No Brasil, assim como em outros países tropicais, a criação de bovinos é feita de maneira extensiva e, portanto é suscetível às intempéries climáticas. Esse tipo de criação pode levar ao estresse térmico, mesmo em animais zebuínos. Sob condições de estresse térmico é possível a ocorrência de degeneração testicular, e por isso, há a procura por animais tolerantes ao calor. Desta maneira, este trabalho objetivou a avaliação da tolerância ao calor de touros da raça Brahman utilizando o teste de tolerância ao calor, e também a análise da qualidade seminal relacionada à disponibilidade de sombra nos pastos. Para tal, foram utilizados 10 touros da raça Brahman com idades entre 24 e 30 meses. Duas semanas antes do início das análises, três amostras de sêmen foram colhidas de cada animal para o nivelamento biológico do sêmen, e então os touros foram separados em dois grupos: 5 touros foram alocados em pasto com disponibilidade de sombra enquanto 5 touros foram alocados em pasto sem qualquer tipo de sombra. O teste de tolerância ao calor foi realizado em três dias consecutivos típicos de verão, e as colheitas de sêmen foram realizadas em 14 dias durante 2 meses, totalizando 4 colheitas. Anteriormente a todas as colheitas foram avaliadas a consistência testicular e o perímetro escrotal. As características seminais avaliadas foram volume, aspecto, turbilhonamento, motilidade, vigor e concentração e morfologia espermáticas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com o pacote estatístico Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 2004). Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os dois grupos de animais. O resultado do teste de tolerância ao calor mostrou que os animais testados são tolerantes ao calor e apresentam boa capacidade termolítica. / In Brazil, similarly to others tropical countries, bovines are bred under environmental conditions of extensive system. This breed system type may lead to heat stress even on zebu animals. Under heat stress conditions, testicular degeneration can occur and, therefore, there is a search for animals that are heat tolerant. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the heat tolerance of Brahman bulls using the heat tolerance test and to verify the occurrence of any possible effect of shadow availability on pasture on semen quality. Ten Brahman bulls aging between 24 and 30 months were used in this work. For biological semen evaluation, three semen samples were collected from each animal two weeks before beginning. The bulls were then separated into two groups: 5 animals were allocated on pasture with shadow availability and 5 bulls were allocated on pasture without any kind of shadow. The heat tolerance test were performed in three consecutive typical summer days and the semen samples were collected each 14 days during 2 months, in a total of 4 semen samples per animal. Testicular consistence and scrotal circumference were measured just before every semen collection. The semen\'s characteristics evaluated were volume, aspect, mass movement, motility, straight movement, sperm concentration and morphological exam. Data obtained from experimental proceedings were analyzed by Statistical Analysis System program (SAS Institute Inc., 2004). No difference was observed (P>0.05) in any of the characteristics analyzed when Brahman bulls were maintained on pastures with or without shadow availability. The performance of tested animals on the heat tolerance test shows that these animals are heat tolerant and present good thermolitic ability.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NadiaReginaLenhard.pdf: 389278 bytes, checksum: 912ac25c060c4c9349c8beb41f6753f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this work was analyze the growth of seedlings (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex. Tul. Var. Leiostachya Benth (Leguminosae) under 0%, 50% e 70% of shadow. The seedlings were submitted to the treatments on the 60 days after the transplant. The experimental outline was entirely randomized in factorial outline 3x5 (shadows levels and evaluation times in 60, 90, 120,150 and 180 after transplant) with four repetitions of 10 seedlings for experimental unit. Plants cultivated under 70% of shadow presented larger concentration of total chlorophyll (38,79 g cm2) larger foliate area (51,54g cm2), 20 larger rate of relative growth (0,0322g g-1dias) and foliate weight (0,2708g g -1). The largest height (110,34 cm), diameter (9,3 mm), dry masses of the root (11,13g), of theleaf (5,59g), of the aerial part (16,05g) and foliate area (705,25cm2) were observed in the cultivated plants in 50% of shadow. The growth of the root, specific foliate weight, liquid assimilatória rates and specific foliate area didn't vary in function of the different levels of brightness (averages of 9,3cm;0,0082g cm2 and 0,0006 g cm2 day-1; 186,24g cm2 respectively). The seedlings of Leopard tree presented better growth when cultivated under 50% of shading / Neste estudo avaliou-se o crescimento inicial de mudas de pau ferro (Caesalpinia ferrea ex. Tul var. Leiostachya Benth) sob diferentes níveis de sombreamento e regimes hídricos. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se os seguintes níveis de sombreamento: 0,50% e 70% de sombra. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 10 mudas por tratamento. Os resultados demonstraram que o teor de clorofila total (38,79 ��g cm2) foi maior em plantas cultivadas em 70% de sombreamento o mesmo ocorrendo para razão de área foliar (51,54 g cm2), razão de peso foliar (0,2708 g g -1) e taxa de crescimento relativo (0,0322 g g-1 dias). As maiores alturas (110,37 cm), diâmetro (9,3 mm), massa seca da raiz (11,13 g), da folha (5,59 g), da parte aérea (16,05g), e área foliar (705,25 cm2) foram apresentados para plantas cultivadas em 50% de sombreamento. O tamanho da raiz, peso específico foliar, taxa assimilatória liquida e área foliar específica não variaram nos diferentes níveis de luz a que as plantas foram submetidas ao longo do experimento com medias de (40,23 cm), (0,0082 g cm2), (0,0006 g.dm² dia-1), (186,24 g cm2) respectivamente. No segundo experimento avaliou-se os seguintes regimes hídricos: alagamento, 70, 40 e 12,5% de capacidade de campo. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de oito mudas por repetição. O diâmetro (6,5mm), teor relativo de água (52,45%), área foliar específica (174,58 g cm2), taxa de crescimento relativo (0,0160 g g dias-1), taxa assimilatória líquida (0,0004 g dm² dia-1) e peso específico foliar (0,0062 g cm2) não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Plantas sob 70%CC apresentaram melhor crescimento para altura da planta (84,6cm), comprimento da raiz (28,9 cm), massa seca da raiz (6,24 g), área foliar (376,0 cm2), massa seca da foliar (1,9755 g), massa seca da parte aérea (8,27 g) e teor de clorofila (31,67��g cm2). A razão de peso específico (0,2368 g g-1) e teor de nitrogênio (0,37%) apresentaram valores mais elevados sob 12,5%CC. O alagamento teve efeito negativo sobre a razão de área foliar (35,09 g g-1) onde os 11 menores resultados foram encontrados. As plantas de pau ferro apresentaram melhor crescimento sob condições de 50% de luminosidade e 70% da capacidade de campo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NadiaReginaLenhard.pdf: 389278 bytes, checksum: 912ac25c060c4c9349c8beb41f6753f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this work was analyze the growth of seedlings (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex. Tul. Var. Leiostachya Benth (Leguminosae) under 0%, 50% e 70% of shadow. The seedlings were submitted to the treatments on the 60 days after the transplant. The experimental outline was entirely randomized in factorial outline 3x5 (shadows levels and evaluation times in 60, 90, 120,150 and 180 after transplant) with four repetitions of 10 seedlings for experimental unit. Plants cultivated under 70% of shadow presented larger concentration of total chlorophyll (38,79 g cm2) larger foliate area (51,54g cm2), 20 larger rate of relative growth (0,0322g g-1dias) and foliate weight (0,2708g g -1). The largest height (110,34 cm), diameter (9,3 mm), dry masses of the root (11,13g), of theleaf (5,59g), of the aerial part (16,05g) and foliate area (705,25cm2) were observed in the cultivated plants in 50% of shadow. The growth of the root, specific foliate weight, liquid assimilatória rates and specific foliate area didn't vary in function of the different levels of brightness (averages of 9,3cm;0,0082g cm2 and 0,0006 g cm2 day-1; 186,24g cm2 respectively). The seedlings of Leopard tree presented better growth when cultivated under 50% of shading / Neste estudo avaliou-se o crescimento inicial de mudas de pau ferro (Caesalpinia ferrea ex. Tul var. Leiostachya Benth) sob diferentes níveis de sombreamento e regimes hídricos. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se os seguintes níveis de sombreamento: 0,50% e 70% de sombra. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 10 mudas por tratamento. Os resultados demonstraram que o teor de clorofila total (38,79 ��g cm2) foi maior em plantas cultivadas em 70% de sombreamento o mesmo ocorrendo para razão de área foliar (51,54 g cm2), razão de peso foliar (0,2708 g g -1) e taxa de crescimento relativo (0,0322 g g-1 dias). As maiores alturas (110,37 cm), diâmetro (9,3 mm), massa seca da raiz (11,13 g), da folha (5,59 g), da parte aérea (16,05g), e área foliar (705,25 cm2) foram apresentados para plantas cultivadas em 50% de sombreamento. O tamanho da raiz, peso específico foliar, taxa assimilatória liquida e área foliar específica não variaram nos diferentes níveis de luz a que as plantas foram submetidas ao longo do experimento com medias de (40,23 cm), (0,0082 g cm2), (0,0006 g.dm² dia-1), (186,24 g cm2) respectivamente. No segundo experimento avaliou-se os seguintes regimes hídricos: alagamento, 70, 40 e 12,5% de capacidade de campo. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de oito mudas por repetição. O diâmetro (6,5mm), teor relativo de água (52,45%), área foliar específica (174,58 g cm2), taxa de crescimento relativo (0,0160 g g dias-1), taxa assimilatória líquida (0,0004 g dm² dia-1) e peso específico foliar (0,0062 g cm2) não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Plantas sob 70%CC apresentaram melhor crescimento para altura da planta (84,6cm), comprimento da raiz (28,9 cm), massa seca da raiz (6,24 g), área foliar (376,0 cm2), massa seca da foliar (1,9755 g), massa seca da parte aérea (8,27 g) e teor de clorofila (31,67��g cm2). A razão de peso específico (0,2368 g g-1) e teor de nitrogênio (0,37%) apresentaram valores mais elevados sob 12,5%CC. O alagamento teve efeito negativo sobre a razão de área foliar (35,09 g g-1) onde os 11 menores resultados foram encontrados. As plantas de pau ferro apresentaram melhor crescimento sob condições de 50% de luminosidade e 70% da capacidade de campo

Medimos a seção de choque de fotofissão do 238U entre 200 e 1200 MeV, utilizando um feixe de fótons monocromáticos formados a partir da radiação de Bremsstrahlung dos elétrons armazenados no síncrotron Adone, em Frascati (Itália). Verificamos que para este núcleo, nesta faixa de energias, as seções de choque de fotofissâo e de fotoabsorção podem ser consideradas iguais, dentro dos erros experimentais. Comparando a seção de choque de fotoabsorção do urânio com a de outros núcleos, medidas também por nós em Frascati, verificamos que não há indícios do efeito de sombreamento até 1200 MeV. Por outro lado, comparando os nossos resultados com a seção de choque de fotoabsorção do próton na mesma faixa de energia, concluímos que as ressonâncias nucleônicas a energias superiores à da delta, notadamente as ressonâncias D13 e F15, são fortemente amortecidas nos núcleos complexos. Introduzimos um modelo fenomenológico a fim de descrever os nossos dados experimentais, obtendo resultados muito satisfatórios. / We have measured the 238U photofission cross section between 200 and 1200 MeV using a Bremsstrahlung monochromatic photon beam in the Adone facilities, at Frascati (Italy). For this nucleus, we have verified that, at the energy range considered here, the photofission and photoabsorption cross sections can be considered as being identical. From the comparison of the uranium photoabsorption cross section with that one for other nuclei, also measured in Frascati, we verified that there is no evidence of the shadowing effect up to 1200 MeV. On the other hand, by comparing our results with the próton photoabsorption cross section in the same energy range, we concluded that there is an strong damping of the nucleonic resonances in the D13 and F15 region. We introduced a fenomenologic model to describe our experimental data, obtaining very satisfatory results.

The goal of this work is to examine the possibility of surface reconstruction from the images produced by the Tobii H5 eye tracker. It starts of by examining classic photometric stereo and its limitations under the illuminator configuration of the eye tracker. It then proceeds to investigate two alternative solutions: photometric stereo under the assumption that the albedo is known and a method that uses the images from the eye tracker as a guide to mold a reference model into the users face. In the second method the pose of the reference model is estimated by minimizing a photometric error under the assumption that the face is Lambertian, using particle swarm optimization. The position of the generic 3D model is then used in an attempt to mold its shape into the face of the user using shape-from-shading.

Då scenkomplexitet och ett högre antal ljuskällor blir vanligare inom spel har ett behov av algortimer för att hantera dessa scener, med bra prestanda, uppståt. En allt vanligare algoritm för detta är Deferred Shading. Rapporten utvärderar två olika metoder för Deferred Shading (traditionell Deferred Shading och Light pre-pass rendering).

There are several methods avaliable to find areas of interest, but most fail at detecting such areas in cluttered scenes. In this paper two methods will be presented and tested in a qualitative perspective. The first is the darg operator, which is used to detect three dimensional convex or concave objects by calculating the derivative of the argument of the gradient in one direction of four rotated versions. The four versions are thereafter added together in their original orientation. A multi scale version is recommended to avoid the problem that the standard deviation of the Gaussians, combined with the derivatives, controls the scale of the object, which is detected. Another feature detected in this paper is rotational symmetries with the help of approximative polynomial expansion. This approach is used in order to minimalize the number and sizes of the filters used for a correlation of a representation of the orientation and filters matching the rotational symmetries of order 0, 1 and 2. With this method a particular type of rotational symmetry can be extracted by using both the order and the orientation of the result. To improve the method’s selectivity a normalized inhibition is applied on the result, which causes a much weaker result in the two other resulting pixel values when one is high. Both methods are not enough by themselves to give a definite answer to if the image consists of an area of interest or not, since several other things have these types of features. They can on the other hand give an indication where in the image the feature is found.

Lors d’une démarche de modélisation énergétique d’un bâtiment, la prise en compte de l’enveloppe solaire reste souvent imprécise. L’objet du travail présenté ici est la description détaillée de solutions de protections solaires, induisant un tirage thermique (bardage, store), dans un objectif de modélisation et de valorisation pour répondre aux besoins d’industriels du secteur ; la caractérisation des performances permet alors d’assister la maitrise d’œuvre en phase conception.La mise en place d’une plateforme expérimentale – mur exposé sud muni d’une protection solaire devant lame d’air – a permis la mesure de températures d’airs et d’éléments solides présents dans le système, de vitesses d’écoulement dans la lame d’air ouverte, et du flux radiatif incident. Deux types de bardage bois, un type de store et un type de métal déployé ont été considérés.Parallèlement, un modèle 1D amélioré de transfert de chaleur dans le système étudié est développé. Trois familles de modèle de convection dans la lame d’air sont identifiées, présentées et intégrées dans le modèle global. La description de l’écoulement dans la lame d’air est retenue à partir d’analyses des résultats expérimentaux.Un modèle simplifié d’intégration de tels systèmes de protections solaires dans des plateformes de simulation thermique de bâtiments est proposé, basé sur la paramétrisation des sollicitations extérieures par le facteur solaire. La méthode de calcul du facteur solaire est présentée. Le caractère intrinsèque facteur solaire et son intérêt sont discutés notamment à partir d’analyse de sensibilités. / During the design process of a building, the energetic modelling of the solar envelop is often imprecise. The purpose of the present work is the detailed description of solar shading devices that induce a chimney effect such as claddings or blinds, which would allow their promotion in order to meet the industrial needs of the sector. An experimental platform – south facing wall with a shading solar device that define an air gap – has been set up and allow the measurement of temperatures, air flows in the ventilated air gap, and the incident solar radiation. Two different wooden claddings, one type of blinds and one type of expanded metal were considered.A 1D model has been developed by considering precisely the heat transfers in the system. Three families of convection model are identified, presented and integrated in the overall model. The description of the airflow in the air gap is chosen from analysis of the experimental results.A simplified model that allows the integration of such solar shading devices in a building simulation platform has been developed; it is based on the parameterization of external solicitations as function of the shading device properties. The calculation method of the solar factor is presented. The intrinsic nature of the solar factor is then discussed using sensibility analysis.

Context. Reaching photo realistic results when rendering 3D graphics in real-time is a hard computational task. Ray-tracing gives results close to this but is too expensive to be run at real-time frame rates. On the other hand rasterized methods such as deferred rendering are able to keep the tight time constraints with the support of modern hardware. Objectives. The basic objective is to merge deferred rendering and ray-tracing into one rasterized pipeline for dynamic scenes. In the thesis the proposed method is explained and compared to the methods it merges. Image quality, execution time and VRAM usage impact are investigated. Methods. The proposed method uses deferred rendering to render the result of the primary rays. Some pixels are marked, based on material properties for further rendering with ray-tracing. Only reflections are presented in the thesis but it has been proven that other global illumination effects can be implemented in the ray-tracing framework used. Results and Conclusions. The hybrid method is proved through experiments to be between 2.49 to 4.19 times faster than pure ray-tracing in the proposed pipeline. For smaller scenes it can be run at frame rates close to real-time, but, for larger scenes such as the Crytek Sponza scene the real-time feeling is lost. However, interactivity is never lost. It is also proved that a simple adjustment to the original framework can save almost 2/3 of the memory spent on A-buffers. Image comparisons prove that the technique can compete with offline ray tracers in terms of image quality.

No description available.