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It is essential for surgeons to have their skill evaluated prior to entering the oper- ating room. Most evaluation methods currently in use are subjective, relying on human judgment to assess trainees. Recently, sensors have been used to track the positions of instruments and the forces applied to them by surgeons, opening up the possibility of automated skill analysis. This thesis presents a newly developed recording system, and novel methods used to automatically analyze surgical skill within the context of laparoscopic procedures. The evaluation methods are tested using an empirical study involving a number of participants with a wide range of surgical skill.

The dissertation analyses how to approach teaching of writing skills in Russian language at Czech secondary schools. In the theoretical part I define what a "writing skill" is. I focus on the linguistic, psycholinguistic and didactic aspects of the teaching of writing. I explain attitudes to writing skills in different teaching methods in history and nowadays. After that I set out the requirements for testing writing skills in some of the most common documents: Common European Framework for Languages, European Language Portfolio, international exams in Russian language ТРКИ (Тест русского языка как иностранного) or TORFL (Test of Russian as a Foreign Language) and the state final exam in Russian language at Czech secondary schools. In the practical part, I first analyse selected Czech and Russian textbooks for grammar schools to compare their approach towards teaching writing skills in native languages: Czech and Russian. Then I set out analysis of Czech textbooks used in the Czech Republic for teaching Russian, focusing in particular on the exercises used to teach writing. After that, I evaluate answers from two questionnaires that I gave to secondary school graduates and teachers of Russian. My goal was to understand the issues they face and any problems they experience in practice when learning...