Este documento de Tese é o resultado de um trabalho de pesquisa voltado à análise cristalográfica de novas formas sólidas cristalinas derivadas de fármacos antirretrovirais, diante do contexto da engenharia de cristais para o desenho das novas formas sólidas, e principalmente diante da ótica da análise das densidades de carga, o que permitiu um entendimento mais acurado da estrutura eletrônica molecular desta classe de compostos. Compostos farmacêuticos antirretrovirais do tipo inibidores nucleosídeos da transcriptase reversa (INTRs), são de grande importância, uma vez que são amplamente usados na terapêutica antirretroviral, principalmente contra o vírus HIV. Nesse contexto, são conhecidos alguns problemas associados na manufatura destes fármacos, principalmente aos processos de extração e purificação dos fármacos Lamivudina (3TC) e Emtricitabina (FTC). Diante desta problemática, a engenharia de cristais fornece uma solução, mediante o planejamento racional de formas sólidas (sais, cocristais, solvatos, polimorfos, etc.) que apresentam maior estabilidade e facilitem principalmente o processo de purificação em grande escala. Daí surge a importância de estudar a estrutura molecular das diferentes formas sólidas derivadas destes fármacos, sendo uma das principais técnicas para este estudo a difração de raios X em monocristais (DRXM). Neste trabalho um total de nove novas formas sólidas foram avaliadas e reportadas, com uma discussão detalhada das conformações moleculares e supramoleculares. Entretanto, é realizada uma análise das densidades de carga mediante métodos experimentais, uma vez que foram conduzidos experimentos de DRXM em alta resolução, em virtude da boa qualidade dos cristais que algumas das formas sólidas apresentaram. Desta maneira foi possível propor modelos de densidade de carga experimentais construídos mediante o formalismo de Hansen & Coppens, utilizando refinamento por mínimos quadrados baseados nos dados de difração em alta resolução. Por último, com o intuito de ter um estudo mais completo e detalhado da estrutura eletrônica, foram realizados cálculos teóricos de primeiros princípios em condições gasosas e periódicas de contorno. Desta forma, é apresentada uma sinergia entre os resultados obtidos pelas análises das distribuições de densidade de cargas de algumas formas sólidas, com os resultados gerais da engenharia de cristais e, portanto, concluir e extrapolar alguns aspectos importantes, principalmente no que se refere às energias associadas com as interações intermoleculares. A sinergia dos estudos de engenharia de cristais e de densidade de carga, é um tipo de pesquisa pouco publicada dentro da área da cristalografia de pequenas moléculas. / This Thesis is the result of the research proposal aimed to the crystallographic analysis of new crystalline solid forms derived from antiretroviral drugs, in the context of the crystal engineering for the design of the new solid forms, mainly since the viewpoint of the charge density analysis, which allowed an accurate comprehension of the molecular electronic structure of this kind of compounds. Antiretroviral drug compounds of nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) type, are of great importance once they are large used in the antiretroviral therapy, mainly against the HIV. In this context, some problems are known regard to the manufacture process of these drugs, mainly in the extraction and purification procedures of the lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) drugs. On this issue, the crystal engineering provides an answer, through the rational planning of solid forms (salts, cocrystals, solvates, polymorphs, etc.) that exhibit an increased stability and facilitate mainly the large-scale purification process. Hence is important to study the molecular structure of the diverse solid forms derived from these drugs, mainly through the single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXD) experiments. In this research a total of nine new solid forms were assessed and reported, along with a detailed discussion of the molecular and supramolecular conformations. Meantime, it was carried out an analysis of the experimental charge density, once it was performed high-resolution SCXD experiments, since some of the solid forms showed good quality single crystals. In this way, it was possible to propose models of experimental charge density through the Hansen & Coppens formalism, using least-square refinement against high-resolution X-ray diffraction data. Finally, with the aim to have a more complete and detailed study of the electronic structure, it was also carried out first principles theoretical calculations in gas-phase and periodic boundary conditions. Thus, it is shown a synergy between the results obtained by the analysis of the charge density distributions of some solid forms and the crystal engineering results and, therefore, to conclude and to extrapolate some important aspects, mainly involved with the intermolecular interaction energies. The synergy of the crystal engineering and charge density studies is a kind of research little published, within the small molecule crystallography area.

L'imagerie mono-pixel est un concept récent qui permet l'obtention d'images à un coût relativement faible par une compression des données durant l'acquisition. L'architecture d'une caméra mono-pixel comprend seulement deux éléments, un modulateur spatial de la lumière et un détecteur ponctuel. L'idée est de mesurer, au niveau du détecteur, la projection de la scène observée -l'image- avec un certain motif. Le post-traitement d'une séquence de mesures obtenues avec différents motifs permet de restaurer l'image de la scène. L'imagerie mono-pixel possède plusieurs avantages qui sont d'un intérêt pour différentes applications, en particulier dans le domaine biomédical. Par exemple, une caméra mono-pixel résolue en temps bas coût est bénéfique pour l'imagerie de temps de vie de fluorescence. Un tel système peut également être couplé à un spectromètre afin de compléter le temps de vie avec une information spectrale. Cependant, la limite principale de l'imagerie mono-pixel est la vitesse d'acquisition et/ou de l'étape de restauration d'image qui est, à ce jour, non compatible avec des applications temps réel. Le but de cette thèse est de développer des méthodes rapides d'acquisition et de restauration des images à visée d'applications biomédicales. Tout d'abord, une stratégie d'acquisition basée sur les algorithmes de compression dans le domaine ondelettes est proposée. Celle-ci accélère le temps de restauration de l'image par rapport aux schémas d'acquisition classiques basés sur l'acquisition comprimée. Dans un second temps, une nouvelle méthode pour lever une contrainte expérimentale de positivité sur les motifs est détaillée. Comparée aux approches classiques, cette méthode basée sur une factorisation en matrices non-négatives permet de diviser par deux le nombre de motifs envoyés au modulateur spatial de la lumière, entrainant ainsi une division par deux du temps d'acquisition total. Enfin, l'applicabilité de ces techniques est démontrée pour de l'imagerie multispectrale et/ou résolue en temps, modalités courantes dans le domaine biomédical. / Single-pixel imaging is a recent paradigm that allows the acquisition of images at a reasonably low cost by exploiting hardware compression of the data. The architecture of a single-pixel camera consists of only two elements, a spatial light modulator and a single point detector. The key idea is to measure, at the detector, the projection (i.e., inner product) of the scene under view -the image- with some patterns. The post-processing of a measurements sequence obtained with different patterns permits to restore the desired image. Single-pixel imaging has several advantages, which are of interest for different applications, especially in the biomedical field. In particular, a time-resolved single-pixel imaging system benefits to fluorescence lifetime sensing. Such a setup can be coupled to a spectrometer to supplement lifetime with spectral information. However, the main limitation of single-pixel imaging is the speed of the acquisition and/or image restoration that is, as of today, not compatible with real-time applications. This thesis investigates fast acquisition/restoration schemes for single-pixel camera targeting biomedical applications. First, a new acquisition strategy based on wavelet compression algorithms is reported. It is shown that it can significantly accelerate image recovery compared to conventional schemes belonging to the compressive sensing framework. Second, a novel technique is proposed to alleviate an experimental positivity constraint of the modulation patterns. With respect to the classical approaches, the proposed non-negative matrix factorization based technique permits to divide by two the number of patterns sent to the spatial light modulator, hence dividing the overall acquisition time by two. Finally, the applicability of these techniques is demonstrated for multispectral and/or time-resolved imaging, which are common modalities in biomedical imaging.

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