weapon-systems are linked together. As a part of the development of NBD, we have performed a study of user interface design for a future network-based tool package for analysis of sensor systems, referred to as the C2SR-system. This thesis was performed at Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Sensor and Information Networks, during the autumn 2002. A pre-study concerning the requirements of usability, trustworthiness and functionality of a userinterface for the C2SR-system was performed. Officers representing the future users in the NBD played an important role when gathering these requirements. Another important part of the pre-study was the evaluation of software that contains parts of the functionality necessary for the C2SR-system. On the basis of the results from the pre-study, we have designed a user interface to the future C2SR-system. To demonstrate the most important conclusions, a prototype was implemented.

In the future network-based Swedish Defence (NBD), attaining information superiority will be of great importance. This will be achieved by a network of networks where decision-makers, information- and weapon-systems are linked together. As a part of the development of NBD, we have performed a study of user interface design for a future network-based tool package for analysis of sensor systems, referred to as the C2SR-system. This thesis was performed at Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Sensor and Information Networks, during the autumn 2002. A pre-study concerning the requirements of usability, trustworthiness and functionality of a user interface for the C2SR-system was performed. Officers representing the future users in the NBD played an important role when gathering these requirements. Another important part of the pre-study was the evaluation of software that contains parts of the functionality necessary for the C2SR-system. On the basis of the results from the pre-study, we have designed a user interface to the future C2SR-system. To demonstrate the most important conclusions, a prototype was implemented.

Die wechselhafte Energiebereitstellung für drahtlose Sensorknoten durch Solarzellen stellt das Energiemanagement dieser Systeme vor große Herausforderungen. Bedingt durch saisonale und kurzfristige Effekte treten kontinuierlich Schwankungen in der Eingangsleistung auf, gleichzeitig soll jedoch eine zuverlässige und konstante Systemfunktion realisiert werden. Um dies miteinander zu vereinbaren, wird ein Modell zur Beschreibung der erwarteten Eingangsleistung aufgestellt, mit welchem der planmäßige Energieverlauf bestimmt werden kann. Dieser kann wiederum mit der realen Eingangsleistung verglichen werden, um den tatsächlichen energetischen Zustand des Sensorknotens zu bestimmen. Daraus lassen sich beispielsweise Entscheidungskriterien für die Steuerung der Energieverteilung oder Betriebszustände ableiten. Im Rahmen der Arbeit werden die physikalischen Hintergründe zur Modellierung der eingehenden Sonnenenergie beschrieben, der Stand der Technik zur Modellierung aufgezeigt und ein Modell als Basis für die weiteren Untersuchungen ausgewählt. Dieses wird auf die stark limitierte Hardware von drahtlosen Sensorknoten angepasst. Die Herausforderungen liegen dabei hauptsächlich in der geringen verfügbaren Rechenleistung, wenig Datenspeicher im System und dem Ziel, möglichst wenig Energie für die Berechnung zu verbrauchen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass ein angepasstes Modell auf drahtlosen Sensorsystemen umgesetzt werden kann und trotz der starken Limitierungen lauffähig ist. Es wird eine deutliche Verbesserung in der Verteilung der Energie über den Tag ermöglicht, wodurch sich trotz wechselhafter Quelle eine konstante Systemfunktion ergibt. Nebenher wird die Zuverlässigkeit und Ausfallsicherheit erhöht und Überdimensionierungen in Energiespeicher und Solarzelle können verringert werden. Das modellbasierte Energiemanagement stellt somit einen wichtigen Baustein für eine gesicherte Energieversorgung drahtloser Sensorsysteme dar. / The volatile energy supply by solar cells for wireless sensor nodes causes vast challenges for the energy management of such systems. Conditioned by seasonal and short time effects, the incoming power continuously varies. Simultaneously a reliable and constant function of the system has to be realized. To reconcile this, a model for the expected incoming solar power has been derived, which enables the estimation of the planned energy curve. This curve can be compared with the real progression of incoming power measured in parallel, to determine the current state of energy of a sensor node. This comparison is used to derive decision criteria for the control of the energy distribution or operating conditions. Within this work, the physical backgrounds for the modelling of the incoming solar energy and the state of the art of modelling solar power are described. A model is chosen as basis for further investigations and adapted to the limited hardware of wireless sensor nodes. The main challenges are the reduced processing power, few data memory in the system and the objective to consume as few energy as possible for the calculation. The results show that an adapted model can be implemented on wireless sensor systems and that it is executable despite the heavy limitations. This enables a distinct improvement of the distribution of energy across the day, which results in a constant systems function, despite the varying incoming power. At the same time the reliability and failure safety are being improved and the oversizing of the solar cell and the storage elements can be reduced. Therefore the model based energy management is an important component for a stable power supply of wireless sensor systems.

Recent improvements in sensor technology and applications can be partly attributed to the advancements in microand nanoscale fabrication processes and discovery of novel materials. The emergence of reliable and inexpensive methods of production of monolayer materials, such as graphene, has revealed the advantageous electronic properties which when utilized in sensory elements can significantly enhance response to the input signal. Hence, graphene-based sensory devices have been widely investigated as the exotic properties of the carbon nanomaterial allow for cost-efficient scalable production of highly sensitive transduction elements. Previous studies have shown successful detection of n-type dopants such as ammonia and low pH solution. As the amine group in amphetamine molecules is known to behave as an electron donor, in this study, graphene conductivity changes in response to exposure to amphetamine salt solutions were investigated.Graphene formed by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) was transferred onto SiO2 substrate with gold electrodes to form a resistive transducer. Observation of large intensity ratio of graphene characteristic 2D and G peaks as well as minimal defect peaks from Raman spectroscopy analysis proved the integrity of the carbon monolayer was maintained. The atomic force microscopy and resistance measurements results showed the storage of these sensory elements in ambient conditions results in adsorption of impurities which considerably influence the electronic properties of graphene. Upon exposure to amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine hydrochloride, conductivity decrease was detected as expected. Signal enhancement by excitation of 470nm light did not show a significant increase in response magnitude. However, the low reliability of sensor response limited further analysis of the chemical sensor signal. Non-selective sensor response to amphetamine can be detected, but improvements in device design are needed to minimize contamination of the graphene surface by ambient impurities and variations in the sensor system. / De senaste förbättringarna i sensorteknik och applikationer kan kopplas till framsteg inom framställningsprocesser berörande mikrooch nanoskala samt upptäckt av nya material. Framväxten av tillförlitliga och billiga produktionsmetoder av monoskiktmaterial, såsom grafen, har avslöjat de fördelaktiga elektroniska egenskaperna som när de används i sensoriska element och förbättrar signalresponsen till inputsignalen. Grafenbaserade sensoriska applicationer har undersökts allteftersom de exotiska egenskaperna hos kolbaserade nanomaterial möjliggör en kostnadseffektiv skalbara produktion av högkänsliga transduktionselement. Tidigare studier har framgångsrikt visat detektion av n-typ substanser såsom ammoniak och låg pH-lösning. Eftersom amingruppen i amfetaminmolekyler är känd för att verka som en elektrondonator, undersöktes i denna studie konduktivitetsändringar i grafen under exponering för amfetaminsaltlösningar.Grafen bildad genom kemisk ångavsättning (CVD) överfördes på Si02-substrat med guldelektroder för att bilda en resistiv omvandlare. Observation av intensitetförhållandet mellan de grafenkarakteristiska 2Doch G-topparna samt minimala defekttoppar från Ramanspektroskopianalysen visade att kolmonolagrets struktur upprätthölls. Resultaten av atomkraftmikroskopi och resistansmätningar visade att lagringen av de sensoriska element i normala omgivningsförhållanden resulterar i adsorption av föroreningar som avsevärt påverkar grafens elektroniska egenskaper. Vid exponering för amfetaminsulfat och amfetaminhydroklorid upptäcktes en förväntad konduktivitetsminskning. Signalförbättring genom excitation av 470nm-ljus visade inte en signifikant ökning av svarstyrkan. Den låga tillförlitligheten hos sensorn begränsade emellertid ytterligare analys av den kemiska sensorsignalen. Sensorns icke-selektiva svar på amfetamin kan detekteras, men förbättringar i enhetens konstruktion behövs för att minimera kontaminering av omgivande föroreningar på grafenytan och variationer i sensorsystemet.

<p>  </p> <p>In this study, we present advancements in smart contact lenses, highlighting their potential as minimally or non-invasive diagnostic and drug delivery platforms. The eyes, rich in physiological and diagnostic data, make contact lens sensors an effective tool for disease diagnosis. These sensors, particularly smart contact lenses, can measure various biomolecules like glucose, urea, ascorbate, and electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) in ocular fluids, along with physical biomarkers such as movement of the eye, intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular surface temperature (OST).</p> <p>The study explores the use of continuous, non-invasive contact lens sensors in clinical or point-of-care settings. Although promising, their practical application is hindered by the developmental stage of the field. This thesis addresses these challenges by examining the integration of contact lens sensors, covering their working principle, fabrication, sensitivity, and readout mechanisms, with a focus on monitoring glaucoma and eye health conditions like dry eye syndrome and inflammation.</p> <p>Our design adapts these sensors to fit various corneal curvatures and thicknesses. The lenses can visually indicate IOP through microfluidic channels' mechanical deformation under ambulatory conditions. We also introduce a colorimetric hydrogel tear fluid sensor that detects pH, electrolytes, and ocular surface temperature, indicating conditions like dry eye disease and inflammation.</p> <p>The evaluation of these contact lens sensors includes in vivo/vitro biocompatibility, ex vivo functionality studies, and in vivo safety assessments. Our comprehensive analysis aims to enhance the practicality and effectiveness of smart contact lenses in ophthalmic diagnostics and therapeutics.</p>

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to recommend a database and its belonging database model which is optimized for a sensor system. There is a lack of comparisons for databases and data models for bigger sensor systems. The study also brings scientific support for whom wishes to build a sensor system like the one which is included in this paper. Method – This paper starts with a literature study, which purpose is to choose the databases and the database models to be included in the comparison. To achieve the purpose of the study, a quantitative approach has been chosen. The study follows the steps that defines an experimental study within software development according to Shari Lawrence Pfleeger. Four predefined cases are used to compare the databases and the different database models which has been obtained in the literature study. Findings – The literature study shows that Time Series DBMS is the recommended database model to use for implementing sensor systems. The findings of the study also show that TimescaleDB is the preferable database over InfluxDB in four of four predefined cases. The null hypothesis which has been admitted is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted at 1% significance level. Implications – The implications of the paper is to enhance the knowledge about Time Series DBMS, specifically of TimescaleDB and InfluxDB for sensor systems. The result can be implemented and used when resembling sensor systems are created. According to the result of the experiment it is shown that TimescaleDB is better than InfluxDB for sensor systems with similar datastructure. Limitations – Two Time Series DBMS (TimescaleDB and InfluxDB) were used in the experiments in this paper. The experiments was is carried out in Azure and is limited to 10 vCPU:s that a standard account have access to. There were not many beacons available to use for creating testdata. Files with corresponding data that the beacon sends out was created to simulate beacons. Keywords – Time Series DBMS, NoSQL, RDBMS, TimescaleDB, InfluxDB, Sensor systems / Syfte – I problembeskrivningen framgår att det finns brist på vetenskapligt underlag för vilken sorts databas som är optimal att använda för ett sensorsystem. Det saknas jämförelser av prestanda mellan olika databaser och datamodeller i större sensorsystem. Studiens syfte är: ”Att rekommendera en databas och tillhörande databasmodell som är optimerad för ett sensorsystem” Metod – Studien inleds med en litteraturstudie för att genom teorin välja databas och databasmodeller som ska ingå i studien. För att uppnå syftet har en kvantitativ ansats valts. Studien följer de steg som Shari Lawrence Pfleeger definierar som en experimentell studie inom mjukvaruutveckling. Fyra fördefinierade fall används för att jämföra databaserna med olika databasmodeller som erhållits i litteraturstudien. Resultat - Litteraturstudien visar att Time Series DBMS är den databasmodell som rekommenderas att användas i ett sensorsystem. Studiens resultat visar att TimescaleDB presterar bättre än InfluxDB i fyra av fyra fördefinierade fall. Nollhypotesen som har ställts upp förkastas och en mothypotes antas vid 1% signifikansnivå. Implikationer - Studiens implikationer är att öka och fylla vissa kunskapshål kring Time Series DBMS, specifikt TimescaleDB och InfluxDB för sensorsystem. Resultatet kan tillämpas och användas när liknande sensorsystem skall implementeras. Enligt experimentets resultat visar det att TimescaleDB är bättre än InfluxDB för sensorsystem med liknande struktur. Begränsningar – Två Time Series DBMS (TimescaleDB och InfluxDB) ingår i denna studie som experimenten utfördes på. Experimenten utföres i Azure och var begränsade av de 10 vCPU:erna ett standardkonto har tillgång till att använda. Det fanns inte tillgång till ett stort antal beacons för att generera data till experimenten, så filer med motsvarande data skapades för att simulera beacons.  Nyckelord - Time Series DBMS, NoSQL, RDBMS, TimescaleDB, InfluxDB, Sensorsystem

Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) fall under a special category of elastic waves that need a material medium to propagate. The energy of these waves is confined to a limited depth below the surface over which they propagate, and their amplitudes decay with increasing depth. As a consequence of their being a surface phenomenon, they are easily accessible for transduction. Due to this reason, a lot of research has been carried out in the area, which has resulted in two very popular applications of SAW - SAW devices and in Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation. A major restriction of SAW devices is that the SAW need a piezoelectric medium for generation, propagation and reception. This thesis reports the attempt made to overcome this restriction and utilize the SAW on non-piezoelectric substrates for sensing capabilities. The velocity of the SAW is known to be dependent purely on the material properties, specifically the elastic constants and material density. This dependence is the motivation for the sensor system developed in the present work. Information on the survey of the methods suitable for the generation and reception of SAW on non-piezoelectric substrates has been included in the thesis. This is followed by the theoretical and practical details of the method chosen for the present work - the point source/point receiver method. Advantages of this method include a simple and inexpensive fabrication procedure, easy customizability and the absence of restrictions due to directivity of the SAW generated. The transducers consist of a conically shaped PZT element attached to a backing material. When the piezoelectric material on the transmitter side is electrically excited, they undergo mechanical oscillations. When coupled to the surface of a solid, the oscillations are transferred onto the solid, which then acts as a point source for SAW. At the receiver, placed at a distance from the source on the same side, the received mechanical oscillations are converted into an electrical signal as a consequence of the direct piezoelectric effect. The details of the fabrication and preliminary trials conducted on metallic as well as non-metallic samples are given. Various applications have been envisaged for this relatively simple sensor system. One of them is in the field of pressure sensing. Experiments have been carried out to employ the acoustoelastic property of a flexible diaphragm made of silicone rubber sheet to measure pressure. The diaphragm, when exposed to a pressure on one side, experiences a varying strain field on the surface. The velocity of SAW generated on the stressed surface varies in accordance with the applied stress, and the consequent strain field generated. To verify the acoustoelastic phenomenon in silicone rubber, SAW velocities have been measured in longitudinal and transverse directions with respect to that of the applied tensile strain. Similar measurements are carried out with a pressure variant inducing the strain. The non-invasive nature of this setup lends it to be used for in situ measurement of pressure. The second application is in the field of elastography. Traditional methods of diagnosis to detect the presence of sub-epidermal lesions, some tumors of the breast, liver and prostate, intensity of skin irritation etc have been mainly by palpation. The sensor system developed in this work enables to overcome the restrictive usage and occasional failure to detect minute abnormal symptoms. In vitro trials have been conducted on tissue phantoms made out of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA-C) samples of varying stiffnesses. The results obtained and a discussion on the same are presented.