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The ring-opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, D₄ , in the presence of bis(α,ω-aminopropyl)-1,3-tetramethyldisiloxane using potassium siloxanolate and tetramethylammonium siloxanolate catalysts has been investigated. The use of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography (GC) allowed the disappearance of the starting materials to be monitored as a function of reaction temperature, time, targeted molecular weight, catalyst type and concentration. Due to electronegativity differences, the cyclic tetramer was found to react more quickly than the disiloxane under all conditions studied. This work was extended to the study of polydimethyl-co-diphenylsiloxane oligomers, prepared by the ring-opening copolymerization of D₄ with octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, D₄". Reversed-phase HPLC was used to study the disappearance of the cyclic starting materials. Due to volatility considerations these oligomers were not analyzed by capillary GC. ²⁹Si NMR was used to determine the number-average sequence length of each type of siloxane unit as a function of reaction conditions. The co-oligomer composition played the greatest role in determining the average sequence lengths. Oligomers with close to a 50/50 molar composition of dimethyl and diphenyl units showed a tendency towards an alternating distribution, while oligomers with an ≃27/83 molar composition displayed a tendency towards blockiness. A series of polyester-siloxanes was prepared using both bulk and solution polycondensation techniques. Copolymers based on polybutylene terephthalate were highly insoluble, due to the presence of crystallinity in the systems. The incorporation of some isophthalate linkages increased the solubility of the polymer products, making the solution polymerization technique possible. / Ph. D.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d’articles / Dans l'optique de la création d'un vêtement intelligent original multi-capteur, et permettant la mesure de différents signes physiologiques, une nouvelle fibre électrode sèche et flexible, en PDMS et nanotube de carbone, est créée. Ce vêtement intelligent innovant aurait l'avantage de n'utiliser que la fibre électrode, qui est un capteur peu coûteux et relativement facile à concevoir. L'intégration au textile est facilitée par l'aspect filiforme du capteur, et également par le fait qu'aucune modification majeure du textile est nécessaire à son intégration. Les grandeurs que l'on cherche à acquérir sont les électrocardiogrammes, les électromyogrammes de surface, et le mouvement. La fibre ayant déjà été évaluée pour la mesure de la respiration, le couplage de toutes ces grandeurs permettrait d'obtenir un aperçu global de l'état de santé de l'utilisateur. Une problématique d'étude de la fatigue musculaire est également levée, et l'analyse poussée du mouvement par l'utilisation de la fibre de manière simultanée à la mesure des électromyogrammes serait un atout pour cette dernière. Le circuit imprimé conçu pour la mesure des électromyogrammes de surface et du mouvement est miniaturisé, portatif, autonome et sans fil. Celui pour la mesure des électrocardiogrammes fonctionne en filaire, et doit encore être miniaturisé. Les circuits électroniques sont donc conçus spécialement pour être à l'interface entre la fibre électrode et l'utilisateur. Ils sont décrits et évalués tout au long de ce projet. Des tests de ces circuits seront présentés avec des électrodes de référence en Ag/AgCl, puis avec la nouvelle fibre PDMS. / With the aim of creating an original multi-sensor smart garment, and allowing the measurement of different physiological signs, a new dry and flexible electrode fiber, made of PDMS and carbon nanotube, is created. This innovative smart garment would have the advantage of using only the electrode fiber, which is an inexpensive and relatively easy to design sensor. The integration to the textile is facilitated by the thread-like aspect of the sensor, and also by the fact that no major modification of the textile is required for its integration. The parameters we are looking to acquire are electrocardiograms, surface electromyograms, and motion. The fiber having already been evaluated for the measurement of breathing, the coupling of all these quantities would make it possible to obtain an overall view of the health of the user. A problem of studying muscle fatigue is also raised, and the advanced analysis of the movement by using the fiber simultaneously with the measurement of electromyograms would be an asset for the latter. The circuit board designed for the measurement of surface electromyograms and movement is miniaturized, portable, autonomous and wireless. The one for the measurement of electrocardiograms is wired, and still needs to be miniaturized. The electronic circuits are therefore specially designed to be at the interface between the fiber electrode and the user. They are described and evaluated throughout this project. Tests of these circuits will be presented with Ag/AgCl reference electrodes, then with the new PDMS fiber.

Three block copolymer systems where one block was that of an engineering thermoplastic were examined. The first was that of polysulfone-polyarylester block copolymers where glassy-crystalline block copolymers were synthesized and characterized. The morphology of the block copolymers could be controlled by varying the chemical microstructure of the polyester segment. Solvent resistance was shown to improve as the level of crystallinity was increased. Segmented block copolymers of an amorphous polyarylester and polydimethylsiloxane were also investigated. Both the random-block and perfectly alternating synthetic routes were used and it was found that the perfectly alternating technique produced a more regular morphology; than the random-block technique. A study was also carried out on the incorporation of small amounts of polysulfone-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymers blended into homopolysulfone. Improved fracture toughness was observed without a significant loss of stiffness. The morphology of block copolymer particles dispersed in the polysulfone matrix was directly observed through transmission electron microscopy. / Ph. D.

An epoxy resin (Epon 828) was chemically modified with two different elastomers, poly(dimethyl-co-diphenyl) siloxane (PSX) and carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN), to enhance its fracture toughness. The friction and wear of specimens modified with different amounts of elastomer were investigated in a pin-on-disk wear machine. An attempt was made to correlate the fracture toughness of the epoxy material to its fatigue wear rate for experiments in which a steel ball was sliding on a modified epoxy disk. A different type of experiment, modified epoxy pin sliding on an abrasive disk, was performed to detect whether abrasive wear of modified epoxies responds differently than fatigue wear to the fracture toughness. Other experiments were performed in which the wear debris produced during sliding was blown out of the interface to study its influence on friction and wear behavior. The effect of surface morphology on friction and wear was also studied. The results indicated that a marked improvement in fracture toughness was achieved for samples with higher elastomer content. Regardless of the type of the experiment, epoxy pin-on-abrasive disk or steel ball-on-epoxy disk, wear rates correlated positively with inverse of fracture toughness. Both friction coefficient and wear rate were found to be influenced by the removal of the wear debris, especially for samples with higher elastomer content. The friction coefficient was reduced for samples with higher elastomer content and this was attributed to the low surface energy of the elastomer. CTBN-modified epoxies exhibited lower friction coefficients than epoxies modified with polysiloxane. It was found that sample morphology had a significant effect on both friction coefficient and wear rate; the sample with approximately the same domain size but the least number of elastomeric domains exhibited the highest friction coefficient and the highest wear rate. / Ph. D.

La production industrielle des silicones génère des effluents aqueux contenant des siloxanes et polysiloxanes, chargés en sels à divers stades de la filière. Dans une perspective de développement durable et pour tenir compte des préoccupations grandissantes autour de l'impact environnemental des rejets industriels, des procédés d'épuration sont recherchés. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer les performances de deux procédés, nanofiltration et oxydation biologique, pour le traitement des effluents aqueux polysiloxaniques. Des expériences de nanofiltration frontale ont été réalisées. Les essais préliminaires avec des solutions synthétiques, mélange d'eau et des siloxanes, ont montré une rétention quasi-totale des siloxanes dans tous les cas testés. Des expériences ont ensuite été menées avec des effluents représentatifs des effluents usines de différentes compositions pour évaluer la robustesse du procédé. Nous avons montré que la nanofiltration réduit efficacement la charge organique globale de l'effluent et réduit significativement la concentration en siloxane. La dilution provoque une diminution de l'abattement du COT et de la rétention des siloxanes mais la qualité du perméat est améliorée. L'augmentation de la salinité réduit la qualité du filtrat. Des essais de micro et ultrafiltration des mêmes effluents ont montré que seule la NF permet d'atteindre un niveau de rétention important des siloxanes. Des essais de nanofiltration tangentielle ont ensuite été réalisés afin de préparer une étude plus complète nécessaire en vue d'une éventuelle l'industrialisation du procédé. La biodégradabilité des siloxanes a été explorée par la méthode Oxitop. Aucune activité biologique provoquée par les siloxanes n'a été enregistrée lors de tests Oxitop réalisés avec des boues activées de stations d'épuration, mais aucun effets toxique ou inhibiteur n'ont été observés non plus. Un bioréacteur à membrane pilote a été alimenté pendant 5 mois au laboratoire avec une solution contenant des siloxanes pour tenter d'acclimater les boues activées aux siloxanes. Les tests Oxitop effectués avec des boues issues du pilote n'ont pas mis en évidence d'acclimatation des micro-organismes aux siloxanes. / Industrial production of silicones generates liquid streams containing siloxanes with high salinity. In a perspective of sustainable development and to consider the growing concern about the environmental impact of industrial residues, we are looking for treatment processes to remove siloxanes in wastewater. This study aims to evaluate the performance of two processes for the treatment of effluents containing siloxanes: nanofiltration and biological oxidation, Frontal nanofiltration experiments were carried out. Firstly, experiments with synthetic solutions (mix of water and siloxanes) have shown almost total siloxane retention in all conditions investigated. Then, experiments were performed with effluents of different compositions representative of industrial ones in order to evaluate the process robustness. It was concluded that nanofiltration is efficient to reduce the total organic content of the effluent and significantly reduces siloxanes concentration. Dilution of the effluent causes a decrease in TOC reduction and siloxanes retention, but the permeate quality is improved. Increasing salinity reduces the filtrate quality. Micro and ultrafiltration of identical effluents confirmed that only NF can reach a high level of siloxane retention. Tangential nanofiltration experiences were performed in order to prepare a more complete study which is necessary to anticipate industrialization of the process. Siloxanes biodegradability was explored by Oxitop method. No biological activity induced by siloxanes was recorded in Oxitop tests with activated sludge from wastewater treatment plant, but no toxic or inhibitory effects were observed. A pilot membrane bioreactor was fed in the laboratory for 6 months with a solution containing siloxanes to try to acclimate activated sludge to siloxane. Oxitop tests performed with sludge taken from the pilot did not show acclimation of microorganisms to siloxanes.

Le biogaz est une source d’énergie qui intéresse de plus en plus l’Europe et notamment la France pour ses avantages environnementaux et économiques. Produit de la fermentation de matière organique, il contient du biométhane. Ce dernier est une alternative plus durable aux énergies fossiles. Cependant, à l’état brut, les polluants dans le biogaz peuvent provoquer des dégâts sur la santé et l’environnement, notamment en raison de la présence de siloxanes et des composés soufrés. L’objectif de cette recherche consiste donc à développer des méthodes améliorant à la fois économiquement et écologiquement la désulfuration du biogaz, dans le but de les intégrer aux unités de traitement du biogaz déjà existantes et présentes sur le territoire. A partir d’un état de l’art sur les propriétés du biogaz et ses traitements de purification, deux procédés ont été particulièrement mis en avant et étudiés dans cette thèse. Le premier correspond au traitement de la désulfuration en précombustion consistant à éliminer le H2S et les siloxanes à travers un réacteur polyphasé à barbotage gaz-liquide spécifique, utilisant un nouveau solvant avec des propriétés « superacides ». Le second, quant à lui, correspond au traitement en postcombustion de la désulfuration des fumées provenant de la combustion du gaz, via un réacteur polyphasé à lit fixe gaz-solide. Pour ce faire, un prototype de l’unité de désulfuration est intégralement conçu, construit et testé dans le cadre de la thèse. Cette thèse présente notamment le développement des différents modèles numériques, ainsi que les résultats d’expériences en laboratoire, confirmant l’efficacité de ces procédés innovants. / Biogas. It is an energy source increasingly popular in Europe, remarkably in France, due to its environmental-friendly and economic-saving capabilities. It is produced by the organic matter fermentation, leading to biomethane production, as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Nevertheless, as a raw gas, pollutants in biogas lead to environmental, health and process-related issues, especially because of its unique content on sulfur compounds. The objective of this research is to develop new processes, economically and environmentally feasible, for biogas desulfurization, seeking a process integration in existing biogas treatment units in France. Considering the state of the art on biogas properties and its possible purification treatments, two processes have been identified and studied in this thesis. The first process is a precombustion desulfurization treatment aiming to eliminate the H2S and the siloxanes through a gas-liquid bubbling-typed polyphasic reactor. This reactor is equipped with a new solvent with “superacid” properties. The second process is a postcombution desulfurization treatment for stack gas, through a gas-solid fixed-bed polyphasic reactor. A prototype of this unit was entirely designed, built and tested in the thesis. This thesis describes the applied research method, the developed numerical models, and the experimental results confirming the efficiency of the novel processes.