So Sung-wan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese Universiry of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 244-250.

Fung Shuk Wai Freda. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-75). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.ii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Review of Poverty in China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Anti-poverty Campaign and Incidence of Poverty after1978 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Distribution of the Poor --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background Information of Guangdong --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Previous Studies of Poverty Measurement in China --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Official Estimates of Poverty --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Unofficial Poverty Line Estimated by SSB --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The World Bank Poverty Line --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Other Studies of Poverty Line --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Conceptual Approaches on Appraising Well Being --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Welfarist Approach --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Non-Welfarist Approach --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Relative Merits of Welfarist and Non-welfarist Perspectives --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Concept of Poverty --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Absolute Concept of Poverty --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Relative Concept of Poverty --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Subjective Concept of Poverty --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Unit of Analysis and Equivalence Scales --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- The Measurement of Poverty --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Headcount Ratio --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Foster-Greer-Thorbecke Index --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Method and Estimation Results of Equivalence Scales --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Analytical Framework --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Specification of the Demand System and Equivalence Scale --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Specification and Estimation of the Translog Model --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Estimation Results of the Demand System and Equivalence Scales --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Commodity Specific Equivalence Scales --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- General Household Equivalence Scales --- p.48 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Estimation of Poverty Line and Extent of Poverty --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Estimation of Poverty Line --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Extent of Poverty --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Sensitivity Analysis --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Concluding Remarks --- p.66 / REFERENCES --- p.70 / APPENDIXES / Appendix I: The Data Set --- p.77 / Appendix II: Details of Teqiong Xian and Fajian Xian Estimated by the SSB --- p.81 / Appendix III: Using Different Reference Household for the Estimation of the Extent of Poverty --- p.82

沿岸上升流和河流沖淡水都會嚴重影響近岸水體的物理、化學性質及其生態系統；南海北部的廣東沿岸同時存在著這兩種現象，因此對於沿岸上升流和沖淡水的運動規律和動力機制的研究對於認識廣東沿岸水體性質和生態環境的變化具有重要的理論意義。本文首先利用多種衛星遙感觀測資料和實地調查資料研究珠江沖淡水和紅海灣內的上升流進而揭示其空間分佈特徵和時間變化規律。而後利用三維的高解析度區域海洋模式（ROMS）建立一個適用於南海北部的海洋動力模式，從而成功反演珠江沖淡水和紅海灣內上升流的發展變化規律，進而揭示對其產生影響的動力原因。 / 通過分析MODIS在2003年7月14日至16日的海表面溫度影像以及同一時期的QuikSCAT風場資料，本文發現在西南風盛行時紅海灣記憶體在一個明顯的上升流區域，而且湧升的冷水首先在紅海灣的西岸出現並呈尖形向東南輸送。通過MODIS衛星觀測的海表面28oC等溫度線和模式類比結果的相互印證，證明本文利用ROMS建立的上升流模式能夠成功再現上升流的發展變化過程。基於模式類比結果的動量平衡分析揭示沿岸方向的壓強梯度和非線性項導致湧升的冷水首先出現在紅海灣西岸，而冷水的楔形離岸輸運則是由東南風引起的Ekman輸運和水準的非線性共同作用的結果。本文還進一步討論了季風、潮汐和海底地形對上升流的產生和擴散過程的影響。模式類比結果表明：在紅海灣觀測到的海表冷水是由西南風驅動的上升流造成的；由海底地形引起的內潮和上升流之間的相互作用會增強底層水的上升運動；湧升冷水的離岸輸運距離受海底地形在垂直於岸線方向的影響：坡度較緩的海底有助於冷水在距離海岸較寬的區域湧升至水面，而坡度陡的海底會將上升流限制在距離海岸較近的區域。 / 珠江沖淡水是本文的另外一個研究重點。通過對2012年6月4日-14日在珠江口和鄰近海域的調查資料的分析，可以看出調查期間珠江沖淡水呈現兩種截然不同的分佈特徵。利用ROMS的嵌套技術，本文建立了一個覆蓋南海北部陸架區的小區域模式。通過與實測資料的對比，驗證了本文建立的區域模式可以很好的反演珠江沖淡水在不同風場作用下的空間分佈特徵。基於模式類比結果的動量平衡分析表明，除了由風引起的海表面Ekman輸運外，非線性对流项項是另外一個影響沖淡水離岸輸運距離的重要因素。 / 通過計算不同風場作用下不同潮時的Froude數發現，在東南風和大潮共同作用下，珠江口鋒面處於超臨界狀態。這與實際調查結果相符合。進一步對潮汐羽流的分析表明，在東南風盛行時，珠江沖淡水由潮汐羽流、再迴圈羽流和羽流沿岸流三部分組成。當盛行風向轉為西南風時，再迴圈羽流部分消失。此時，珠江沖淡水羽流只由潮汐羽流、羽流遠場兩部分組成。計算海表面水準方向上的鹽量輸運發現，鹽量輸運受風場和潮汐的共同作用影響，潮汐導致的表層負鹽度通量可達到風生平均流引起表層負鹽度通量的12.5%。風場影響著沖淡水區域的垂向層化強度和離岸輸運距離。東南風和大潮的共同作用下，水體垂向混合加強，沖淡水離岸輸運距離變短。而盛行西南風時，強密度躍層將表層風引起的混合與底層混合隔開，有助於層化的建立，此時表層沖淡水離岸輸運距離增加。 / The upwelling event that occurred in Guangdong coastal water during 14-16 July, 2003 is observed by using satellite multi-sensor data including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sea surface temperature (SST) and QuikSCAT ocean surface winds. Successive MODIS SST images reveal a jet-like upwelling cold water body in surface layer under the forcing of southwesterly winds. The ROMS is used to simulate the upwelling process and explore its dynamics. The model successfully reproduces the jet-like shape of the surface upwelling water as well as the upwelling-developing process by comparisons of 28°C isotherms between the modeling and MODIS SSTs. Analyses of modeled momentums reveal that the large offshore transport appeared on the west side of Honghai Bay as results of high alongshore pressure gradient and nonlinear advections, and in addition to the offshore-ward Ekman transport generated by the southwesterly winds, the enhanced horizontal advection also played an important role in developing the prominent upwelling in Honghai Bay. / As testified by a numerical experiment, it is the wind-driven upwelling not the wind-induced vertical turbulent mixing that induced the surface cold water. Further numerical analyses reveal strong internal tides occurring in Honghai Bay caused by the local bottom topography. The interaction between the upwelling and internal tides enhances the bottom water uplifting. The offshore expansion of the upwelling water is controlled by the cross-shore topography slope: a gentle and offshore-extended slope helps the bottom water to climb up to the surface in a wide range in cross-shore direction, whereas a steep and narrow slope restricts the expansion of the upwelling water and confines the cold water in a narrow band along the shore. / A sea cruise was carried out to capture Pearl River plume structure in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and its adjacent coastal waters from 4 June to 14 June, 2012. The cruise data are analyzed to unveil the plume dynamics. A nested model is used to simulate the plume expansion process as well. Model results are compared with cruise observations and tidal gauge sea level data. Modeling results suggest that there is a sub-tidal, anti-cyclonic bulge on the west side out of the river mouth under southeasterly winds, which constitutes a plume re-circulating. When the wind changes to the southwesterly, however, the plume re-circulating vanishes and a plume far-field appears. / The distinct, supercritical plume front occurs with southeasterly winds prevailing in spring tide. The tidal salt deficit flux can reach as high as 12.5% of the mean current flux, and indicates an interaction between the wind forcing and tides. The variation of plume stratification is studied by a scalar parameter. It is found that the stratification of the plume is sensitive to the wind forcing: The southeasterly winds can enhance vertical mixing in the whole water column and restrict seaward expansion of the plume water. Under the southwesterly winds, the strong stratification acts as a barrier separating wind-induced surface vertical mixing and bottom mixing. The plume water in the surface layer maintains its stratification and spreads horizontally. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Gu, Yanzhen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-148). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.IV / CONTENTS --- p.VI / List of Tables --- p.VIII / List of Figures --- p.VIII / Acknowledgments --- p.XII / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General Circulation in the Northern SCS --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Dongsha Current --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- SCS Warm Current --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Other Features --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- Coastal Upwelling --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wind-induced Coastal Upwelling --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Overview of Coastal Upwelling Studies --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Pearl River Plume --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Physical Setting --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Overview of River Plume Studies --- p.15 / Chapter 2 --- Regional Ocean Model System --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Equation of Motion --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Model Time-Stepping Scheme --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Boundary Conditions --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Coordinate System Transformation --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- Vertical Viscosity and Diffusion --- p.26 / Chapter 3 --- Dynamical Study of Coastal Upwelling --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1 --- Satellite Data --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- Data Interpretation --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Upwelling and Wind Fields --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Horizontal Structure and Expansion of the Cold Water Area --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Model Configuration --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Model Results --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Sea Surface Temperature and Horizontal Currents --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Cross-shelf Structure --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Momentum Balance --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussions --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Winds --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Internal Tides --- p.53 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Topography --- p.56 / Chapter 4 --- Dynamical Study of the Pearl River Plume --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Cruise Observations --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Data Interpretation --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Observed Surface Salinity Distribution --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Salinity Vertical Distribution --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- River Plume Front --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- Model Configuration --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Northern South China Sea Model --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Pearl River Estuary Model --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4 --- Model Results and Verification --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Validation of Surface Salinity --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Validation of Salinity Profile --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Validation of Tidal Elevations --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Plume Horizontal Structure --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Plume Cross-shelf Structure --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Momentum Balance --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5 --- Stratification --- p.101 / Chapter 4.6 --- Plume frontal Froude number --- p.106 / Chapter 4.7 --- Tidal Plume --- p.111 / Chapter 4.8 --- Horizontal salt deficit flux --- p.114 / Chapter 4.9 --- Turbulence Mixing --- p.118 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.124 / Chapter Appendix I: --- List of Publications during Ph. D. Study --- p.128 / Chapter Appendix II: --- MODIS SST Image --- p.129 / Reference --- p.137

The question whether the Ruist (Confucian) idea of Tian (heaven) or Taiji (ultimate polarity) is transcendent in comparison to Christian ideas of the Creator-God remains controversial in the history of Christian-Ru interaction. To tackle the debate, this dissertation investigates the intellectual histories of “creatio ex nihilo” in the Greek-European Christian tradition and of “sheng sheng” (birth birth) in the Chinese Ru tradition, and compares these ideas with a methodology combining the pragmatist use of “vague category” and the hermeneutical “situational thinking.” The emergence of the idea “creatio ex nihilo” from Plato to Augustine championed the “ontological dependence” of cosmic realities upon the Creator-God. Divine creation was typically thought of as one process whereby divine intelligence implants ideas and forms into an inchoate form of being so that varying realities are created. However, Descartes’ theory of “created eternal truth” conceptualized divine creation as not being constrained by any rule of intelligence. This Cartesian voluntarism pushes the theistic vocabularies of creation to their limit such that it allows us to delineate a de-anthropomorphic sub-tradition within the main theistic tradition of “creatio ex nihilo.” Descartes’ thought was refined by Schleiermacher and Tillich. There were two distinctive ancient Chinese cosmologies: one Daoist pioneered by the Dao De Jing, and the other is Ruist initiated by the Appended Texts in the Classic of Change. When Wang Bi employed the ontology in the Appended Texts to interpret the cosmogony of Dao De Jing, his understanding of Taiji influenced the Ru tradition to reach an idea of creation similar to “creatio ex nihilo.” Accordingly, Taiji’s creativity can be characterized as “generatio ex nihilo,” an unconditioned constantly creative cosmic power without a creator standing behind the scene. Wang Bi’s thought was refined by Zhou Dunyi and Zhu Xi. As this project demonstrates, the Ru tradition of “generatio ex nihilo” provides the most apt comparison to the de-anthropomorphic sub-tradition of “creatio ex nihilo.” If we define transcendence as what is indeterminate and ontologically unconditioned by the existing world, Taiji’s “sheng sheng” conceptualized as “generatio ex nihilo” is even more transcendent than the mainstream theistic Christian understanding of divine creation.

作為社會主義國家中央計劃的遺產，國民經濟和社會發展五年計劃/規劃是調節中國經濟社會與空間發展的重要工具。隨著中國政治經濟的轉型，五年計劃/規劃也經歷了多次顯著的轉變。尤其在"十一五"時期，五年規劃體系分別在三個地理尺度上加強了其中的空間規劃元素和地位。這包括在國家層面提出主體功能區劃，在區域層面加強區域空間規劃功能，在市縣層面進行規劃體制改革。 / 目前，學術界還未有對五年計劃/規劃在中國轉型中所扮演的角色展開深入研究，特別是空間規劃如何轉變和行使空間管治功能。基於此，本論文採用管治的視角，構建一個基於過程的概念分析框架，以揭示五年計劃/規劃體系中的空間規劃元素轉變的基本原理和機制，也即在於探討各利益主體、制度、規劃管理和機制如何作用於五年規劃中空間規劃的發展，以及空間規劃在地方具體管治事務上的成效。具體而言，論文試圖回答以下三個相關研究問題。第一，五年規劃為何要植入新的空間規劃方法？第二，"十一五"期間，將空間規劃植入五年規劃體系的機制是什麼？第三，植入的空間規劃是否能有效的進行空間管治？通過分析空間規劃內容在國家五年計劃/規劃體系中的演變特點，以及結合江蘇省"十一五"期間的兩個案例（區域和城市兩個尺度）的研究，論文得出以下結論： / 隨著市場化改革和經濟權力下放，中國空間發展的政治經濟環境發生了重要變化。這在客觀上需要五年計劃/規劃體系中的空間規劃內容做出相應的調整。初期，空間規劃的形式體現在以部委主導的發展項目；改革開放到"十五"計畫期間，空間規劃的形式主要體現在劃定特殊的政策區域；"十一五"規劃以來，空間規劃則以空間分類引導與約束並舉的空間發展政策框架形式出現。"十一五"以來轉變的目的是使經濟規劃與空間規劃的結合更加緊密，以克服中國當前空間管治的各種困境。但是，這種在空間規劃方法上的創新也受到了來自地方層級政府和不同規劃部門的挑戰，為其實施帶來了一些不確定因素。 / 在區域尺度上，論文選取了江蘇省五年規劃體系中的沿江規劃作為案例。研究發現，作為省政府自上而下引導區域協調發展和區域經濟整合，約束空間無序開發的手段，沿江規劃的發展高度依賴於地方的政治經濟環境，反應了省內複雜的空間管治機制。沿江規劃稍早於省"十一五"規劃出臺。隨後，省政府將沿江規劃進行調整並植入五年規劃體系。其主要目的是為了加強沿江規劃的政治地位，以克服其早期實施時出現的危機。調整後的沿江規劃進一步突出了空間管治、區域協調發展和可持續性的目標。但是，在規劃實際實施中，沿江規劃戰略成為區內城市政府為資本積累推動新的發展項目的工具，而區域協調發展和空間可持續性問題反而被一再忽略。 / 在城市尺度上，論文選取了國家發改委主導的蘇州"十一五"市縣規劃改革作為案例。其改革的目的主要是加強規劃協調和發展控制。然而，蘇州"十一五"時期的發展表明，市"十一五"規劃中所植入的空間規劃框架儘管加強了空間發展約束和引導的內容，但實際上其無力調整市域部門分割的空間管治關係。這主要是因為，地方的空間規劃受到來自中央規劃部門的條例、法規和指標控制等垂直管理體系的約束。另外，為了創造土地財政和刺激地方發展，城市政府試圖突破自上而下的規劃控制指標和操縱地方規劃的資料，尤其是土地開發。為此，蘇州"十一五"規劃中的空間規劃處於一個嵌套的規劃管理環境。空間規劃進而成為中央和地方在空間管治理念上博弈的犧牲品。這種空間規劃的創新，不但無法融合部門割裂的規劃功能，更不能觸動地方政府對土地財政依賴，因此無法建立空間管制的機制。 / 總體上，經濟增長仍然是地方最為重要的規劃管治問題，進而決定了空間規劃中政治的走向。目前的空間規劃理念還主要是緩解經濟增長的限制性因素，如土地供應緊張和環境門檻提升等，而非為了建立有效的空間管治機制。 / As a legacy of the socialist state with central planning, Five-Year Planning (FYP) is very important in regulating socio-economic and spatial development even in post-reform China. Along with the changing context of political economy, the plan has experienced remarkable transformation in the last several decades. Particularly, during the 11th FYP Period, the FYP system emphasized spatial planning at different geographic scales, such as incorporating Major Function-Oriented Zoning (MFOZ) plan, enhancing the function of regional spatial planning, and conducting demonstration reform of planning institution at the municipal or county level. / In the literature, there has been little study on the role of FYP in transitional China. Especially, there is no study on how spatial planning in the FYP mechanism has operated and transformed in spatial regulatory practices. Under this context, drawn on the governance perspective, this study attempts to uncover the rationale and mechanisms of the changing spatial planning in the Chinese FYP system by building a conceptual framework. It aims to identify various stakeholders, institutions, planning administration and mechanisms of articulating spatial planning into FYP system and the effectiveness of spatial planning in solving place-specific governance issues during the plan formulation and implementation. / Specifically, this study attempts to answer the following three related research questions. First, why did the 11th FYP mechanism need to articulate the new spatial planning approaches? Second, what was the mechanism of articulating spatial planning into the 11th FYP system? Third, was articulating spatial planning into the 11th FYP system effective to govern spatial development? By examining the changing spatial planning in national FYP system and two case studies of the 11th FYP in Jiangsu Province (at the regional and urban scale), the main findings of this study are as follows: / The thesis argues that the market-oriented reform and decentralized economic administration have changed China's political economy and necessitated the transformation of the FYP mechanism, the embedded spatial planning in particular. In the pre-reform period, spatial planning was manifested in the ministry-led project-specific approach. From the beginning of the reform and opening to the 10th FYP Period, it was primarily manifested in setting up special policy areas to stimulate economic growth but failed in development control. Recently, spatial planning was transformed to a spatial policy framework approach with development guidance and control. It has also been tried to further integrate economic planning and spatial planning through the FYP mechanism. The new spatial planning approaches were articulated into the 11th FYP system at various geographic scales, as a response to the changing context of political economy and increasing socioeconomic transformation. However, due to various constraints in the period of institutional transition, the new spatial planning encounters various uncertainties to establish sound governance mechanisms in China. / At the provincial level, Jiangsu Region along the Yangtze River (JSYR) plan in the Jiangsu provincial 11th FYP system is employed for case study. The plans development process was highly embedded in local political economy, reflecting the decentralized and complicated spatial governance mechanisms in provincial China. Before it was articulated into the provincial 11th FYP system, the plan had already been implemented for half a year. In order to enhance the political status of the plan and cope with the crisis in the early plan implementation, Jiangsu provincial government articulated the spatial plan into the provincial 11th FYP system with a restructured spatial policy framework to enhance development control. However, it is revealed that, rather than as an institutional arena for regional coordination and sustainability, the articulated spatial planning in Jiangsu 11th FYP may only function as an instrument to develop new projects for capital accumulation. The actual sustainability of spatial development was ignored by local city governments. / At the municipal level, the demonstration reform of planning institution in Suzhou is employed for case study. The purpose of this reform was to improve plan coordination and development control at urban level. The realities in Suzhou indicated that the articulated spatial planning in Suzhou 11th FYP failed to restructure municipal spatial governance relations and enhance local development control. It was no more than a cosmetic covering of the fragmented and overlapped planning functions instead of an integrated spatial governance mechanism in the city. Suzhou case shows that various local spatial plans were highly constrained by the sectoral codes, hierarchic regulations and top-down controlling quotas from relevant ministry-level departments. Under the nested planning administration shaped both by top-down regulations, and local discretion and manipulation, the plan coordination through the platform of spatial planning in Suzhou municipal 11th FYP was very difficult. Spatial planning has become a complicated arena and, the planning is mixed by central control and local initiatives with various levels of intervention. / In general, economic growth was the ultimately concerned governance issue in Chinese provinces and municipalities, which justifies local politics of spatial planning. Subsequently, the development philosophy of spatial planning at local levels was to alleviate the constraints of economic growth such as inadequate land supply and high environmental threshold rather than to establish the mechanisms of coordination and development control. This study advances the current understanding about the rationale and mechanisms about spatial planning and governance in contemporary China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wang, Lei. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-168). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix 3 in Chinese.

This ethnographic research examines socioeconomic vulnerabilities to resettlement from a large hydropower dam and agricultural commodification in a Tibetan village in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. After providing an initial background on the dynamics of the research region and hydrodevelopment on its rivers, the research framework of examining vulnerability through a lens of political ecology and local knowledge is outlined. Utilizing this framework, the socioeconomic strategies surrounding agriculture and commodified forest products within the study village are initially outlined through the use of oral histories, previous literature, and quantitative household survey data. After providing a detailed background on these income strategies, vulnerabilities to resettlement are examined through qualitative analysis of individual household interviews. This analysis shows that village households are highly reliant on the village's specific location in order to collect the resources and pursue the agriculture that they do; making them vulnerable to future resettlement. The analysis also shows that in the opinions of villagers, a good standard of living is significantly defined by their ability to pursue specific economic strategies. Next, interview results are analyzed to show how agricultural commodification and a very high reliance on one government sponsored company to purchase crops has also made the village highly vulnerable economically. The thesis concludes with reflections on future hydrodevelopment and resettlement scenarios within the village, and provides recommendations to improve local level resilience and promote better capacity to adapt to change. / Graduation date: 2013

Social identity between interlocutors s is an indispensable factor in the formation of a community (i e. a social unit whose members are held together by an international network and who share certain interests, beliefs, views and attitudes) In this regard, language is known to be an influential symbol of identity, an important clue to social group membership. As Einer Haugen states, language is at once `a social institution, like the laws, the religion, or the economy of a community, and a social instrument which accompanies and makes possible all other institutions. As an institution it may become a symbol of the community` (1956:8 7).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 366-387).

Thesis--M.A., University of Hong Kong. / Contents: v.1. Text.- v.2. Maps. Typewritten. Also available on microfilm.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985.