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Additive Friction Stir Deposition (AFSD) is a solid state, bulk, metal additive manufacturing technology that seeks to replace certain castings and forgings wherever it is economically feasible among other applications. Critical to its deployment is an in depth understanding of how the solid state deposition process effects engineering alloys used in relevant applications. In this work, an aerospace aluminum alloy 7075 is evaluated both in the as deposited and heat treated condition via age hardening studies and tensile testing. It is found that an embrittlement phenomena occurs that is sensitive to processing parameters and quench rate during heat treatment. Through the use of SEM, TEM, and APT the embrittlement phenomena has been linked to excessive grain boundary precipitation caused by a combination of shear induced mixing and shear induced segregation which allow for the formation of phases at grain boundaries that are slow to dissolve, leaving the grain boundary in a non-equilibrium solute rich state. Critical to this process is the role of dispersoid particles, which are modified by shear processes which provide high energy spots for thermally stable precipitate nucleation. Removal of these dispersoid particles by an alloy modification had been shown to eliminate the embrittlement effect after depositing in a condition where embrittlement is expected for the unmodified 7075. Further work demonstrates the different relationships between processing conditions and the degree of embrittlement for three different tool types. Beyond the implications of the particular alloy studied, this work highlights the fundamental concepts involved when a manufacturing process operates at high strain rates and total strains which can be used for the design of alloys meant for AFSD. / Doctor of Philosophy / Additive Friction Stir Deposition (AFSD) is a new 3D printing process for metals where deformation is used to deposit material in an additive fashion. This work involves understanding and solving an embrittlement issue that occurs during heat treating after deposition for a particular aluminum alloy (7075). In this work, the origins of the embrittlement phenomena are uncovered which have to do with the degree and severity of deformation. Several solutions including alloy development and process control are successfully demonstrated.

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Orientador: Edvaldo Sabadini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Strauss_DarleneLuziaFelix_M.pdf: 3817957 bytes, checksum: 2557a153a7468c4a1f482e242b50bfea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: É conhecido que surfactantes agregam-se através de interações hidrofóbicas, formando espontaneamente estruturas supramoleculares em solução aquosa. A formação destas macroestruturas pode alterar significativamente a viscoelasticidade da solução. Essas estruturas diferem dos polímeros por serem sistemas que estão num processo constante de quebra e recombinação numa escala finita de tempo que é dependente das propriedades físico-químicas dos sistemas. Foram estudados os efeitos do cisalhamento intenso de soluções aquosas de micelas gigantes formadas pela combinação de CTAB com salicilato de sódio em diferentes concentrações do co-soluto (NaSal). Os experimentos foram realizados em um reômetro, sendo que a estabilidade térmica das micelas gigantes foi avaliada usando a propriedade deste sistema supramolecular em produzir significativas reduções de atrito hidrodinâmico. Três temperaturas características foram observadas, T0, T1 e T2, que são atribuídas respectivamente à fusão de cadeias, ruptura dos pontos de fusão e quebra das micelas em menores fragmentos. A concentração de co-soluto afeta diretamente a estabilidade térmica das soluções, quanto maior a razão co-soluto/surfactante maior a temperatura de quebra das micelas (T2). Outro fator importante é a taxa de cisalhamento, pois até certo limite, quanto maior a taxa de cisalhamento maior a T2. Foi estudado também o comportamento de estruturas induzidas por cisalhamento (SIS), que é uma propriedade característica desses sistemas, utilizando o reômetro, em que se aplicou um cisalhamento intenso e depois se monitorou o comportamento de relaxação das estruturas formadas durante o cisalhamento. Para entender melhor este comportamento foi realizado um estudo cinético em função da temperatura para verificar a cinética de relaxação das mesmas às estruturas iniciais. A temperatura tem grande influência sobre a manutenção das estruturas induzidas por cisalhamento, pois quanto maior a temperatura aplicada ao sistema mais rápida e a volta à estrutura inicial. Assim, o Modelo de Arrhenius foi aplicado para determinar a energia de ativação de uma das etapas / Abstract: It is known that surfactants spontaneously self-assemble through hydrophobic interactions in aqueous solutions generating supramolecular structures. The formation of these macrostructures can modify significantly the solution viscoelasticity. These structures differ from polymers because these systems are in a constant break and recombination process in a limited time scale dependent of its physical-chemistry properties. The effects of intense shear on aqueous solution of wormlike micelles formed by CTAB and sodium salicylate combination in different co-solute (NaSal) concentrations were studied. The experiments were performed in a rheometer, where the thermal stability of worm-like micelles was evaluated applying drag reduction studies that is a particular property of this supramolecular system. Three characteristic temperatures are observed, T0, T1 e T2, that correspond respectively to the chains fusion, break of fusion points and micelles break into minor fragments. The co-solute concentration directly affects the solutions thermal stability, as higher the co-solute/surfactant ratio as higher the micelles break temperature (T2). Other important factor is the shear rate, until certain limit, the higher the shear rates the higher T2. The behavior of shear induced structures (SIS), that is a characteristic property of these systems, was also studied using the rheometer where an intense shear was applied and then the relaxation behavior of the formed structures was monitored under shear. For better understanding of this behavior, a kinetic study as a function of the temperature was accomplished to verify the relaxation kinetics of the SIS to the initial structures. The temperature has a critical influence under the maintenance of shear induced structures, because the higher the temperature applied at the system the faster the return to the initial structures. Thus, Arrhenius model was applied to determine the activation energy from one of the steps / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestra em Química

We develop a two-fluid model (TFM) for heat transfer in dense non-Brownian suspensions. Specifically, we propose closure relations for the inter-phase heat transfer coefficient and the thermal diffusivity of the particle phase based on calibration against experimental data. The model is then employed to simulate non-isothermal flow in an annular Couette cell. We find that, when the shear rate is controlled by the rotation of the inner cylinder, both the shear and thermal gradients are responsible for particle migration. Within the TFM framework, we identify the origin and functional form of a "thermo-rheological" migration force that rationalizes our observations. Furthermore, we apply our model to flow in eccentric Couette cells. Our simulations reveal that the system's heat transfer coefficient is affected by both the classic shear-induced migration of particles and the newly identified thermo-rheological migration effect. Finally, we employed the proposed computational TFM framework to analyze electronics cooling by forced convection for microchannel cooling. We used a suspensions of high thermal conductivity (Boron Nitride) particles in a 3M Fluorinert FC-43 cooling fluid. Three-dimensional simulations were run to quantify the temperature distributions under uniform heating (5 W) and under hot-spot heating (2 W/cm^2) conditions. A 100 K junction level temperature improvement (enhanced thermal spreading) was seen for hot-spot heating and 15 K was observed for uniform heating, demonstrating the enhanced cooling capabilities of dense particulate suspensions of high-conductivity particles, over a clear FC-43 fluid.

The focus of this thesis is the dynamical behaviour of linear arrays of laser oscillators with nearest-neighbour coupling. In particular, we study how laser dynamics are influenced by laser-coupling strength, $\kappa$, the natural frequencies of the uncoupled lasers, $\tilde{\Omega}_j$, and the coupling between the magnitude and phase of each lasers electric field, $\alpha$. Equivariant bifurcation analysis, combined with Lyapunov exponent calculations, is used to study different aspects of the laser dynamics. Firstly, codimension-one and -two bifurcations of relative equilibria determine the laser coupling conditions required to achieve stable phase locking. Furthermore, we find that global bifurcations and their associated infinite cascades of local bifurcations are responsible for interesting locking-unlocking transitions. Secondly, for large $\alpha$, vast regions of the parameter space are found to support chaotic dynamics. We explain this phenomenon through simulations of $\alpha$-induced stretching-and-folding of the phase space that is responsible for the creation of horseshoes. A comparison between the results of a simple {\it coupled-laser model} and a more accurate {\it composite-cavity mode model} reveals a good agreement, which further supports the use of the simpler model to study coupling-induced instabilities in laser arrays. Finally, synchronisation properties of the laser array are studied. Laser coupling conditions are derived that guarantee the existence of synchronised solutions where all the lasers emit light with the same frequency and intensity. Analytical stability conditions are obtained for two special cases of such laser synchronisation: (i) where all the lasers oscillate in-phase with each other and (ii) where each laser oscillates in anti-phase with its direct neighbours. Transitions from complete synchronisation (where all the lasers synchronise) to optical turbulence (where no lasers synchronise and each laser is chaotic in time) are studied and explained through symmetry breaking bifurcations. Lastly, the effect of increasing the number of lasers in the array is discussed in relation to persistent optical turbulence.

Blood is a complex suspension of deformable particles, red blood cells, which exhibits a sophisticated dynamics when flowing in the microvasculature. Most of these complex phenomena, non-linear rheology, structuration of the suspension, heterogeneities of the hematocrit distribution, are directly connected to the rich microscopic dynamics of individual red blood cells, and their hydrodynamics interactions. We investigate a few aspects of the dynamics of red blood cells and giant vesicles - a simple model for RBCs. A study on the dynamics of very deflated vesicles, with shapes similar to those of red blood cells, shows that these objects which haven't received a lot of attention so far can exhibit richer than expected dynamics. We then mainly focus on the still unexplored problem of hydrodynamic interactions between vesicles or red blood cells and their consequences at the scale of the suspension. An experimental study of the interaction of two identical vesicles in shear flow shows that there is a net repulsion between the cells that leads to an increase of the distance between vesicles in a suspension. Scaling arguments are proposed for this interaction and a comparison with numerical results is performed and a quantitative estimation of a shear induced diffusion coefficient obtained by averaging the results for pair interactions is found. Finally, we investigate the diffusion of a cloud of red blood cells in Poiseuille flow in order to directly determine diffusion coefficients. The experiment shows that the cloud widens when traveling along the channel with a power law behaviour indicating sub-diffusion. This effect is confirmed by a theoretical analysis of a few limit cases. / Blood is a complex suspension of deformable particles, red blood cells, which exhibits a sophisticated dynamics when flowing in the microvasculature. Most of these complex phenomena, non-linear rheology, structuration of the suspension, heterogeneities of the hematocrit distribution, are directly connected to the rich microscopic dynamics of individual red blood cells, and their hydrodynamics interactions. We investigate a few aspects of the dynamics of red blood cells and giant vesicles - a simple model for RBCs. A study on the dynamics of very deflated vesicles, with shapes similar to those of red blood cells, shows that these objects which haven't received a lot of attention so far can exhibit richer than expected dynamics. We then mainly focus on the still unexplored problem of hydrodynamic interactions between vesicles or red blood cells and their consequences at the scale of the suspension. An experimental study of the interaction of two identical vesicles in shear flow shows that there is a net repulsion between the cells that leads to an increase of the distance between vesicles in a suspension. Scaling arguments are proposed for this interaction and a comparison with numerical results is performed and a quantitative estimation of a shear induced diffusion coefficient obtained by averaging the results for pair interactions is found. Finally, we investigate the diffusion of a cloud of red blood cells in Poiseuille flow in order to directly determine diffusion coefficients. The experiment shows that the cloud widens when traveling along the channel with a power law behaviour indicating sub-diffusion. This effect is confirmed by a theoretical analysis of a few limit cases.

Des méthodes numériques et expérimentales ont été utilisées pour identifier la relation entre les propriétés macroscopiques et la microstructure d'une suspension contenant soit des sphères soit des fibres rigides. Pour les fibres, les résultats en utilisant un modèle numérique original indiquent que les contacts sont dominants dans la prédiction de la dynamique de la microstructure. Les résultats montrent en outre que les contacts doivent être inclus dans le calcul des contraintes afin de prédire avec précision les différences de contraintes normales. Des expériences ont été effectués pour mesurer les différences de contraintes normales et ont sont en accord avec les prédictions numériques. Cela valide le modèle développé et ses résultats. Les écarts avec les travaux antérieurs dans la littérature ont été examinées. Le temps nécessaire pour atteindre l'état d'équilibre et l'influence de confinement de la géométrie expérimentale peuvent être la source de ces différences. Pour les sphères, une expérience a été construite pour étudier la dynamique de la migration de particules dans un écoulement de Poiseuille. Nous avons mesuré la fraction volumique de particules avec une grande résolution ainsi que les distribution de vitesse. Les résultats dans le régime stationnaire de migration finale ont été jugés en excellent accord avec les précédentes simulations discrètes et les expériences dans des géométries et concentrations. La dynamique a été comparée à le modèle de bilan de suspension ('Suspension Balance Model'). L'accord avec ce modèle n'est bon qu'à grande fraction volumique. Des développements supplémentaires concernant la rhéologie utilisés dans le SBM sont nécessaires. / Numerical and experimental methods were used to reveal the complex relationship between the macroscopic properties and the microstructure of a suspension where either spheres or rigid fibers were considered. For fibers, results using a newly developed numerical model indicate that contacts are dominant in predicting the dynamics of the microstructure. The results show contacts must be included in calculating the stress in order to accurately predict the normal stress differences as well. Experiments measuring the normal stress differences were performed and were found to be in agreement with the numerical predictions, validating the model and its results. Discrepancies with previous work in the literature were examined. The long time required to reach steady state and the influence of confinement from the experimental geometry were found to be the source of these differences. For spheres, an experiment was built to study the dynamics of particle migration in parabolic flow. High-resolution particle volume fraction and velocity distribution measurements were made. Steady state results were found to be in excellent agreement with previous discrete element simulations and experiments at similar geometries and volume fractions. Dynamic results were compared to the suspension balance model (SBM). Excellent agreement with the SBM was exhibited only at the highest bulk particle volume fraction. Accordingly, additional development of the rheology used in the SBM is required to understand the role of the bulk volume fraction on its predictions. The results from this experiment will greatly aid this endeavor by providing the experimental data required for validation.