Chitosan membrane has found applications in biomedical, wastewater treatment, and petrochemical fields that involve the use of silver ions (Ag+). However, mobility of Ag+ in chitosan membranes has seldom been studied. In this study, transport properties of Ag+ in chitosan membranes are studied in-depth, to determine diffusivity coefficient, permeability coefficient, and sorption uptake of Ag+ in chitosan. All parameters are evaluated based on the influence of feed concentration, membrane thickness and operating temperature. The diffusivity is determined from the time lag obtained from transient diffusion experiments. The permeability is determined from the steady state of permeation experimentally. The diffusivity and corresponding permeability coefficients of Ag+ in chitosan range from to 2.0 10-7 (cm2/s) and from 6.6 10-8 to 2.0 10-7 {mol m/[m2 s (mol/L)]}, respectively, over the conditions tested. Temperature dependencies of these two parameters are found to follow the Arrhenius relationship. Sorption uptake of the silver salt in chitosan correlates well with the Langmuir isotherm. Also determined from the sorption tests are degree of membrane swelling at different concentrations. This information allows diffusivity coefficients to be determined from the steady state permeation rate. These values of diffusivity are compared with that obtained using the time lag method.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 mello_lc_me_rcla.pdf: 3076697 bytes, checksum: adb1c134f37b4f27c08705c14999bfeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O processo Sol-Gel tem permido preparar materiais vítreos ou vítro-cerâmicos com novas composições com alto grau de pureza, homogêneos, materiais híbridos orgânicos e inorgânicos (OIHM) e até materiais impossíveis de serem preparados por processos convencionais. Um dos melhores sistemas para obtenção dos OIHM de sílica (ORMOSIL – Silicato Organicamente Modificado) é a reação combinada com alcoóxidos de Silício como o TEOS (Tetraetilortosilicato) e alcoóxidos funcionalizados como o GPTS (3-Glicidoxipropil-trimetoxisilano). A Prata, é aplicada em diversas áreas como por exemplo, em pinturas a base de Prata (utilizados para circuitos impressos), em filmes fotográficos, películas de vidros dentre várias outras aplicações. Dois efeitos encontrados quando uma amostra GTD-Ag (Amostra com a dopagem de AgNO3), irradiada por uma lâmpada UV e tratada a temperatura (acima de 80 °C), são os efeitos fotocrômicos e termocrômicos. Para o efeito fotocrômico, a irradiação por lâmpada UV, produz partículas de prata oxidadas (Ag+) que transformam-se em partículas de prata reduzidas (Ago), ocorrendo-se assim, o escurecimento dos filmes (redução). O clareamento das amostras GTD-Ag (oxidação), foi obtido através de um agente oxidante, o H2O2. Para observar o efeito termocrômico, as amostras GTD-Ag, são tratadas em forno convencional em temperaturas de 80 °C à 550 °C em atmosferas de N2 e ambiente. No tratamento térmico em atmosfera de N2, foi possível observar o escurecimento (redução) da amostra, a partir da temperatura de 80 °C, e em tratamento térmico à atmosfera ambiente, observamos um clareamento da amostra (oxidação), a partir da temperatura de 200 °C. Utilizando a técnica de análise térmica diferencial (DTA), foi possível verificar a óxido-redução da amostra GTD-Ag, quando tratada em atmosfera ambiente, em temperaturas superiores a 150 °C. Comportamento semelhante é observado para as amostras GTD (Amostra sem dopagem de AgNO3), em temperaturas acima de 200 °C, ocorrendo um efeito conhecido por pirólise, que no nosso caso é a degradação do grupo epóxi. / The sol-gel process has allowed prepare vitreous or vitro-ceramic materials with novel compositions with high purity, homogeneous, organic and inorganic hybrid materials (OIHM) and impossible materials to be prepared by conventional methods. One of the better systems for obtaining OIHM silica (ORMOSIL - Silicate Organically Modified), is the combined reaction of silicon alkoxides such as TEOS (Tetraethylorthosilicate), and functionalised alkoxides such as GPTS (3- Glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane). The Silver is applied in various areas such as Silver paintings (used for printed circuits) on photographic films, glass films among many other applications. Two effects found when a GTD-Ag sample (Sample with AgNO3 doping) irradiated by a UV lamp and treated at temperatures (above 80 °C), are photochromic and thermochromic effects. For the photochromic effect, the UV irradiation lamp produces oxidized silver particles (Ag+) which becomes reduced particles silver (Agº), occurring to thereby darkening of the films (reduction). The samples of the bleaching GTD-Ag (oxidation) were obtained by an oxidizing agent H2O2. To observe the thermochromic effect, the GTD-Ag samples are treated in a conventional oven at temperatures of 80 °C to 550 °C in N2 atmosphere and ambient. In the heat treatment in N 2 atmosphere, was observed to darkening (reduction) of the sample from the 80 °C temperature and treatments to the ambient atmosphere, we observed a whitening of the sample (oxidation) at low temperature 200 °C. Using the differential thermal analysis (DTA), we found the redox sample GTD-Ag, when treated in atmosphere ambient at temperatures above 150 °C. Similar behavior is observed for the GTD samples (Sample undoped AgNO3) at temperatures above 200 °C, occurring an effect known by pyrolysis which in our case is the degradation of the epoxy group.

Orientador: Luis Alexandre Maffei Sartini Paulillo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T23:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_CintiaTerezaPimentade_M.pdf: 14470662 bytes, checksum: 420baeb44476851c8227ac8405455a06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Os sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes apresentam alta concentração de água utilizada como solvente para ionização de monômeros ácidos. A presença do excesso deste solvente no adesivo aplicado ao tecido dental pode comprometer a formação da camada híbrida, como também interferir na polimerização dos monômeros, produzindo interfaces de união permeáveis. O uso de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes em situações clínicas de preparos cavitários Classe II com caixas proximais profundas, apresenta além dos problemas relacionados à sua composição, a possibilidade de ter a qualidade de polimerização afetada pela distância da fonte de luz nas paredes mais profundas. Assim a proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da distância da fonte de luz na resistência à união através da microtração e avaliar a qualidade de hibridização através da nanoinfiltração de nitrato de prata em sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes aplicados aos substratos de esmalte e dentina. Para a realização deste estudo foram utilizados 198 incisivos bovinos e três sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes, Clearfil Protect Bond, Clearfil Tri-S e One up Bond F Plus que foram aplicados em superfícies planas de esmalte e dentina. A fotoativação dos adesivos foi realizada nas distâncias de 0,5, 3 e 6 mm e após a polimerização dos adesivos foi confeccionado um bloco de resina composta TPH3 de 4 mm de altura. Os resultados de microtração mostraram que distância da fonte de luz não influenciou significativamente a resistência à união, entretanto a mesma foi dependente do sistema adesivo e do substrato, em que o adesivo de dois passos Clearfil Protect Bond-Kuraray apresentou melhor comportamento em todas as condições experimentais. Entre os substratos, o esmalte mostrou as maiores médias de resistência de união. A análise de variância revelou diferenças significativas de porcentagem de nanoinfiltração para os fatores em estudo sistema adesivo (p<0.0001), substrato dental (p=0,0001) e para as interações distânciaXsubstrato (P=0,0159) e adesivoXsubstrato (P=0,0079). Para a interação distânciaXsubstrato, não foram observadas diferenças significativas de nanoinfiltração entre os grupos fotoativados às distâncias de 3 e 6 mm nas interfaces em dentina, entretanto os mesmos apresentaram menor nanoinfiltração do que os grupos com 0,5 mm de distância de fotoativação. Assim pelos dados observados neste estudo pôde-se concluir que a distância da fonte de luz não influenciou a resistência à microtração dos sistemas adesivos e o padrão de nanoinfiltração das interfaces em esmalte. Por outro lado, o padrão de nanoinfiltração em dentina foi adversamente influenciada pela fotoativação às distâncias de 0,5 e 6 mm. / Abstract: The self-etching adhesives systems present high water content that are used as solvent for acid monomer ionization. The presence of the excess of this solvent in the hybrid layer can compromise its the formation, as well as to affect the polymerization of monomers producing bonding interfaces permeables. The use of self-etching adhesives in clinical situations of Class II cavities with deep box, presents beyond the problems related to its composition, the possibility to have the quality of polymerization affected for the distance of the source of light in the deepest walls. Thus the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the light-tip distance of a halogen light-curing lights in the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) and to evaluate the quality of hybridization through the nanoleakage of self-etch adhesive systems applied to substrate of enamel and dentine. For the accomplishment of this study 198 bovine incisors and three selfetching adhesive systems were used, Clearfil Protect Bond, Clearfil Tri-S and One up Bond F Plus that were applied in plain surfaces of enamel and dentine. The photoactivation of the adhesives was carried through at 0,5, 3 and 6 mm distances and after a 4-mm thick TPH3 composite block was built. The results showed that distance of the light-guide did not influence significantly the MTS, however the same one were dependent of the adhesive system and substrate, where the adhesive of two steps Clearfil Protect Bond (Kuraray) presented better behavior in all experimental conditions. Between dentals substrate the enamel showed highest mean bond strength. For the nanoleakage analysis, the threeway ANOVA detected no significant difference for the distance of the lightcuring tip and significant differences for the adhesive (p<0.0001) and substrate (p<0.0001) factors, and the double interactions between distance X substrate (p=0.0159) and between adhesive X substrate (p = 0.0079) were also significant. For the interaction distance X substrate, no significant difference in nanoleakage was observed among groups light-activated with curing unit tip having a distance of 3 and 6 mm when the adhesive interfaces were in dentin. On the other hand, such groups showed lower nanoleakage than those with 0,5 mm distance between curing unit tip and the bonded surface. Thus for the data observed in this study it could be concluded that the distance of the light-guide did not influence the !TBS values of the adhesives systems and the nanoleakage patterns of the enamel interfaces. However, the nanoleakage patterns were adversely influenced by photoactivation at distances of 0,5 and 6 mm. / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

MESHWR / Department of Hydrology and Water Resources / Water borne diseases due to inadequate and unsafe drinking water is a global challenge that has led to a significant number of deaths and illnesses reported annually. These diseases are prevalent in less-developed countries, especially in rural areas where there is shortage of basic infrastructure and inadequate funds for piped water systems in individual households. Community members are forced to resort to collecting water from communal water points and later storing the water in containers for daily use. Recontamination of microbiologically safe drinking water during and after collection from the water source has been recognised as a problem; hence treating water at household level is one way to provide potable water for affected communities. The microbiological quality of household water may be improved by using point-of-use treatment technologies such as chemical disinfection, solar disinfection and ceramic water filters. Some of these technologies are expensive, less effective and difficult to implement in rural communities. This research thus focused on ceramic water filters and finding an appropriate method for silver application so as to produce filters that are effective in both the provision of clean drinking water and the release of silver levels that are safe for human consumption. An assessment of the efficiency of ceramic water filters made with silver nitrate as point-of -use water treatment device in Dertig Village, North West Province, South Africa was carried out. During production of filters made with silver nitrate, the filters undergo firing in an electric kiln and ionic silver is reduced to metallic nanopatches dispersed throughout the porous ceramic media. Both filters made with silver nitrate and conventional silver nanoparticles impregnated ceramic water filters were manufactured at the PureMadi Dertig Ceramic Filter Facility, South Africa. Resulting filters were evaluated and quantified for total coliform and E. coli removal as well as silver concentration in the effluent. Ceramic water filters made with silver nitrate had a high removal efficiency for total coliforms (94.7%) and E. coli (99.3%). A comparison of the performance of filters made with silver nitrate and silver nanoparticles in the provision of potable water was carried out and results showed that the different filters had similar levels of total coliform and E. coli removal, although the silver nitrate filters produced the highest average removal of 97.23% while silver nanoparticles filters produced the lowest average removal of 85.43%. Reasonable silver levels were obtained in effluent from all filters. Average effluent silver levels were 0.07±0.04mg/L, 0.6±1.10 mg/L and 0.8±1.0mg/L for 1 g, 2 g and silver nanoparticle filters, respectively (below the EPA and WHO standard of 100 mg/L). Because silver nitrate filters resulted in the lowest effluent silver concentrations, this could potentially increase the effective life span of the filter. A cost analysis of the process proved that it was cheaper to produce ceramic water filters using silver nitrate as the chemical can be purchased locally and also eliminates labour related costs. Thus, filters made using silver nitrate could potentially improve performance, reduce production costs, and increase safety of production for workers. The results obtained from this study will be applied to improve the ceramic filtration technology as point-of-use water treatment device in an effort to reduce health problems associated with microbial contamination of water stored at household level. / NRF

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alfonso Sanchez-Ayala.pdf: 4109673 bytes, checksum: f08284c2e1c48354c9d9e417e1b9484e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-31 / The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the adhesive effectiveness in class V cavities using four different adhesive systems, being submit to thermocycling and occlusal load cycling. The cavities had a dimension of 3x2x1.8 mm3 and were made on amelo-cement junction on buccal and lingual of 80 human premolars (n=160). The used adhesive systems were Adper Single Bond 2, AdheSE, Adper Prompt LPop and One Coat 7.0. The used composite was Synergy® D6. The adhesive and photopolymerization (600 mW/cm2) proceedings were made conventionally and following the manufacturer recommendations. The specimens were divided in 4 groups (n=40) according to adhesive system used. Each group was divided in 4 subgroups (n=10) according to applycated stress (thermocycling, occlusal load cycling and thermocycling+occlusal load cycling). Each subgroup included 1 control group without stressing. The thermocycling was made using 500 cycles, with 5-55 C, dwell time of 15 seg and transfer time of 5 seg. The occlusal load cycling was made applying a force of 40-70 N during 50000 cycles with 2 Hz of frequency. Later, the specimens were impermeabilited and immersed in tracer agent of 50 % silver nitrate solution by 2 hours. Finally, the specimens were prepared for adhesive effectiveness evaluation through optic microscopy 40X (marginal microleakage occurrence) and scanning electronic microscopy 1000X (gaps formation). The tracer agent microleakage was measured qualitative (score) and quantitatively . The gap width was measured on 3 points of center of axial wall. The Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc de Dunn, and ANOVA two-way and post-hoc Bonferroni tests were used on statistic analysis. Despite of few differences found in used adhesive system performance, the tendency could be observed to the increase of the marginal microleakage in the submitted groups specifically to thermocycling. On the other hand, the axial gaps formation presented progressively higher width in the submitted groups to thermocycling, occlusal load cycling and thermocycling+occlusal load cycling. It was concluded that the used adhesive system presented similar adhesive effectiveness when were submitted to thermal and mechanical stress. / A proposição deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a efetividade adesiva em cavidades de classe V utilizando quatro diferentes sistemas adesivos, sendo submetidas a termociclagem e carga cíclica oclusal. As cavidades tiveram uma dimensão de 3x2x1.8 mm3 e foram realizadas na união amelo-cementária em vestibular e lingual de 80 pré-molares humanos (n=160). Os sistemas adesivos empregados foram Adper Single Bond 2, AdheSE, Adper Prompt L-Pop e One Coat 7.0. A resina composta utilizada foi Synergy D6. Os procedimentos de adesão e fotopolomerização (600 mW/cm2) foram realizados convencionalmente e seguindo as recomendações do fabricante. Os espécimes foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=40) segundo o tipo sistema adesivo utilizado. Cada grupo foi dividido em 4 subgrupos (n=10) segundo o tipo de estresse aplicado (termociclagem, carga cíclica oclusal e termociclagem+carga cíclica oclusal). Cada subgrupo incluiu 1 grupo controle sem estresse. A termociclagem foi realizada utilizando 500 ciclos a 5-55 C, 15 seg de tempo de permanência em cada temperatura e 5 seg de tempo de transferência. A carga cíclica oclusal foi realizada aplicando uma força de 40-70 N durante 50000 ciclos com freqüência de 2 Hz. Posteriormente, os espécimes foram impermeabilizados e imersos em agente traçador de solução a 50 de nitrato de prata por 2 horas. Finalmente, os espécimes foram preparados para a avaliação da efetividade adesiva por meio de microscopia óptica 40X (ocorrência de microinfiltração marginal) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura 1000x (formação de fendas). A microinfiltração do agente traçador foi mensurada qualitativa (escore) e quantitativamente . A largura das fendas foi medida (μm) em 3 pontos do centro da parede axial. Os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e post-hoc de Dunn, e ANOVA two-way e post-hoc Bonferroni foram utilizados na análise estatística. Apesar das poucas diferenças significativas encontradas no desempenho dos sistemas adesivos utilizados, pôde-se observar a tendência ao aumento da microinfiltração marginal nos grupos submetidos especificamente a termociclagem. Por outro lado, a formação de fendas axiais apresentaram progressivamente maior largura nos grupos submetidos a termociclagem, carga cíclica e termociclagem+carga cíclica. Concluise que os sistemas adesivos avaliados apresentaram efetividade adesiva similar quando foram submetidos a estresse térmico e mecânico.

A comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of silver diamine fluoride and silver nitrate on various cariogenic bacteria: an ex vivo study By: Reham AlNajjar, D.D.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2019 Thesis Advisor: William Dahlke, D.M.D., Associate Professor and Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry Purpose: The use of silver-based antimicrobials is an emerging method for the treatment of dental caries. In this study, the authors compare the efficacy of the two most prominent silver- based therapeutics, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and silver nitrate (AgNO3), on cariogenic and non-cariogenic multispecies biofilms. Currently there is a lack of studies comparing the efficacy of SDF to AgNO3. Methods: Plaque samples from anterior and posterior tooth sites from children presenting both with early childhood caries and caries-free children were collected, pooled, and utilized to create four ex vivo biofilm systems in artificial saliva. SDF and AgNO3 were administered to these biofilms and bacterial survival was quantified and compared to untreated controls. Results: Each of the four pooled sample types was applied to plates coated in artificial saliva + 1% sucrose. Both SDF and AgNO3 were very effective against plaque derived biofilms when compared to untreated biofilms (P0.05) in the potency of each compound. Conclusions: SDF and AgNO3 significantly inhibit ex vivo cariogenic and non-cariogenic biofilms at similar levels.

ABSTRACT Three different genotypes of sugar beet (diploid, triploid and tetraploid) / 4 varieties from diploid and triploid genotypes Soraya (KWS8123) and Leila (diploid), Visa (H68121) and Kassandra (triploid) and 2 lines from tetraploid genotype &Ccedil / BM315 and EA2075 (tetraploid) were used for investigating the effects of ploidy level on plant regeneration. Within three sugar beet genotypes, with respect to the treatments, triploids or tetraploids were found to respond to treatments significantly different when compared with diploids. The responses of polyploids were superior over the responses of diploids. Moreover, varieties from same genotype responded differently to treatments. Two types of calli were obtained / one white and friable with regenerative capacity and the other green and compact with no regenerative capacity. Concentration of sucrose on callus development was observed to be important. High concentration of sucrose (30 g/L) was found to cause discoloration and irresponsiveness of formed calli at callus enlargement and subsequent shoot regeneration stages. Therefore, low concentration (10 g/L) is advised to be used at these stages / although this caused less callus induction. Although initially used for the prevention of tissue discoloration, L-ascorbic acid inclusion into the medium was found to be positively affecting the regeneration capacity. When used at 20 mg/100 mL concentration, the only two spontaneous shoots from the tetraploid EA2075 line were obtained. Subsequently, these shoots were successfully rooted and whole plants were obtained. The effect of silver nitrate, in combination with L-ascorbic acid, on the prevention of sugar beet tissue discoloration was investigated. Unfortunately, the symptoms of discoloration did not diminish. Moreover, callus formation was reduced and the subsequent shoot recovery could not be achieved. Since a total of 3456 explants were used during this study, and only 2 whole plants were regenerated, the efficiency of plant recovery was calculated as a rather low value of 0.058 %.

Orientador: Mário Fernando de Góes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T00:31:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antunes_AlbertoNogueiradaGama_D.pdf: 9481155 bytes, checksum: a267a90e105bb7a35b7e5367aa915a36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resistência à tração e nanoinfiltração de adesivos autocondicionantes unidos à dentina em função do período de armazenamento em água. Cinquenta molares humanos foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em cinco grupos com 10 dentes cada, de acordo com o adesivo: Single Bond 2, Easy One, Silorane (3M ESPE), Bond Force (Tokuyama) e Adhese One (Ivoclair Vivadent). O esmalte oclusal foi seccionado para obter uma superfície plana em dentina. Os adesivos foram aplicados sobre a superfície da dentina de acordo com as orientações de cada fabricante. Um bloco de resina composta foi construído sobre cada dente, armazenados por 24 horas em água a 37ºC, seguidos pelo seccionamento e obtenção de corpos-de-prova com o formato de palitos com área de secção transversal de 0,8±0,1mm2. Foram usados 5 palitos de cada dente (n=5) em cada período de armazenamento, 24h, 3 e 6 meses, para o teste de resistência à tração (Instron, 0,5mm/minuto). O padrão de fratura foi analisado em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Três palitos de cada grupo (n=5), em cada período de armazenamento, foram imersos em prata amoniacal para a análise da região da união. Os valores médios obtidos no ensaio de tração (MPa) e nanoinfiltração (%) foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e teste de Fischer (p<0,05). Os valores da resistência à tração (MPa) e nanoinfiltração (%) nos períodos de 24h, 3 e 6 meses foram, respectivamente: Single Bond 2 (48,78, 37,24 e 30,32), (4,78, 4,79 e 6.14); Easy One (48,55, 39,71 e 29,96), (3,22, 2,51 e 4,87); Silorane (41,77, 36,5 e 26,27), (0,77, 0,79 e 2,18); BondForce (39,10, 34,44 e 22,54), (4,28, 4,67 e 13,10); Adhese One (24,65, 24,48 e 16,69), (3,14, 2,93 e 6,74). A resistência à tração do Adhese One foi estatisticamente diferente e inferior aos demais adesivos nos 3 períodos de armazenamento. Single Bond 2, Silorane e BondForce apresentaram resistência à tração estatisticamente diferentes nos períodos de 24h e 6 meses, enquanto que o Easy One e o Adhese One não foram diferentes estatisticamente nos mesmos períodos. O valor médio da nanoinfiltração do Silorane foi inferior e diferente estatisticamente em relação aos demais adesivos, que não apresentaram diferenças entre si no período de 24h. O adesivo BondForce apresentou o maior valor de infiltração de prata em relação aos demais adesivos com a exceção do Adhese One. Os adesivos Single Bond 2, Easy One e Silorane não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre si. O Silorane, BondForce e Adhese One apresentaram valores estatisticamente diferentes em relação ao período de 24h e 6 meses de armazenamento, enquanto que o Single Bond 2 e o Easy One não apresentaram diferenças no mesmo período de tempo. A fratura coesiva na camada de adesivo foi o padrão predominante para os adesivos autocondicionantes nos diferentes tempos de armazenamento. O Single Bond 2 mostrou um padrão de fratura misto, distribuído nas regiões da base da camada híbrida, coesiva no adesivo, dentina, camada híbrida e resina composta nos 3 períodos de armazenamento / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile strength and nanoleakage of adhesives to dentin surface according to water storage period. Fifty human molars were randomly assigned to five groups of 10 teeth each, according to the adhesive Single Bond 2, Easy One, Silorane (3M ESPE), Bond Force (Tokuyama) and Adhese One (Ivoclair Vivadent). The occlusal enamel was sectioned to obtain a flat dentin surface. The adhesives were applied on the dentin surface according to manufacturer' s instruction. A composite block was built-up on each flat dentin, stored for 24h in water at 37°C, followed by sectioning to obtain beams with crosssectional area of 0.8 ± 0.1mm2. It was used 5 beams from each tooth (n=5) at each storage period - 24h, 3 and 6 months - to evaluate the tensile strength (Instron, 0.5mm/minute). The fracture pattern was analyzed in scanning electron microscope. Three beams of each group (n=5) in each storage period were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate to evaluate the nanoleakage. The average values obtained in tensile test (MPa) and nanoleakage (%) were submitted to ANOVA and Fischer's test (p<0.05). The tensile strength (MPa) and nanoleakage (%) values for 24h, 3 and 6 months were: Single Bond 2 (48.78, 37.24 and 30.32), (4.78, 4.79 and 6.14); Easy One (48.55, 39.71 and 29.96), (3.22, 2.51 and 4.87); Silorane (41.77, 36.5 and 26, 27), (0.77, 0.79 and 2.18); BondForce (39.10, 34.44 and 22.54), (4.28, 4.67 and 13.10); Adhese One (24.65, 24.48 and 16.69), (3.14, 2.93 and 6.74). The tensile strength of Adhese One was inferior and statistically different from the other groups on the three periods of storage. Single Bond 2, Silorane Bond Force 24h tensile strength values showed statistically difference to the 6 months groups, while the Easy One and One Adhese were not statistically different in the same periods. The nanoleakage of Silorane was lower and statistically different compared to the other adhesives, which do not differ from each other within 24 hours. The adhesive Bond Force showed the highest infiltration of silver compared to Easy One and Silorane while it was not statistically different from Single Bond 2 and Adhese One other adhesives with the exception of Adhese One and Single Bond 2. The Silorane, BondForce Adhese One showed 6 months nanoleakage values statistically different from 24h, but Single Bond 2 and Easy One presented no differences in the same period. A cohesive failure in adhesive layer was the predominant pattern of self-etching adhesives in three storage periods. The Single Bond 2 showed a mixed fracture pattern, distributed in hybrid layer base, cohesive in adhesive, dentin, hybrid layer and composite resin in three storage periods / Doutorado / Materiais Dentarios / Doutor em Materiais Dentários

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Seminal plasma is the fluid portion of semen and its presence positively affects the survival and parameters of sperm motility in rabbits. This study aimed (i) to verify the seminal concentrations of sodium, chloride and citric acid as a function of collection month, the color and aspect of the ejaculate, and to find the frequency of ejaculations with the presence of gel fraction, color and aspect of the semen of rabbits on tropical climate, (ii) to meet monthly protein spots and their possible correlation with seminal and biochemical parameters in rabbits. 20 rabbits of New Zealand White, raised in the flat-deck, fed commercial feed were used. The samples were collected twice a week, and then evaluated for volume, color, aspect, vigor, motility and sperm concentration. After the evaluations, the samples were centrifuged to obtain seminal plasma, which was stored in eppendorfs tubes at -18 oC. A monthly seminal plasma pool of each animal was made to evaluate the concentrations of sodium, chloride, citric acid and proteins. Significant monthly variations were found (p <0.05) in the concentrations of sodium, chloride and citric acid in the seminal plasma of rabbits. All mineral constituents analyzed suffered significant influence (p <0.05) by the color of the ejaculate, and the highest concentrations were found in the white-yellowish ejaculates. Correlation studies found a high and significant association between concentrations of sodium and vigor (r = 0.80, p <0.001), and between sperm concentration and citric acid (r = -0.64, p <0.02). Most of the ejaculates of rabbits showed no gel fraction. The results also showed that the white and milky ejaculate are the most common for the species. It was also observed an average concentration of 2.73  0.31 mg / dl total protein in samples of seminal plasma. From the quantification of total protein were prepared two-dimensional electrophoresis gels stained SDS-PAGE with silver nitrate, with a pH gradient between 3 â 10, mesh 15% and a concentration of 100 mg of protein per sample for each month. Gels were analyzed with the Image Master 2D Platinum 6.0.  software. The gel containing the most spots (555 spots) was the gel of the month of May, and the gel with fewer spots (71 spots) was observed in January, but no effect of month on the amount of spots was detected. The majority of spots present in seminal plasma of rabbits have pI below 8, and these spots, about 40% have pI acid, the distribution of the spots as a function of pI was homogeneous throughout the year. The distribution of spots depending on the molecular weight widely varied between the months. Except of a few months, most of the protein had a molecular weight above 100 kDa. The number of protein spot positively and moderately correlated with total protein (r = 0.57, p <0.05) and citric acid (r = 0.59, p <0.05). In silico analysis of 1411 protein spots found compatible proteins with the Swiss-Prote database and TrEMBL (UniProtKB). It is concluded that the composition of the seminal plasma of rabbits showed a broad monthly variation and ejaculated with high concentrations of citric acid are undesirable. In addition, the protein profile of rabbits has great affinity of the proteins to acidic and high molecular weight, no influence of the months of the year on the amount of protein spots identified were found and bioinformatics analysis tool does not provide consistent results with those obtained gel electrophoresis, but it allows an estimate of the probable proteins that can be found. / O plasma seminal representa a porÃÃo fluida do sÃmen e sua presenÃa afeta positivamente a sobrevivÃncia e os parÃmetros de motilidade espermÃtica em coelhos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos (i) verificar as concentraÃÃes seminais de sÃdio, cloretos e Ãcido cÃtrico em funÃÃo do mÃs de coleta, da cor e do aspecto do ejaculado, e encontrar a frequÃncia de ejaculados com presenÃa de fraÃÃo gel, cor e aspecto do sÃmen de coelhos criados em clima tropical; (ii) conhecer os spots proteicos mensais e suas possÃveis correlaÃÃes com parÃmetros seminais e bioquÃmicos de coelhos. Foram utilizados 20 coelhos da raÃa Nova ZelÃndia Branca, criados em sistema flat-deck, alimentados com raÃÃo comercial. Os ejaculados foram coletados duas vezes por semana, e logo avaliados quanto ao volume, cor, aspecto, vigor, motilidade e concentraÃÃo espermÃtica. ApÃs as avaliaÃÃes os ejaculados foram centrifugados para obtenÃÃo do plasma seminal, que foi acondicionado em tubos eppendorfs a -18 oC. Um pool mensal de PS de cada animal foi feito para avaliaÃÃo das concentraÃÃes de sÃdio, cloretos, Ãcido cÃtrico e proteÃnas totais. Foram constatadas variaÃÃes mensais significativas (p<0,05) nas concentraÃÃes de sÃdio, cloretos e Ãcido cÃtrico no plasma seminal de coelhos. Todos os constituintes minerais analisados sofreram influencia significativa (p<0,05) da cor do ejaculado, e as concentraÃÃes mais elevadas foram constatadas nos ejaculados de cor branco-amarelada. O estudo de correlaÃÃes encontrou associaÃÃo alta e significativa entre as concentraÃÃes de sÃdio e vigor (r=0,80; p<0,001), bem como entre a concentraÃÃo espermÃtica e o Ãcido cÃtrico (r=-0,64; p<0,02). A maior parte dos ejaculados de coelhos nÃo apresentaram a fraÃÃo gel. Os resultados tambÃm mostraram que o ejaculado de cor branca e de aspecto leitoso sÃo os mais comuns nessa espÃcie. TambÃm foi verificado uma concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 2,73 Â0,31 &#956;g/dl de proteÃnas totais nas amostras de plasma seminal. A partir da quantificaÃÃo das proteÃnas totais foram confeccionados dois gÃis de eletroforese bidimensional SDS-PAGE corados com nitrato de prata, com gradiente de pH entre 3 â 10, malha de 15% e uma concentraÃÃo de 100 &#956;g de proteÃnas por amostra, para cada mÃs. Os gÃis foram analisados no software Image Master 2D Platinum 6.0. Â. O gel que continha o maior nÃmero de spots (555 spots) foi o do mÃs de maio, e o gel com menor nÃmero spots (71 spots) foi verificado em janeiro, mas nÃo houve efeito do mÃs sobre a quantidade de spots detectados. A maioria dos spots presentes no plasma seminal de coelhos tem pI abaixo de 8 e, destes spots, cerca de 40% tem pI Ãcido, a distribuiÃÃo dos spots em funÃÃo do pI foi homogÃnea ao longo do ano. A distribuiÃÃo dos spots em funÃÃo do peso molecular variou amplamente entre os meses. Com exceÃÃo de alguns os meses, a maioria das proteÃnas apresentaram peso molecular acima de 100 kDa. O nÃmero de spot proteicos correlacionaram-se moderada e positivamente com as proteÃnas totais (r=0,57; p<0,05) e com o Ãcido cÃtrico (r=0,59; p<0,05). A anÃlise in silico dos spots encontrou 1.411 proteÃnas compatÃveis com os bancos de dados Swiss-Prote e TrEMBL (UniProtKB). Concluiu-se que a composiÃÃo do plasma seminal de coelhos apresentou ampla variaÃÃo mensal e que ejaculados com alta concentraÃÃo de Ãcido cÃtrico sÃo indesejÃveis. AlÃm disso, o perfil proteico de coelhos apresenta grande parte das proteÃnas com afinidade a meio Ãcido e com alto peso molecular, nÃo houve influencia de meses do ano sobre a quantidade de spots proteicos detectados, e devido à ausÃncia de dados sobre coelhos, a ferramenta de anÃlise bioinformÃtica nÃo ofereceu resultados coerentes, mas permite uma estimativa das provÃveis proteÃnas que podem ser encontradas.

Les nanoparticules (NP) figurent aux premiers rangs des contaminants émergents prioritaires dans le champ de surveillance des grands organismes de santé et sécurité du travail. Parmi les NP les plus utilisées, on peut citer les NP d’argent (Ag). L’exposition humaine aux NP d’Ag augmente alors inévitablement avec l’accroissement de leur production et leur utilisation généralisée ce qui suscite des préoccupations sur les risques à la santé. L'objectif du projet est de mieux documenter le devenir des NP d’Ag dans l’organisme, à partir d’études expérimentales chez l’animal exposé sous différentes conditions par inhalation, la principale voie d’exposition des travailleurs. Ces informations sont nécessaires pour le développement sécuritaire de ces nouvelles technologies. Dans un premier temps, le profil toxicocinétique des NP d’Ag inhalées a été documenté. Les rats ont été exposés « nez seulement » à des NP de 20 nm pendant 6 h à une concentration cible de 15 mg/m3. L'évolution temporelle de l'élément Ag dans les poumons, le sang, les tissus et les excrétas a été déterminée pendant 14 jours après le début de l'inhalation. La cinétique des NP d’Ag inhalées a été ensuite comparée avec la cinétique d’une forme soluble de l’élément Ag suite à l’exposition au nitrate d’argent (AgNO3) dans de mêmes conditions expérimentales pour mieux comprendre leur comportement, principalement, en raison de leur dissolution et leur capacité à libérer progressivement des ions Ag+ en milieu biologique. Ainsi, dans un dernier temps, dans le but de déterminer la meilleure métrique à utiliser pour mieux évaluer les risques associés à ces NP d’Ag, nous avons étudié l’impact de la cinétique entre un nombre plus faible et un nombre plus élevé de particules. Les profils cinétiques des NP d’Ag inhalées ont montré que la fraction de la dose inhalée qui a atteint les poumons est rapidement éliminée au cours des 72 premières heures suivant l'inhalation, puis la fraction restante de la dose est lentement éliminée par la suite. La dose inhalée éliminée des poumons semble être transférée dans la circulation systémique et atteint un maximum entre 48 et 72 h après l'inhalation. Cependant, les niveaux d'Ag dans le sang étaient faibles, ce qui suggère une biodistribution rapide dans les tissus tels que le foie, l’organe cible des NP d’Ag chez le rat après inhalation. Une translocation vers le bulbe olfactif et les ganglions lymphatiques était évidente durant l'exposition par inhalation de 6 h jusqu'à 6 h après la fin de l'exposition, démontrant l’occurrence d’un transport direct des NP d’Ag via le nerf nasal par le transport axonal et via la circulation lymphatique après la clairance pulmonaire, respectivement. Les profils d'excrétion ont également révélé que l'excrétion fécale est la voie d'excrétion dominante pour les NP d’Ag. Les résultats obtenus après l'inhalation d'AgNO3 ont montré des différences dans la cinétique de l’Ag sous la forme soluble par rapport à la forme insoluble (nanoparticulaire) avec des niveaux plus élevés dans le sang, le tractus GI et les tissus extrapulmonaires, mais des niveaux plus faibles dans les poumons. En plus de ces observations, l'évolution temporelle de l’Ag dans le tube digestif et les fèces après l'exposition à la forme soluble était associée à une réabsorption intestinale de l'Ag. Une fraction plus élevée de la dose a été également récupérée dans les reins et l'urine pour les formes solubles d’Ag; en effet, la filtration glomérulaire des agrégats de NP d’Ag peut être limitée alors que le cation monovalent dissous peut plus facilement passer dans le filtrat du sang. Notre étude a également révélé des différences significatives dans les profils temporels de l'Ag dans les poumons, le sang, les ganglions lymphatiques et le tractus gastro-intestinal entre les rats exposés à des aérosols de NP d'Ag avec un nombre faible et un nombre élevé de particules, mais dont la concentration massique est identique. Certaines similitudes entre les deux conditions ont également été notées, telles que la distribution tissulaire relative, le temps jusqu'aux niveaux de pointe (Tmax) et les profils d'excrétion. Cependant, pour confirmer si le modèle de biodistribution des NPs d'Ag est conditionné par le nombre de particules, des investigations supplémentaires sont nécessaires. / Nanoparticles (NPs) are among the top priority emerging contaminants in the monitoring field of the major occupational health and safety organizations. Among the most widely used nanoparticles, we can cite silver nanoparticles (Ag). Human exposure to Ag NPs inevitably increases with the increase in their production and their widespread use which raises concerns about the health risks. The objective of the project is to better document the fate of Ag nanoparticles in the body, based on experimental studies in animals exposed under different conditions by inhalation, the main route of exposure for workers. This information is necessary for the safe development of these new technologies. First, the toxicokinetic profile of inhaled Ag NPs was documented. Rats were exposed "nose only" to 20 nm NPs for 6 h at a target concentration of 15 mg/m3. The temporal evolution of the Ag element in the lungs, blood, tissues and excreta was determined for 14 days after the start of inhalation. Thus, to better understand their behavior, mainly because of their dissolution and their capacity to progressively release Ag+ ions in the biological medium, the kinetics of inhaled Ag NPs were compared with the kinetics of a soluble form of the element Ag following exposure to silver nitrate (AgNO3) under the same experimental conditions. Thus, as a last step, in order to determine the best metric to use to better assess the risks associated with these Ag NPs, we studied their kinetic from inhalation studies by comparing the effect of a lower -number with a higher- number of particles. The kinetic profiles of inhaled Ag nanoparticles showed that the fraction of the inhaled dose that reached the lungs is rapidly eliminated during the first 72 hours after inhalation, and the remaining fraction of the dose is slowly eliminated thereafter. The inhaled dose cleared from the lungs appears to be transferred to the systemic circulation and reaches a maximum between 48 and 72 hours after inhalation. However, Ag levels in the blood were low, suggesting rapid biodistribution to tissues such as the liver, the target organ of Ag nanoparticles in rats after inhalation. A translocation of Ag NPs in olfactory bulbs and lymph nodes was apparent, demonstrating the occurrence of direct transport of Ag NPs through nasal nerve by axonal transport and via lymphatic circulation after lung clearance, respectively. The excretion profiles also revealed that fecal excretion is the dominant excretion route for Ag nanoparticles. The results obtained after inhalation of AgNO3 showed differences in the kinetics of soluble AgNO3 compared to insoluble Ag NPs, with higher levels in blood, GI tract and extrapulmonary tissues, but lower levels in lungs. In addition to these observations, the time courses of Ag elements in the GI tract and feces following ionic form exposure were compatible with an intestinal reabsorption of Ag. A higher fraction of the dose was further recovered in kidneys and urine after AgNO3 inhalation compared to Ag NP inhalation. Indeed, filtration of Ag NP aggregates may be restricted while the dissolved Ag+ monovalent ion can more easily pass into the filtrate from blood. Our study also revealed significant differences in the time profiles of Ag element in lungs, blood, lymphatic nodes and GI tract between rats exposed to Ag NPs aerosols of lower- and higher-total particle number counts, but with the same mass concentration. Some similarities between the two conditions were also noted, such as the relative tissue distribution, time-to-peak levels (Tmax) and excretion profiles. However, to confirm if the biodistribution pattern of Ag NPs is conditioned by the particle number, further investigations are needed.