Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is a heme-containing glycoprotein secreted by the marine fungus Caldariomyces fumago. Chloroperoxidase contains one ferriprotoporphyrin IX prosthetic group per molecule and catalyzes a variety of reactions, such as halogenation, peroxidation and epoxidation. The versatile catalytic activities of CPO coupled with the increasing demands for chiral synthesis have attracted an escalating interest in understanding the mechanistic and structural properties of this enzyme. In order to better understand the mechanisms of CPO-catalyzed enantioselective reactions and to fine-tune the catalytic properties of chloroperoxidase, asparagine 74 (N74) located in the narrow substrate access channel of CPO was replaced by a bulky, nonpolar valine and a polar glutamine using site-directed mutagenesis. The CPO N74 mutants displayed significantly enhanced activity toward nonpolar substrates compared to wild-type CPO as a result of changes in space and polarity of the heme distal environment. More interestingly, N74 mutants showed dramatically decreased chlorination and catalase activity but significantly enhanced epoxidation activity as a consequence of improved kinetic perfection introduced by the mutation as reflected by the favorable changes in kcat and kcat/KM of these reactions. It is also noted that the N74V mutant is capable of decomposing cyanide, the most notorious poison for many hemoproteins, as judged by the unique binding behavior of N74V with potassium cyanide. Histidine 105 (H105) was replaced by a nonpolar amino acid alanine using site-directed mutagenesis. The CPO H105 mutant (H105A) displayed dramatically decreased chlorination and catalase activity possibly because of the decreased polarity in the heme distal environment and loss of the hydrogen bonds between histidine 105 and glutamic acid 183. However, significantly increased enantioselectivity was observed for the epoxidation of bulky styrene derivatives. Furthermore, my study provides strong evidence for the proposed histidine/cysteine ligand switch in chloroperoxidase, providing experimental support for the structure of the 420-nm absorption maximum for a number of carbon monoxide complexes of heme-thiolate proteins. For the NMR study, [dCPO(heme)] was produced using 90% deuterated growth medium with excess heme precursors and [dCPO(Phe)] was grown in the same highly deuterated medium that had been supplemented with excess natural phenylalanine. To make complete heme proton assignments, NMR spectroscopy has been performed for high-resolution structural characterization of [dCPO(heme)] and [dCPO(Phe)] to achieve unambiguous and complete heme proton assignments, which also allows important amino acids close to the heme active center to be determined.

Nesse projeto trabalhamos com uma β-glicosidase digestiva da larva da lagarta Spodoptera frugiperda (Sfβgli50, 50 kD - AF052729), expressa na forma de proteína recombinante em E.colli. O nosso objetivo foi estudar o papel de dois resíduos de aminoácidos envolvidos na atividade catalítica da Sfβgli50. O primeiro resíduo estudado foi o Y456, envolvido na afinidade pela porção redutora do substrato (aglicone), o segundo resíduo foi o N329 envolvido na modulação do pH ótimo. Estudo do papel do resíduo Y456 na afinidade pelo aglicone do substrato. O sítio-ativo da Sfβgli50 é formado por quatros subsítios (-1, +1, +2, e +3). O subsítio que acomoda a porção não-redutora do substrato (glicone) recebe numeração negativa (-1), já os subsítios que acomodam a porção redutora do substrato (aglicone) recebem números positivos (+1, +2 e +3). Trabalhando com duas β-glicosidases de plantas (milho e sorgo), Cicek et al. (2000) demonstraram que uma pequena porção da extremidade C-terminal destas β-glicosidases (462SSGYTERF469 - numeração da enzima do sorgo) está envolvida na especificidade pelo aglicone do substrato, sendo que muitos desses aminoácidos são conservados em outras β-glicosidases da família 1. O alinhamento das sequências destas duas enzimas com a Sfβgli50 sugere que Y456 pode fazer parte do sítio de ligação do aglicone nesta β-glicosidase de inseto. Utilizando experimentos de mutação sítio-dirigida, o Y456 foi substituído por uma alanina (mutante Y456A) sendo que este foi expresso na forma de proteína recombinante em bactérias BL21 DE3 utilizando o vetor pT7-7. O mutante Y456A foi parcialmente purificado através de uma cromatografia hidrofóbica em sistema de FPLC, e caracterizado utilizando diversos inibidores competitivos (glucono δ-lactona, celobiose, celotriose, pentilbglicosídeo e octilbtioglicosídeo). Comparando os Kis obtidos para a Sfβgli50 selvagem e mutante Y456A com os inibidores glucono δ-lactona, celobiose e celotriose, foi proposto que Y456 encontra-se no subsítio +1 do sítio ativo da Sfβgli50. Já através da comparação entre os inibidores octilβtioglicosídeo e pentilβglicosídeos constatou-se que Y456 interage com uma porção polar do aglicone do substrato, talvez através de uma ligação de hidrogênio. Baseando-se nestes Kis foi calculada a energia de associação de resíduos de glicose e grupos alquila nos subsítios +1 e +2, indicando que o subsítio +1 do mutante Y456A tem uma especificidade mais ampla frente à ligantes polares (glicose) e apolares (grupos butil) do que a enzima selvagem. Sabendo que este resultado foi obtido removendo-se um resíduo com um grupo polar na cadeia lateral (Y456), estes dados estão de acordo com a hipótese de que a especificidade dos subsítios da região de ligação do aglicone é determinada por um balanço entre resíduos polares e apolares (Marana et al., 2001). Estudo do papel do resíduo N329 na modulação do pH ótimo. O mecanismo de catálise da Sfβgli50 é dependente de dois resíduos de ácido glutâmico: um doador de prótons (E187 - pKa= 7,5) e um nucleófilo (E399 - pKa = 5,0). Sendo o pH ótimo da Sfβgli50 (6,2) uma média aritmética dos pKas destes dois resíduos catalíticos. Uma análise estrutural do sítio ativo da Sfβgli50 mostra que o resíduo N329 forma ligações de hidrogênio com o resíduo E187 (doador de prótons), talvez atuando na modulação do seu pKa. Para estudar o papel do resíduo N329 na atividade da Sfβgli50 foram construídos 3 mutantes, nos quais tal resíduo foi substituído por alanina (N329A), ácido aspártico (N329D) e uma glutamina (N329Q). Os mutantes foram expressos na forma de proteína recombinante em bactérias BL21 DE3 utilizando os vetores pT7-7 e pCal-n-Flag. Entretanto, tentativas de purificação das SfΒgli50 mutantes através de cromatografia hidrofóbica foram infrutíferas, sugerindo uma possível inativação destas enzimas. Esta hipótese foi reforçada pela purificação das Sfβgli50 mutantes e selvagem contendo o peptídeo de fusão CBP (calmodulin binding peptide) através de cromatografia de afinidade. Este experimento demonstrou que as enzimas mutantes eram de fato inativas. Frente à estes resultados não foi possível concluir a caracterização do efeito do pH na atividade catalítica das Sfβgli50 mutantes N329A, N329D e N329Q. Por fim, foi proposto que a inativação da Sfβgli50 devido à mutações na posição N329 pode resultar de uma desnaturação das enzimas mutantes ou do reposicionamento do ácido catalítico devido à perda ou alteração da interação com o resíduo 329. / In this project it was studied the role of two residues (N329 and Y456) in the catalytic activity of a digestive β-glycosidase from Spodoptera frugiperda (SfΒgli50 - AF052729). N329 is believed to modulate the enzyme pH optimum, whereas Y456 may participate in the binding of the substrate aglycone. Role of Y456 The peptide 462SSGYTERF469 of the sorghum β-glycosidase is proposed to be part of the aglycone binding site in that enzyme. Some of those residues are conserved in Sfβgli50, among them Y456. Using site-directed mutagenesis Y456 was replaced by A and this mutant (Y456A) expressed in bacteria. Following that, this mutant enzyme was partially purified using hydrophobic chromatography. Inhibition experiments showed that binding of δ-gluconolactone, which occupies subsite -1, is not affected by that mutation. In contrast, Ki values for cellobiose (that binds to subsites -1 and +1) and cellotriose (that binds to subsites -1, +1 and +2) are two-fold higher than those of wild-type enzyme, indicating that mutation Y456A decrease the interaction with these oligocellodextrins. Moreover, binding of pentyl and octylβglucosides is not affected by mutation Y456A, suggesting that Y456 interacts with aglycone polar groups. Finally, evaluation of glucose and butyl binding energies in subsite +1 revealed that mutant Y456A specificity is broader than that of wild-type enzyme. Role of N329 A structural model of Sfβgli50 active site revealed that catalytic proton donor (E187) may interact with N329. In order to study the role of this interaction in the activity of Sfβgli50, N329 was replaced by A, D and Q (mutants N329A, N329D and N329Q, respectively). These mutants were expressed as recombinant proteins in bacteria and purified through affinity chromatography, revealing that Sfβgli50 was inactivated by those mutations. It was proposed that this inactivation may be due to protein desnaturation or a wrong positioning of the catalytic proton donor.

La neuroglobine humaine (Ngb) est une globine découverte en 2000 dont la fonction principale demeure encore inconnue. Par comparaison avec l’hémoglobine (Hb) et la myoglobine (Mb), les globines les plus étudiées, la Ngb possède une séquence en acides aminés particulière. Il en résulte des caractéristiques structurales propres à la Ngb. L’hème, qui constitue le site actif de la Ngb, est hexacoordiné par l’histidine distale 64 et existe sous deux formes isomères A et B. La Ngb comprend également un pont disulfure Cys46-Cys55 intramoléculaire.La relation entre ces spécificités et d’éventuelles fonctions de la Ngb demeure cependant assez mal explorée. Notre objectif durant la thèse, était de mettre en évidence in vitro l’influence de différents éléments structuraux sur les propriétés et la réactivité de la Ngb. Pour ce faire, les mutations H64V, F106L, A90P et C46G ont été réalisées. Des études expérimentales à l’aide de spectrophotométrie UV-visible, de dichroisme circulaire et de RMN, ont été effectuées pour caractériser les mutants synthétisés, tester leur stabilité en fonction du pH et évaluer leur réactivité vis-à-vis de la fixation du ligand CN.Nous avons ainsi montré que la structure de la Ngb était influencée par la présence de l’histidine distale, du pont disulfure et de l’environnement de l’hème. L’étude, pour la première fois, des coefficients d’extinction molaire des protéines mutées a permis de souligner l’impact des acides aminés au voisinage de l’hème mais aussi du pont disulfure sur l’environnement électronique de l’hème. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence que le pont disulfure et les acides aminés mutés influaient sur la capacité de la forme isomère A de la Ngb à fixer le cyanure. La forme isomère B est en revanche peu impactée par ces deux paramètres. Cela soulève la question de l’existence et de la fonction des deux formes isomères de l’hème in vivo. / The physiological function of Human Neuroglobin (Ngb), discovered in 2000, is still unknown. Compared to other classical globins Haemoglobin and Myoglobin, Ngb has some structural specificities. Its haem, which is its reactive centre, is hexacoordinated by distal histidine 64 and exists under two isomer forms A and B. Moreover, Ngb possesses an intramolecular disulfide bridge between two cysteines 46 and 55.The relationship between its structural characteristics and its functions in vivo does not remain well-understood. The goal of this thesis was to underline the impact of some structural features on the Ngb properties and reactivity in vitro. Thus Ngb variants H64V, F106L, A90P and C46G were produced. Experimental studies were performed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, circular dichroism and NMR. Variants were characterized : their stability as a function of pH were tested and their reactivity trough the CN binding reaction were evaluated.We have shown that the Ngb structure was strongly dependant on the presence of the distal histidine, the disulfide bridge and the haem environment. The first and unique determination of variants’ molar absorption coefficients underlined the influence of the haem vicinity and disulfide bridge on the electronic haem environment. We have brought some evidence that the disulfide bridge and the mutated amino acids have an impact on the isomer A Ngb ability to bind the cyanide whereas isomer B is poorly affected by those two parameters. This phenomenon raises the issue of the existence and function of the two isomer forms in vivo.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18316号 / 農博第2041号 / 新制||農||1020(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4823(農学部図書室) / 31174 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 保川 清, 教授 安達 修二, 教授 伏木 亨 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19016号 / 農博第2094号 / 新制||農||1029(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4898(農学部図書室) / 31967 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 保川 清, 教授 河田 照雄, 教授 谷 史人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Pac1/LIS1, an essential tip tracking protein of the WD40 super family, is required to target cytoplasmic dynein to the plus ends of astral microtubules in budding yeast. Pac1/LIS1 protein is composed of two regions: a small coiled-coil domain and a highly conserved WD40 repeat domain. Because of in vivo data suggesting the motor domain of Dyn1 interacts with Pac1, I attempted to locate the region of Pac1/LIS1 essential for binding to Dyn1/HC by utilizing PCR-mediated site directed mutagenesis. PCR-generated site directed Pac1(S226P) mutant appears to bind Dyn1/HC, allowing it to localize to the microtubule plus ends; whereas, Pac1(H197R) and Pac1(D379H) mutants appear to disrupt motor localization. I further hypothesized that Dyn1/HC would bind to either the coiled-coil domain or the WD40 repeat domain. Using truncated Pac1 constructs, I have observed that neither the coiled-coil domain nor the WD40 repeat domain alone is sufficient to recruit Dyn1/DHC to the plus ends of the cytoplasmic microtubules. Additionally, if I dimerize the WD40 repeat domain with a GST fusion tag, I observed that Dyn1/HC colocalized with the truncation at the spindle pole bodies. This result indicates that Pac1 must dimerize with its coiled-coil domain prior to interacting with Dyn1/HC. Furthermore, the WD40 dimer, is unable to track microtubule plus-ends; indicating that the very N-terminus of Pac1 is important for other interactions responsible for recruiting the Pac1/Dyn1 complex to the astral microtubule plus end.

Chemoreceptor dimers mediate bacterial chemotaxis through receptor arrays that form complexes with CheW and the kinase CheA. Both kinase activity and the rate of receptor methylation have been observed to change with receptor density in the signaling complexes of an assembled system. Receptor dimers play a structural and functional important role during the signaling process. The dimer is an established unit of a functional receptor array, but the exact packing arrangement of dimers in the signaling array is not known in detail. Two different models of the packing arrangement have been proposed, based on crystal structures of receptor cytoplasmic fragments: the trimer of dimers and hedgerow models. Here, we determine the importance of CF dimer organization on density dependence of kinase activity, receptor methylation, and we probe CF trimer organization by site-directed TMEA cross-linking. CF dimers were prepared by site-directed cysteine disulfide bond formation to test for a possible monomer-dimer equilibrium process in the density-dependence of kinase activity in the vesicle-assembled system. We found that density transition observed for CF4E is similar for both reduced and disulfide-linked CF, indicating that the CF is organized as dimers even at lower densities. CheR-catalyzed methylation experiment revealed that disulfide-linked CF dimers in solution are insufficient for efficient methylation, assembly of the CFs on a vesicle surface is required. CF trimers were trapped by the trifunctional crosslinker TMEA, but only with vesicle assembled CFs. TMEA crosslinking occurred between residues that were expected to form trimer, but also those that were not. The results provide evidence that CF behavior is highly dynamic in maleimide crosslinking reaction which conducted on vesicle assembled system.

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No description available.

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