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<p>Welded built-up structural steel members are widely used as columns, beams, and beam-columns in various buildings, bridges, industrial complexes, etc. Modern cutting techniques are used in the fabrication of such members. Besides traditional saw cutting and oxy-flame cutting, the modern cutting techniques include plasma cutting, laser cutting, water- jet cutting, etc. The different cutting techniques induce different degrees of Heat Affected Zones (HAZ), which subsequently creates different degrees of geometrical and mechanical imperfections (residual stresses). Therefore, it could be expected that the true behavior of structural steel columns manufactured by such cutting techniques be different.</p><p>The main objective of this investigation was to study the characteristics and behavior of plasma cut-welded H-shaped steel columns at different slenderness ratios. However, this investigation also considered similar flame cut-welded H-shaped steel columns for comparison purposes. The H-shaped column sections were fabricated from plates having specified yield strength of 350MPa. First, the initial plate was cut into plate strips and then the plate strips (flanges and web) were welded together to form the H-shaped section in this investigation. The strength of these columns were established under uni-axial compressive loading with pinned end condition, allowing for minor axis rotation. Moreover, the structural imperfections such as residual stresses and geometrical imperfections were established. The residual stresses distributions were established at various stages of fabrication processes using the "method of section" technique. That is, the residual stresses in initial plate, plate strips (cutting effects), and column sections (cutting and welding effects) were established. Similarly, the geometrical imperfections were established at various stages of fabrication processes in this investigation.The temperature profiles were measured during the cutting and welding processes. As part of the scientific documentation, the mechanical characteristic of virgin steel plates were obtained by standard coupon tensile test.</p><p>Based on the experimental results on column strength, the general behavior of plasma cut columns and flame cut columns were similar. However, it was found that the plasma cut-welded steel columns seemed to carry higher loads than that of flame cut-welded columns for higher slenderness ratios( λ≥1). For lower slenderness ratios (0.5<λ<1), it was found that the flame cut-welded columns had higher strength than plasma cut-welded columns in this investigation. The residual stress distribution of both plasma cut column section and flame cut column section had the same general distribution. However, in general, the flame cut columns had high intensity of tensile residual stresses at their flange tips than the plasma cut columns. Moreover, the out-of-plane imperfections of column sections were within the code limitations. However, it was found that the flame cut-welded H-shaped steel columns seemed to have higher out-of-plane imperfections than the similar plasma cut-welded H-shaped steel columns in this investigation.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The goal of a gas turbine engine designer is to reduce the amount of coolant used to cool the critical turbine surfaces, while at the same time extracting more benefit from the coolant flow that is used. Fan-shaped holes offer this opportunity, reducing the normal jet momentum and spreading the coolant in the lateral direction providing better surface coverage. The main drawback of fan-shaped cooling holes is the added manufacturing cost from the need for electrical discharge machining instead of the laser drilling used for cylindrical holes. This research focused on examining the performance of fan-shaped holes on two critical turbine surfaces; the vane and endwall. This research was the first to offer a complete characterization of film-cooling on a turbine vane surface, both in single and multiple row configurations. Infrared thermography was used to measure adiabatic wall temperatures, and a unique rigorous image transformation routine was developed to unwrap the surface images. Film-cooling computations were also done comparing the performance of two popular turbulence models, the RNG-kε and the v2-f model, in predicting film-cooling effectiveness. Results showed that the RNG-kε offered the closest prediction in terms of averaged effectiveness along the vane surface. The v2-f model more accurately predicted the separated flow at the leading edge and on the suction side, but did not predict the lateral jet spreading well, which led to an over-prediction in film-cooling effectiveness. The intent for the endwall surface was to directly compare the cooling and aerodynamic performance of cylindrical holes to fan-shaped holes. This was the first direct comparison of the two geometries on the endwall. The effect of upstream injection and elevated inlet freestream turbulence was also investigated for both hole geometries. Results indicated that fan-shaped film-cooling holes provided an increase in film-cooling effectiveness of 75% on average above cylindrical film-cooling holes, while at the same time producing less total pressure losses through the passage. The effect of upstream injection was to saturate the near wall flow with coolant, increasing effectiveness levels in the downstream passage, while high freestream turbulence generally lowered effectiveness levels on the endwall. / Ph. D.

A supersonic wind tunnel, with a 20" x 20'" test section cross sectional area, was designed and constructed at the Techsburg Wind Tunnel Facility in order to determine the lift and drag on irregularly shaped fragments in supersonic flow. Prior to beginning the wind tunnel design process, a blowdown analysis model was created in order to determine the influence of a number of parameters on tunnel run time and test gas properties throughout the tunnel circuit. The design of the settling chamber, test section, supersonic nozzles, diffuser, and exhaust are presented in this thesis. Diffuser performance has a large influence on wind tunnel efficiency and run time. Therefore, significant efforts should be taken in order to attain the highest possible pressure recovery within the diffuser. The design of wind tunnel components, as well as their stress analysis, was conducted using SolidWorks. The control valve and silencer were sized and selected for the expected tunnel operating conditions. Since the control valve tends to encompass a significant portion of the overall tunnel cost, care must be taken to ensure it has a large enough flow capacity to produce the desired test conditions. Also, attempts must be made to accurately predict the total pressure loss through the silencer, since this loss can have a large impact on the total pressure ratio necessary to produce the design Mach number. Upon completion of the design process, the supersonic wind tunnel was assembled, and shakedown testing was conducted. During shakedown testing it was determined that the wind tunnel was capable of producing Mach 2 flow in the test section. Following shakedown testing, a flow survey was conducted in order to ensure uniform Mach number flow exists throughout the region occupied by the fragments. Based on the flow survey it was determined that within the middle 60% of the test section, the average Mach number was 1.950 and varied by only 0.56% within this region. Two irregularly shaped fragments were tested at Mach 2 flow, over an effective 360° pitch sweep, with wind tunnel runs performed every 10 degrees. Based on the measured force data for both fragments, the lift appeared to follow a sinusoidal curve, with minimum values at 0, 90, and 180° balance pitch angle, and maximum values occurring around 45 and 135° pitch angle. The drag force was observed to follow a gradual curve with minimum values at 0 and 180° balance pitch angle, as expected since the fragment presented area is generally least in this orientation. The maximum drag was found to occur at a balance pitch angle of 90°, once again as expected since the fragment presented area is generally greatest at this angle. It was also observed that the fragment drag tended to be greater for a fragment orientation which places the concave side of the fragment into the direction of the flow. / Master of Science

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Shaped Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (SOQPSK) has the advantages of low sidelobes and high detection probability; however, its main lobe has a fixed width set by the number of constellation points. By slightly modifying the modulation scheme, the four constellation points of quadrature shift keying can be changed to M constellation points where M is a power of 2. After this change, the power spectral density (PSD) retains low sidelobes, and the desirable property of being able to detect the signal by integrating over two symbol periods is retained.

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma análise da antena planar F-invertido (PIFA) com o objetivo de identificar os parâmetros geométricos que influenciam nas características de desempenho: frequência de ressonância, perda de retorno e largura de banda. Para realizar este estudo é desenvolvido um algoritmo em linguagem C baseado no método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio do Tempo (FDTD). Duas PIFAs de geometria distintas foram investigadas. O primeiro modelo trata da geometria tradicional de elemento irradiador e plano de terra, ambos retangulares. Já o segundo modelo apresenta a fenda em formato de L no elemento irradiador, para operação em frequência dupla, e o plano de terra em formato de T, visando a aumentar a largura de banda. Os resultados da simulação do algoritmo identificam os parâmetros que influenciam no aumento nas duas larguras de banda, e são aplicados na prototipação de uma PIFA GSM-900 e GSM-1800. As medidas de laboratório do protótipo evidenciam os resultados previstos pelo algoritmo. / A Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) analysis is presented in this work, aiming to identify the geometric parameters that influence the antenna performance, such as resonant frequency, return loss and bandwidth. To accomplish this goal, an algorithm in C language based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is developed. Two PIFAs with distinct geometries are investigated. The first one corresponds to a typicall rectangular patch and ground plane, The second model presents an L-shaped slot for dual frequency band operation, combined with a T-shaped ground plane, in order to increase the bandwidth. The simulated results obtained by algorithm identify the parameters that respond for both bandwidths enhancement, and are applied in a PIFA GSM-900/GSM-1800 practical project. The prototype’s measurements confirm the simulated results.

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma análise da antena planar F-invertido (PIFA) com o objetivo de identificar os parâmetros geométricos que influenciam nas características de desempenho: frequência de ressonância, perda de retorno e largura de banda. Para realizar este estudo é desenvolvido um algoritmo em linguagem C baseado no método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio do Tempo (FDTD). Duas PIFAs de geometria distintas foram investigadas. O primeiro modelo trata da geometria tradicional de elemento irradiador e plano de terra, ambos retangulares. Já o segundo modelo apresenta a fenda em formato de L no elemento irradiador, para operação em frequência dupla, e o plano de terra em formato de T, visando a aumentar a largura de banda. Os resultados da simulação do algoritmo identificam os parâmetros que influenciam no aumento nas duas larguras de banda, e são aplicados na prototipação de uma PIFA GSM-900 e GSM-1800. As medidas de laboratório do protótipo evidenciam os resultados previstos pelo algoritmo. / A Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) analysis is presented in this work, aiming to identify the geometric parameters that influence the antenna performance, such as resonant frequency, return loss and bandwidth. To accomplish this goal, an algorithm in C language based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is developed. Two PIFAs with distinct geometries are investigated. The first one corresponds to a typicall rectangular patch and ground plane, The second model presents an L-shaped slot for dual frequency band operation, combined with a T-shaped ground plane, in order to increase the bandwidth. The simulated results obtained by algorithm identify the parameters that respond for both bandwidths enhancement, and are applied in a PIFA GSM-900/GSM-1800 practical project. The prototype’s measurements confirm the simulated results.

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma análise da antena planar F-invertido (PIFA) com o objetivo de identificar os parâmetros geométricos que influenciam nas características de desempenho: frequência de ressonância, perda de retorno e largura de banda. Para realizar este estudo é desenvolvido um algoritmo em linguagem C baseado no método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio do Tempo (FDTD). Duas PIFAs de geometria distintas foram investigadas. O primeiro modelo trata da geometria tradicional de elemento irradiador e plano de terra, ambos retangulares. Já o segundo modelo apresenta a fenda em formato de L no elemento irradiador, para operação em frequência dupla, e o plano de terra em formato de T, visando a aumentar a largura de banda. Os resultados da simulação do algoritmo identificam os parâmetros que influenciam no aumento nas duas larguras de banda, e são aplicados na prototipação de uma PIFA GSM-900 e GSM-1800. As medidas de laboratório do protótipo evidenciam os resultados previstos pelo algoritmo. / A Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) analysis is presented in this work, aiming to identify the geometric parameters that influence the antenna performance, such as resonant frequency, return loss and bandwidth. To accomplish this goal, an algorithm in C language based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is developed. Two PIFAs with distinct geometries are investigated. The first one corresponds to a typicall rectangular patch and ground plane, The second model presents an L-shaped slot for dual frequency band operation, combined with a T-shaped ground plane, in order to increase the bandwidth. The simulated results obtained by algorithm identify the parameters that respond for both bandwidths enhancement, and are applied in a PIFA GSM-900/GSM-1800 practical project. The prototype’s measurements confirm the simulated results.

Tato diplomová práce uvádí základní poznatky matematického a především stochastického programování. Navíc se zabývá použitím softwaru AIMMS při vytváření a řešení optimalizačních problémů. Naším hlavním cílem je naprogramovat v softwaru AIMMS několik metod řešení problémů stochastického programování a ukázat jejich použití a užitečnost na vybraných problémech. Jedním z problémů, který jsme si zvolili, je model spalovny. Všechny AIMMS programy, které v našem textu použijeme a popíšeme, a jejich zdrojové kódy budou přiloženy v dodatcích.

The thesis deals with the algorithms for two-stage stochastic programs. The first chapter considers the basic properties and theory. Specifically, we introduce the properites of the feasibility region and the objective function. Further, optimality conditions are discussed. In the second chapter we present algoritms which can be used to solve two-stage linear programs with fixed recourse. In the first section the basic L-shaped method is described in detail. The second section provides an explanation of the Stochastic Decomposition algorithm with the inclusion of a regularization term. The last chapter presents computational results. Three practical examples are provided both with a brief description of the problem and solutions by the studied algorithms.