published_or_final_version / abstract / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1946. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-85).

The Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (JLJB) is a NNE-SSW trending continental belt lying in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, with its southern segment extending across Bohai Sea into the Jiaobei massif. Little work has been done in the southern segment of the belt, and thus the timing for metamorphism and tectonic nature of the JLJB are still controversial, with models ranging from those invoking continent-arc-continent collision to those advocating rifting closure. The presence of the high-pressure pelitic and mafic rocks of the Jiaobei massif (Eastern Shandong) located in the southern segment is crucial to these controversial isues. The aim of this study is to resolve these issues through an integrated study including field study followed by geochronological and metamorphic investigations on the high-pressure pelitic and mafic rocks in the Jiaobei massif. Metamorphic zircons from two high-pressure mafic granulites and one metamorphic zircon from a garnet-sillimanite gneiss have 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1884–1956 Ma and 1939 ± 15 Ma respectively, which are in accordance with the metamorphic ages of 1.93–1.90 Ga previously obtained from the northern segment of the JLJB. Metamorphic zircons from a high-pressure pelitic granulite and two politic gneisses have weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1821–1837 Ma, while those zircons from two associated marbles analyze similar weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1790–1817 Ma. These metamorphic ages are consistent with the metamorphic ages of c. 1.85 Ga produced from the Ji’an Group in the northern segment of the JLJB and 1.86-1.80 Ga produced from the high-pressure pelitic granulites of the Jingshan Group in the southern segment of the belt. As this metamorphic event happened synchronously with the intrusion of the A-type granites in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt and adjacent regions, it is considered to have resulted from the contact metamorphism caused by the emplacement of the post-orogenic or anorogenic mafic and granitic plutons that are widespread in the belt. The high-pressure pelitic granulites recently discovered in the Jiaobei massif, and the medium-pressure pelitic granulites and high-pressure mafic granulites, were examined with an integrated study including petrology, mineral chemistry and pseudosection modeling. By applying the THERMOCALC technique, pseudosection modeling on the high-pressure and medium-pressure pelitic granulites in the NCKFMASHTO system and on the high-pressure mafic granulites in the NCFMASHTO system was constructed to confine the P-T conditions and P-T paths. The results show that the peak P-T conditions of the high-pressure pelitic granulites, high-pressure mafic granulites and medium-pressure pelitic granulites are 14.8–16.2 kbar/860–890°C, 13.1–15.1 kbar/780–890°C and 9.4–10 kbar/870–900°C, respectively, and that the metamorphic evolution of all these granulites is characterized by clockwise P-T paths involving decompression and cooling after the peak metamorphism, implying that subduction/collision-related processes must have been involved in the development of the southern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. By combining the geochronological and metamorphic data, the results of this study suggest that the JLJB represented a Paleoproterozoic rift-and-collision belt along which the Longgang and Nangrim blocks amalgamated to form the Eastern Block at 1.93–1.90 Ga. / published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The Archean basement rocks in Shandong Province are important components of the Eastern Block in the North China Craton, consisting predominantly of granitoid gneisses with minor mafic and felsic supracrustal rocks and charnockites. They are exposed, from west to east, in the Luxi Granite-Greenstone Terrane, Yishui Terrane and Jiaodong Terrane, of which the low-grade Luxi Granite-Greenstone Terrane has been well studied, whereas little work has been done on the medium- to high-grade Yishui and Jiaodong Terranes. Controversies have long surrounded the timing of crustal growth and tectonic setting of these two terranes. This project is designed to resolve these issues by integrating field investigations, petrography, geochronology, geochemistry and metamorphism of the Yishui and Jiaodong Terranes. New zircon U-Pb data from the major lithologies have revealed that the Jiaodong Terrane experienced multi-stage magmatism at ~2.9 Ga, ~2.7 Ga and 2.6-2.5 Ga followed by two metamorphic events at ~2.50 Ga and 1.9-1.8 Ga, whereas the Yishui Terrane underwent single magmatism at 2.57-2.53 Ga followed by a single metamorphic event at ~2.50 Ga. Zircon Hf isotopic data have revealed that the Jiaodong Terrane underwent juvenile crustal growth with significant ancient crustal material additions at 3.4-3.1 and 2.8-2.7 Ga, while the Yishui Terrane experienced juvenile crustal growth with significant addition of crustal material at 2.8-2.7 Ga. Both the Jiaodong and Yishui Terranes experienced crustal reworking with minor juvenile additions at 2.6-2.5 Ga. Whole-rock compositions and Nd isotopes from the Jiaodong granitoid gneisses suggest that their protoliths are typical Archean tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) suite. They are high in SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, Sr and Sr/Y ratios, but low in MgO, K2O, TiO2, Cr, Ni, Y and Mg#. They are generally enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements, with slight Eu anomalies. Two groups of granitoid gneisses have been recognized: low- and high-HREE groups, of which the former was generated from partial melting of metabasaltic rocks leaving eclogite in the residue, whereas the latter was formed by partial melting of metabasaltic rocks leaving garnet-amphibolite in the residue. Whole-rock Nd isotopes reveal that the protoliths of Mesoarchean granitoid gneisses were derived mainly from juvenile sources, whereas the early Neoarchean granitoid gneisses were derived from juvenile sources with significant additions of crustal material and the late Neoarchean granitoid gneisses were mainly derived from continental crustal sources. These features indicate that the protoliths of the Jiaodong granitoid gneisses were possibly formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust related to underplating of mafic magmas. Mafic granulites (~2.50 Ga) of the Yishui Terrane show three distinct mineral assemblages corresponding to the pre-peak, peak and post-peak metamorphic stages, with P-T conditions constrained at 660-730℃/<6.6 kbar, 800-820℃ /8.0-8.5 kbar and 686-710℃/7.6-8.6 kbar, respectively, by using THERMOCALC pseudosection modeling. The results define an anticlockwise P-T path involving near-isobaric cooling following the peak metamorphism, suggesting that the ~2.50 Ga metamorphism was most likely related to the intrusion and underplating of mantle-derived magmas. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that the underplating of mantle-derived magmas was most likely related to a mantle plume, which is favored to account for the significant Neoarchean crustal growth and the large-scale metamorphism at the end of Neoarchean in Shandong Province as well as the whole Eastern Block in the North China Craton. / published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Guo li Taiwan da xue, 1981. / Cover title. Reproduced from typescript; on double leaves. Bibliography: p. 331-338.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1923. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-172).

This study examines the movement to establish and consolidate rural people's communes in China during the period 1958-1965. It concentrates on the development and consolidation of people's communes in the northern province of Shandong. The thesis argues that there are two trends in contemporary theories of Third World Development. One sees the development of Third World countries as a process of economic moves through adoption of advanced western technology and by the transformation of social institutions according to the features of ideal type of the western model. The other suggests that the development of Third World countries is not merely a process of economic growth, but is conditioned both by their respective historical backgrounds and the world-system. It is argued that China subscribes to the latter version of development theory. It is suggested that, historically, Chinese society followed a particular path of development. The western impact on China gradually brought about the disintegration of the traditional society. Chinese development strategy after 1949, especially after the establishment of the people's communes, is distinctive and differs not only from the dominant mode of development in China's past, but also from the modes in advanced societies of western Europe and North America, and the Third World in general. The people's commune is considered as possessing an identifiable structure and subject to a process of growth and change. Its development is seen as a response to basic economic realities and also, to an important degree, to human decision-making. It is argued that the commune system is at the center of China's strategy for rural development. Within the context of Shandong, the development of the people's commune is seen through an analysis of agricultural production, local industry, building of water conservancy, as well as changes in family institutions. The analysis of this study shows that the characteristics of the development of the people's communes during 1958-1965 manifest in two major aspects. First, development planning aims at resolving certain peasant problems which are a heritage of the traditional mode of economic development in China, and to fulfill modernization and some specific ideological goals. Secondly, the development of the people's communes helps to retain the traditional structure of rural community. The latter is essentially found in the features of self-control and self-sufficiency in political and economic life in the people's communes, and also in the development of human relations. The major sources of this study consist of documentary research, i.e., Chinese local and national newspapers of the period under study, and magazines of the same period. Interviews of émigrés were also used as supplementary sources. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Unknown

How the state controls village cadres greatly shapes state-peasant relations. This study attempts to examine the relative and varying strengths of state power, village democracy, and social forces in structuring behavior patterns of village cadres in contemporary China. Particularly, three dimensions of state penetration into the countryside, Party organization, the bureaucratic system, and policy campaigns, are highlighted. It is widely accepted that village cadres are structured by top-down Party and bureaucratic control, bottom-up village elections, and informal accountability embedded in rural solidary groups. However, the conditions under which one particular mechanism plays a dominant role need to be further examined. It is also well known that local states seek to control village cadres by routine mechanisms such as Party organizations and the bureaucratic system. However, non-routine policy campaigns are not fully studied. By examining village cadre behavior in land transfers in agricultural rural areas and land expropriation in industrializing rural areas in Shandong province, this research has several findings. First, state penetration is the most powerful explanatory mechanism among others, and village democracy and societal groupings are undermined by state intervention and market forces. Second, local states in agricultural rural areas seem more developmental in land transfers while their counterparts in industrializing rural areas have more predatory elements in land expropriation. Third, village-level controlled comparisons indicate that varying strengthens of state penetration, depending on the implementation of Party organization, the bureaucratic system, and policy campaigns, greatly shape the degree of involvement in land tenure by village cadres. This study has implications for theories in comparative politics. First, the relative explanatory strength of state power, democracy, and social forces needs to be examined in specific contexts: varying issues, regions, sectors, timing and so forth. Second, the state has to be unpacked and differentiated. Third, policy campaigns characterized by ideological control and mass mobilization are powerful policy instruments and a useful remedy for rigid bureaucracy. It indicates that China’s distinctive state penetration can provide a new perspective in conceptualizing the state and studying state infrastructural power. / published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

本論文共一冊，約十萬字，分六章十二節。第一章為緒論。第二章山東義和團興起之 時代背景，按外交、宗教、政治、社會經濟四背景，分四節論述。第三章山東義和團 之源流，探討山東義和團之起源地、起源時間及其組成分子義和拳、大刀會、神拳、 紅燈照、鄉團等組織之源起與變質。第四章山東義和團之宗旨與組織，共分三節，分 述義和團之宗旨、思想、組織及法術。第五、六章兩章則敘述山東義和團之發展。最 後為結論。