Orientador: Rogério Teixeira de Faria / Coorientador: Carolina Fernandes / Banca: Lucas Rios do Amaral / Banca: Glauco de Souza Rolim / Resumo: A utilização e o reúso da água na agricultura são uma das maiores preocupações mundiais atualmente. Alternativas e práticas que otimizem esse recurso são sempre temas de debate e atenção por parte de pesquisadores e governantes. Para o aumento da eficiência e otimização do uso e reúso da água, o sensoriamento remoto de áreas agrícolas tem se mostrado excelente alternativa na definição de áreas de manejo específico. Dessa maneira, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE) no cultivo de aveia-branca (Avena sativa L.), definindo-se zonas de manejo a partir de sensoriamento remoto com o índice de vegetação NDVI e avaliar a capacidade de generalização de modelos de estimava da produtividade de aveia-branca em função de índices de vegetação (IRVI e NDVI). O estudo foi constituído de dois experimentos, sendo um realizado na safra de inverno de 2017, com aplicação de níveis de EETE na lâmina de irrigação, apresentando cinco tratamentos (11%, 31%, 60%, 87% e 100% de EETE) e o segundo nas safras de inverno de 2017 e 2018, constituído de cinco níveis de aplicação de água na cultura da aveia-branca (11%, 31%, 60%, 87% e 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura). Para o experimento de apenas uma safra (2017), os índices médios de NDVI na cultura obtidos por sensor terrestre ativo (GreenSeeker) foram correlacionados os componentes de crescimento e produtividade da cultura. Para a definição dos limites críticos de NDVI foram geradas equaç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use and reuse of water in agriculture is one of the world's major concerns today. Alternatives and practices that optimize this resource are always topics of debate and attention on the part of researchers and rulers. In order to increase efficiency and optimize the use and reuse of water, remote sensing of agricultural areas has proven to be an excellent alternative in the definition of specific management areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of treated sewage effluent (TSE) application on white oats (Avena sativa L.), defining management zones from remote sensing with vegetation index NDVI and to evaluate the generalization capacity of models estimating the yield of white oats as a function of vegetation indices (IRVI and NDVI). The study consisted of two experiments, one of which was performed in the winter crop of 2017, with application of TSE levels in the irrigation depth, presenting five treatments (11%, 31%, 60%, 87% and 100% of TSE) and the second in the winter crops of 2017 and 2018, consisting of five levels of water application in the white oats crop (11%, 31%, 60%, 87% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration). For the first experiment, the mean NDVI indices in the crop were obtained by active terrestrial sensor (GreenSeeker), which correlated the components of growth and crop yield. In order to define the critical limits of NDVI, values were generated as a function of relative biomass yield (RBY), from mean biomass yield, in four phenological ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Bibliography: leaves 183-191. This thesis establishes a model for the treatment of organic materials in wastewaters produced by the wine industry, by irrigation of soils. Winery and distillery wastewaters were analysed to determine the origins and concentrations of the major organic and inorganic components.

Thesis (M.L.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes special study report entitled: Sewage treatment and its utilization in irrigation. Includes bibliographical references.

In Manitoba there are an estimated 200 small and 10 large wastewater treatment systems contributing nutrients to surface water when effluent is discharged. The objective of this study was to assess the sustainability and social acceptance of wastewater irrigation in the southeast Interlake region. It was concluded that sustainably irrigating forage crops would be challenging. The combination of soils with only ratings of fair for irrigability and the low quality of wastewater limits the long term sustainability of irrigation. Only one study site maintains a high potential to develop a wastewater irrigation program due to sufficient suitable land and appropriate wastewater quality. The social acceptance of wastewater irrigation is mixed with only about half the survey respondents favourable to irrigation or reuse of wastewater.

The deep row trenching of ventilated improved pit-latrine (VIP) and waste water treatment works (WWTW) sludge is a unique alternative cost effective land application method that will prevent odour and health problems and may permit higher application rates than surface application. The goal of this research is to assess the environmental consequences of employing deep row incorporation of VIP and WWTW sludge to forest plantation lands for the production of Eucalyptus dunnii. The objectives are to monitor, define and quantify the fluxes of nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus) from the buried sludge to the surrounding soils, groundwater and surface water. The WWTW study was conducted on a forestry plantation located near the Shafton Karkloof Falls, about 10 km from Howick in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. The land for the research is owned by SAPPI, a timber plantation company. The trenching was done with stockpiled secondary sludge from Umgeni WWTW in Howick. VIP sludge trenching was done at the Umlazi E-ponds site in Durban owned by EThekwini Municipality. This site was formally used as a wastewater treatment plant sludge drying bed. The treatment works comprised three oxidation ponds and was operated until 1999, when it was decommissioned after a heavy flood, resulting in damage to the oxidation ponds. The sites were instrumented with wetting front detectors, piezometers and boreholes for collection and analysis of leachate from which were determined subsurface loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. Soil water status and groundwater levels were also monitored. Simulation of the process of water, nitrate and phosphorus transport was performed in order to aid the development of the sustainable management methodologies for land application and the trenching of VIP/WWTW sludge. The study focuses on the entrenched sludge to determine the concentration of pollutants, monitorchanges in concentration over time and to monitor the movement of solutes and any change taking place in the surrounding soil water and groundwater. The results contribute to the development of guidelines and protocols for VIP/WWTW sludge handling and trenching in South Africa. It was demonstrated that the nutrient migration processes can be approximated with the conceptual simplifications of the inputs to the model based on field evidence, soil survey data and applicable literature. In the study, it was found that high concentrations of nutrients were evident in the water infiltrating into and through the sludge in all trench types. The nitrate concentration median values in the trenches were 234mg/l and 36mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively, while the recorded median value for phosphorus was 1.0mg/l and 3.5mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively. However the effect of vertical seepage of nutrients, into the deep aquifer in fractured rock has not been observed in the deep borehole with the nitrate concentration median values at 5mg/l and 0.6mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively, while the phosphorus concentration median values were 0.03mg/l and 0.15mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi sites respectively. The study revealed significant differences between the sandy alluvial site at Umlazi and the shale dolorite site at the SAPPI forests. Where an unsaturated zone below the entrenched sludge existed at the Umlazi site, nutrient transport was retarded, whereas in the shales of the SAPPI site, preferential delivery flowpaths transported high concentrations of nutrients rapidly from the entrenched sludge to the base of the hillslope. These mechanisms needed to be treated differently in the simulation exercise. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Bibliography: leaves 183-191. / xxi, 191 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis establishes a model for the treatment of organic materials in wastewaters produced by the wine industry, by irrigation of soils. Winery and distillery wastewaters were analysed to determine the origins and concentrations of the major organic and inorganic components. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1996?

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Edith Cowan University, 2006. / Submitted to the Faculty of Computing, Health and Science. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.L.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes special study report entitled : Sewage treatment and its utilization in irrigation. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedo_lp_me_botfca.pdf: 665165 bytes, checksum: 451d83c7c677e62bbaf23503d1d6324a (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A crescente expansão demográfica, o aumento da demanda por água potável, a elevação dos índices de poluição, o manejo inadequado de solos e florestas, e a contaminação de rios e lençóis freáticos têm causado sérios problemas ambientais, indisponibilizando grande porcentagem da água doce existente para utilização direta. Estima-se que apenas metade da população da América Latina seja beneficiada com redes de coleta de esgoto e que 90% deste volume coletado esteja sendo despejado em algum corpo de água superficial sem tratamento prévio. Como alternativa para este problema, grande quantidade de águas residuárias tem sido utilizada na agricultura, tornando imprescindível o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de aplicação segura destes efluentes na irrigação de produtos para consumo humano. Visando a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas seguras de aplicação de águas residuárias na agricultura, buscou-se no presente trabalho comparar parâmetros de produção, qualidade microbiológica e acúmulo de nitrato na cultura da alface americana, submetida à irrigação com água potável e com efluente de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejo (superficial e enterrado), sulcos e microaspersão. A alface foi cultivada a campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, localizada no município de Botucatu. As irrigações foram realizadas a cada 48 horas, durante os últimos trinta dias da cultura, repondo a lâmina evapotranspirada neste período. Verificou-se neste trabalho que os maiores valores de produção foram obtidos na irrigação por gotejo superficial, com águas residuárias. Quando comparada a influência do tipo de água utilizada em cada sistema, os valores de produção obtidos também foram maiores para a irrigação com águas residuárias no gotejo superficial, gotejo enterrado... . / The demographic expansion, the demand increase by potable water, the increase on pollution rates, the unsuitable soil and forests management, and the contamination of rivers and subsurface water have caused serious environment problems, and it became unavailable a high percentage of water for direct use. Only 49% of Latin American population has a sewer net; from this number, it was estimated that 90% hasn't been treated before being thrown away in a surface water source, causing more problems. A high quantity of wastewater has been used in agriculture as an alternative to this problem, what attracts the attention to the need of more researches about the development of a new technology and secure methods to apply effluents on irrigated crops to human consume. Counting on the possibility of develop secure techniques to apply wastewater in agriculture, this work had the aim of comparing American lettuce production, microbiological quality and nitrate level, using irrigation with potable water and domestic sewer treatment effluent, under drip (surface and subsurface), furrow and sprinklers irrigation systems. Lettuce was planted in a field, on Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, in Botucatu / SP, Brazil. The irrigations were carried out each 48 hours, during the last thirty days of the crop, adding the water rates lost in this period. It was verified in this work that higher production values were obtained with wastewater applied with surface drip irrigation. When comparing the influence of the kind of water used in each system, the production values also were higher on wastewater irrigation with drip irrigation (surface and subsurface) and furrows. On microbiological quality, only the lettuce irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation and furrows showed safe contamination values to fecal coliform and Salmonella, according to... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The reuse of treated sewage on watermelon irrigation, variety Crimson Sweet, was investigated not only considering the sanitary aspects but also the productivity and final product quality. The experiment was conducted in the Research Centre on Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, owned by the Company of Water and Wastewater of CearÃ, in Aquiraz-CE. The experimental delimitation was randomized blocks, with four repetitions and four treatments: raw water and soil fertilization (T1); treated wastewater and soil fertilization (T2); treated wastewater without external soil fertilization (T3); and treated wastewater and half of soil fertilization (T4). The irrigation waters used (raw water and effluent of a stabilization pond) were characterized by the physical-chemical and microbiological aspects. Both waters were in the limits normalized by the World Health Organization (WHO) for unrestricted irrigation. The irrigation methods drip and furrow were compared in verifying of which one is more suitable for effluent reuse on watermelon production. The productivity data indicated that there was no significative difference among the treatments on drip irrigation, where the biggest productivities were obtained on T1 and T2 treatments. For the furrow system, no satisfactory productivity was achieved. The study revealed a significative difference among the treatments regarding the physical-chemical characteristics of the fruits. However, the microbiological quality was never compromised. Sensorial tests revealed that only the treatment T2 (treated wastewater and soil fertilization) did not present a different flavour, significative on 5% level, compared to the treatment T1 (control), and that the irrigation systems drip and furrow could be indifferently used without compromising the product flavour. / Investigou-se o reÃso de esgoto sanitÃrio tratado na irrigaÃÃo da cultura da melancia, variedade Crimson Sweet, tanto relacionado aos aspectos sanitÃrios como tambÃm à produtividade e à qualidade do produto final. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Pesquisa sobre Tratamento de Esgoto e ReÃso de Ãguas da Companhia de Ãgua e Esgoto do Cearà em Aquiraz-CE. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetiÃÃes e quatro tratamentos: T1 - Ãgua do poÃo mais adubaÃÃo; T2 - efluente mais adubaÃÃo; T3 - efluente e T4 - efluente mais a metade da adubaÃÃo. As Ãguas de irrigaÃÃo utilizadas (Ãgua de poÃo e efluente de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo) foram caracterizadas sob os aspectos fÃsico-quÃmicos e microbiolÃgicos, em que ambas estavam dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela OMS para irrigaÃÃo irrestrita. Os mÃtodos de irrigaÃÃo por gotejamento e sulco foram comparados para a verificaÃÃo do mais indicado para o reÃso com efluentes na cultura da melancia. Por meio de anÃlise dos dados de produtividade da cultura observou-se que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos na irrigaÃÃo por gotejamento, sendo que os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos tratamentos T1 e T2. Para o sistema de sulco, nÃo foram obtidas produtividades satisfatÃrias. . O estudo indicou que houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos em relaÃÃo Ãs caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas dos frutos produzidos, contudo, nÃo houve comprometimento da qualidade microbiolÃgica dos mesmos em nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados. Em relaÃÃo Ãs caracterÃsticas sensoriais observou-se, que somente as amostras que receberam o tratamento T2 (irrigaÃÃo com efluente mais adubaÃÃo) nÃo apresentaram sabor diferente, significativo ao nÃvel de 5%, quando comparadas Ãquelas submetidas ao tratamento controle (T1), e que os sistemas de irrigaÃÃo, sulco e gotejo, podem ser utilizados, indiferentemente, sem comprometer o sabor dos frutos produzidos