This diploma thesis is solving systems design of silo for powdery materials. There is analysis of type choise and silo construction, dimension design and silo strenght calculation. There are described the possibility of emptying the vaults and ways to suppress the possible emergence of the vault using aktive and passive elements, that condustive to flow. It also describes active and passive stress state of the material in the silo. There are evaluated various options for editing the silo for different materials.

Grain production in the Mid-South US has exceeded traditional grain bin storage capacity in recent years. Alternative grain storage methods were adopted. One method was grain bag storage. This system has been used for silage and high moisture corn storage for decades and has been employed for dry grain in other regions of the world, but little research was available to describe the internal environment of the grain bags and its effects on grain quality. Weather conditions, agricultural methods, and cultural practices vary; therefore further research was required to assess this storage practice and describe best management practices for the local region. The objectives of this study were to develop a system and method to monitor the grain bag internal environment, to determine the internal environment and quality of dried grains stored in grain bags, and to determine the internal environment and quality of harvest moisture and condition corn stored in grain bags. An instrumentation system of thermocouples and relative humidity sensors was successfully developed. Fourier analysis was applied and sampling interval less than 10 hours was required to fully describe the grain bag environment. Commercially conditioned (dried and blended) corn (14.1 % MCwb) and soybeans (10.4 %MCwb) were stored in grain bags for 20 and 16 weeks, respectively. Corn immediately after harvest (17.1 %MCwb) was stored for 12 weeks. There were significant differences between grain in the center of the bag and peripheral temperature, with the periphery closely tracking ambient conditions. Psychrometric calculations (humidity ratio and dew-point) indicated that moisture migrated to the bag edges. Temperature within the grain mass never fell below the temperature required for condensation, condensation at the bag internal surface was likely. Grab samples did not reflect significant differences in grain moisture content across the bag profile. Geostatistical methods were used to interpolate the thermal environment of the grain bags; ordinary kriging was the best method of interpolation. Commercially conditioned corn maintained its quality while in storage, while soybeans lost one US grade. Harvest condition corn deteriorated in quality to US Sample grade while in storage. Short storage periods for early harvest corn are recommended.

This thesis provides a report on the numerical analysis of stress distributions within granular materials held in silos and hoppers. Stress distributions within granular materials stored in silos and hoppers have been the subject of research for over 100 years, work starting in this field in 1895 (Janssen). Knowledge of stress distributions within the granular materials contained is essential to allow structural design of the silo and hopper shell and attachments, and to allow estimation of likelihood and location of cohesive arch formation. National design codes for silos and hoppers (including BS EN 1993-4-1:2007 Eurocode 3 and DIN 1055-6:2005-03) are based on approximate techniques that assume vertical and horizontal directions of principal stresses, with constant horizontal stress across the silos. According to the knowledge of the author there are no industrial standards that allow calculation of loading on inserts within hoppers. The objective of the research project is to develop algorithms to predict stresses in hoppers and silos using principal stress arc geometry methods, and implementation of these methods in various silo and hopper configurations including those with inserts for the purposes of aiding flow. The research project algorithms are spreadsheet- and QB64 platform-based, and are able to produce stress distributions within silos and hoppers. This is achieved by extension of the principal stress arc method of analysis. The new algorithms allow prediction of common flow problems and provide new information on structural loading of silos and hoppers, including inserts used to promote flow. The research project models allow estimation of azimuthal stresses within three-dimensional case studies.

L'ensilage est une façon de conserver les fourrages. Cette conservation est possible grâce aux bactéries lactiques qui, en utilisant les sucres, produisent de l'acide lactique ce qui permet d'abaisser le pH des fourrages et ainsi empêcher le développement d'une microflore pouvant diminuer leur qualité nutritive. Pour ce faire, l'efficacité des bactéries lactiques à abaisser le pH est importante. La sélection de bactéries lactiques efficaces nécessite des ressources importantes et est limitée à la saison de croissance, ce qui limite le nombre de souches pouvant être testées. La possibilité de tester des souches à n'importe quel moment durant l'année est donc un enjeu important. Pour cette raison, le développement d'un silo expérimental pouvant être utilisé avec du matériel sec et réhydraté est souhaitable. Le but de ce projet est donc de développer un tel silo. Les essais ont été réalisés avec les deux espèces végétales les plus cultivées au Québec, soit la fléole des prés (Phleum pratense L.) et la luzerne (Medicago sativa L.). Celles-ci ont été récoltées à partir des essais de plantes fourragères de la ferme de recherche de l'Université de Guelph à New-Liskeard. Le matériel végétal a été déshydraté de trois façons: 1) 50 °C pendant 48 heures; 2) 50 °C pendant 72 heures; 3) par lyophilisation. Le séchage par lyophilisation a permis une meilleure conservation des sucres et a permis de minimiser la dégradation des protéines. Un traitement par irradiation gamma a été nécessaire pour éliminer les microorganismes qui n'avaient pas été détruits lors de la déshydratation par lyophilisation. Les silos ont été préparés dans des sacs de polyéthylène à l'intérieur desquels le matériel végétal introduit avait, au préalable, été réhydraté et inoculé avec des bactéries lactiques avant d'y appliquer un vide et de les sceller. Trois niveaux de pression négative ont été testés afin de vérifier si l'intensité du vide avait un effet sur la fermentation, tel que mesuré par le pH. L'application d'un niveau de vide -90 kPa pendant 40 secondes a été choisie en raison de la meilleure répétitivité d'une série de silos, tel qu'évalué par le coefficient de variation des traitements, L'étude de la cinétique d'une souche bactérienne inefficace en fermentation lactique et d'une souche efficace a permis de faire la démonstration que ce type de silo peut être utilisé pour faire un premier tamisage des souches dans un programme de sélection pour trouver des bactéries lactiques efficaces. Avec ce type de silo, il a été possible d'évaluer le temps de latence et le taux de diminution du pH, deux critères importants pour évaluer l'efficacité des souches. Il est donc possible, par la suite, de tester seulement les bactéries jugées efficaces diminuant ainsi les besoins en ressources pour des études de compétition avec la flore épiphyte. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : silos expérimentaux, ensilage, bactéries lactiques, sachets plastiques

Darbo tikslas– aptarti šiuo metu Lietuvoje naudojamas siloso ruošimo technologijas, įvertinti siloso ruošimo technologiją naudojant vibracinį tankinimo metodą, jos poveikį žmogui ir aplinkai. Siekiant šio tikslo iškelti tokie uždaviniai: • apžvelgti šiuo metu Lietuvoje naudojamas siloso ruošimo technologijas; • atlikti bandymus slegiant silosą inerciniu kryptiniu vibratoriumi; • atlikti tyrimus, kurių metu reikia išsiaiškinti vibracijų ir triukšmo poveikį žmogui. Literatūros apžvalgoje įvertintos šiuolaikinės siloso ruošimo technologijos bei technika. Įvertintas siloso slėgimo konteinerinėje saugykloje prosesas, apžvelgtas vibracinis siloso tankinimo būdas ir pateikta teorinė analizė. Tyrimų metodikoje pateiktos: kukurūzų- topinambų stiebų siloso ruošimo naudojant kryptinį-vibracinį įrenginį bei triukšmo ir vibracijų poveikio žmogui nustatymo, ekspermentinių tyrimų atlikimo metodikos. Tyrimų rezultatų skyriuje pateikti bandymų rezultatai, kurie buvo atlikti su Institute sukurto ir pagaminto kryptiniu- vibraciniu įrenginiu. Įvertintas vibracijų bei triukšmo poveikis žmogui. Remiantis tyrimų rezultatais nedideliam ūkiui pasiūlyta konteinerinė siloso saugykla bei ekologiška siloso ruošimo technologija. / The goal-Lithuania to discuss the current technologies used in the preparation of silage, to evaluate the technology for preparation of silage using vibration compaction method, its impact on humans and the environment. To achieve this goal the following tasks: • an overview of the Lithuania silage used in the preparation of technology; • testing Machines silage inertial directional vibrator; • carry out investigations, during which the question of vibrations and noise effects on humans. Literature review assessed the modern technology of silage preparation and technique. Estimated silage pressure konteinerinėje prosess the store, look for silage vibration compaction method and presented a theoretical analysis. Research methodology of the maize silage-Jerusalem stems preparation using the directional-vibration device, and noise and vibration effects on human identification, ekspermentinių test methodology. Research results section to provide test results, which were carried out with the Institute created and produced by vibration-directional device. Estimated exposure to vibration, and noise effects on humans. Based on the research results suggested a small holding container storage of silage and silage preparation of environmental technology.

This diploma thesis describes the design of silo for milled mineral salt and. There are described the types of silos and there is also analysis of type choise and silo construction, dimension design and silo strenght calculation. Further there are described active and passive stress state of the material in the silo. The thesis deals the possibility of emptying the vaults and there is describtion of active and passive elements, that condustive to flow of materiál. It also describes the specificity of the material considering the structure of silo.

En övergiven spannmålssilo i Vadstena från 1956 är placerad med en spännande kontext mitt i staden intill ett väl bevarat renässansslott. Silon har varit på gång och bli bostäder men projektet avstannade och silon står idag oanvänd. I mitt projekt har jag fokuserat på att hitta ett nytt användningsområde för silon genom intervjuer, research och dokumentation av området. Förslaget innefattar att silon blir en lokal konstscen för icke etablerade konstnärer och kreativa personer i bygden där man kan ha kurser och skapande verksamhet i en spännande miljö. Själva silodelen blir konsthall med ett spännande dagsljusinsläpp och blir en skulptur i sig. Området omkring silon får även det ett nytt förslag på åtgärder för att bidra till en hållbar utveckling för kommunen enligt vad deras egna visioner i detaljplanen säger. / A silo building in Vadstena in south of Sweden from 1956 is abandoned and no longer in use. The context of the building is quite interesting since it is placed in the middle of the town next to one of Swedens most well preserved renaissance castles and the harbor. My project is about this silo, how to find a new program and function for it. And also look att the surroundings how the municipality should try to change some parts of the city plan to better fit their own visions and strive for a more sustainable development. My suggestion for the new program is an art hall with a creative studio part that could be available for everyone in the area. It would provide a space that seems missing and that would be appreciated by many non established artists in the area that have no where to meet, work and have exhibitions. That would also be a sustainable way of taking care of an building that is no longer in use.

This project focuses on making a “Folkets hus”, a form of community centre available for its surrounding inhabitants to express their identities and experience different cultures, these buildings usually contain libraries, theatre, restaurants, art centre, educational spaces, a child section and more. The city chosen for this project was Arboga, a small old industrial town from the 13th century a few miles west about Eskilstuna. Approximately 14,100 inhabitants, of which 11,400 live in the city. Arboga has identified that the after school-centre and culture school needs to be expanded and renovated, due to a higher demand. There is also a demand for more houses and living space adapted for the elderly. I picked an old abandoned silo industry building next to a very old beautiful park to work on. The building has not been standing for more than 50 years and is already abandoned. I saw an opportunity to urbanise the building and give locals the chance to use its height to see their city from above. My project called  “SILO” is a six floor community centre and a ten floor high apartment building. The community centre contains: restaurants, library, dance rooms, theatre room, music and radio room, art room, after school-centre, art gallery, lecture room, rooftop with a garden, an office floor and lots of spaces focusing on creative activities for all ages. The apartment building to the east contains eighteen 1 room apartments and eighteen 3 room apartments. / Projekt fokuserar på ”Folkets hus”, en plats för invånare för att uttrycka sin identitet och uppleva olika kulturer, dessa byggnader innehåller vanligtvis bibliotek, teater, restauranger, konsthall, utbildningslokaler, en barnavdelning och mer. Staden som valdes för detta projekt var Arboga, en liten gammal industristad från 1200-talet några mil väster om Eskilstuna. Cirka 14 100 invånare därav 11 400 bor I staden. Arboga har identifierat att fritidshemmet och kulturskolan behöver byggas ut och renoveras, på grund av en högre efterfrågan. Det efterfrågas också fler hus och bostadsrätt anpassade för äldre. Jag valde en gammal övergiven silo industribyggnad som låg bredvid en fin gammal park. Byggnaden har inte stått på mer än 50 år och är redan övergiven. Jag såg en möjlighet att urbanisera byggnaden och ge Arbogaborna chansen att använda dess höjd för att se sin stad från ett nytt perspektiv. Mitt projekt som heter "SILO", ett sexvåning högt kulturhus och ett tio våningar högt lägenhet hus. Folkhuset innehåller: restauranger, bibliotek, dansrum, teaterrum, musik- och radiorum, konstrum, fritidshem, konsthall, föreläsningssal, takterrass med örtagård, kontorsvåning och massor av utrymmen som fokus på kreativa aktiviteter för alla åldrar. Hyreshuset i öster innehåller arton anpassade 1:or och arton loft 3:or.

Au cours de cette thèse expérimentale et numérique nous avons étudié le comportement d’un empilement de grains dans deux situations différentes. Dans une première partie, une piste en sable est soumise au passage répété de véhicules, sous certaines conditions un motif régulier de rides apparaît spontanément : c’est l’instabilité de tôle ondulée. Ce phénomène, très répandu sur les routes en terre ou en gravier, est bien sûr très gênant pour les automobilistes mais est aussi très dangereux à cause des pertes d’adhérence qu’il provoque. Nous avons alors reproduit ce phénomène à l’échelle du laboratoire et également dans des simulations numériques de dynamique moléculaire de sphères molles. Grâce à ces outils expérimentaux et numériques nous avons pu mettre en évidence certaines propriétés de l’instabilité. Nous avons notamment mesuré la relation de dispersion des rides et mis en évidence que ce phénomène suit une instabilité de type fourche super-critique. En mesurant les contraintes agissant sur le véhicule nous avons alors pu construire une analyse de stabilité linéaire prédisant quantitativement le seuil de l’instabilité ainsi que la longueur d’onde du motif. Enfin, nous avons étudié des cas plus complexes où différents véhicules circulaient simultanément sur la piste. Nous avons également considéré des cas où la piste était humide et donc cohésive. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié le comportement d’un silo rempli de grains soumis à des variations de température. On observe alors un lent fluage de la colonne que nous avons caractérisé. Deux régimes de fluage sont observés selon l’amplitude des cycles de température et nous avons obtenu une expression de la température critique séparant les deux régimes en fonction des paramètres microscopiques des grains (élasticité et rugosité de surface). Nous avons également étudié le mouvement individuel de chaque grain afin d’interpréter la dynamique macroscopique de l’empilement. / In this experimental and numerical thesis we have studied the behavior of a granular assembly in two different situations. In the first part, a sand track is subjected to repeated passages of vehicles, under certain conditions a regular pattern of ripples appears spontaneously: this is known as the washboard road instability. This phenomenon, very common on dirt roads, is of course annoying for drivers but is also very dangerous because of the lack of adhesion it causes. We reproduced this instability with a laboratory scale set-up and also thanks to soft spheres molecular dynamics simulations. With these experimental and numerical tools we have highlighted some properties of instability. In particular, we have measured the dispersion relation of the pattern and shown that this phenomenon follows pitchfork instability. By measuring the stress acting on the vehicle we were then able to build a linear stability analysis that predicts quantitatively the threshold of the instability and the wavelength of the pattern. Finally, we have studied more complex cases where several vehicles were simultaneously on the track. We have also considered the case where the track was wet and therefore cohesive. In a second part, we have studied the behavior of a silo filled with grains subjected to temperature variations. A slow creep motion of the grains in the column is observed. Two flow regimes are observed according to the amplitude of temperature cycles. We obtained an expression of the critical temperature between the two regimes as a function of the microscopic parameters of the grains (elasticity and surface roughness). We have also studied the motion of each individual grain in order to interpret the macroscopic dynamics of the pile.

The principle of this thesis is to design of the silo for bulk materials. In the thesis is there an analysis of the choice of type and construction of the silo, design of main dimensions and strength calculation of the silo. Then there is described active and passive stress state of the silo and their influence on filling and emptying. The thesis deals the possibility of the formation of buckling vault (bridging) during emptying and ways to solve it. There are also described various possibilities of modifications and equipment of the silo in relation to the type of material.