Este trabalho consiste em uma análise das práticas religiosas de origem africana conhecidas como calundus, denominação aplicada a cerimônias bastante disseminadas na América portuguesa entre os séculos XVII e XVIII, frequentadas por africanos, afrodescendentes e brancos. Os calundus possuíam funções eminentemente divinatórias e terapêuticas, e suas origens culturais remontavam às práticas religiosas das sociedades ambundas e bacongas da África Centro-Ocidental. Partindo da análise de um processo movido pela Inquisição de Lisboa contra Luzia Pinta, praticante de calundus na região de Sabará, Minas Gerais, em meados do século XVIII, esta pesquisa intenta esclarecer os sentidos sociais e simbólicos dessa prática terapêutica afro-luso-americana. O caso de Luzia Pinta é abordado de forma mais verticalizada, mas também é comparado a outras ocorrências de calundus registradas nos territórios da Bahia e de Minas Gerais entre os séculos XVII e XVIII, com o intuito de compor uma análise mais abrangente a respeito dessa prática devocional. A descrição morfológica dos calundus procura ressaltar sua heterogeneidade formal e a fluidez de suas fronteiras em relação a outras práticas religiosas do universo cultural luso-americano. A análise de sua simbologia subjacente evidencia que a categoria cosmológica que fundamentava essa prática devocional era a ancestralidade, na medida em que o rito consistia em uma tentativa de reatar os laços espirituais entre os africanos e seus antepassados, rompidos pelas dinâmicas do comércio de escravos. A tese empreende também uma discussão a respeito dos papéis ocupados por essa prática religiosa na sociedade imperial portuguesa, abordando as relações que os calundus e seus praticantes mantinham com alguns dos principais fenômenos e instituições que estruturavam a sociedade luso-americana, como a religião católica e a escravidão. Pretende-se evidenciar como, entre os séculos XVII e XVIII, os calundus codificaram uma complexa visão de mundo elaborada pelos centro-africanos na América, por meio da qual eles manifestaram sua perspectiva a respeito da escravidão e elaboraram projetos políticos alternativos ancorados em uma consciência histórica utópica. A perspectiva africana sobre o cativeiro, representada pela terapêutica dos calundus, configurou uma importante ameaça simbólica contra a ideologia que legitimava moralmente a existência da escravidão na América portuguesa a partir de um discurso construído usando as categorias da teologia católica. A tese pretende analisar os embates entre calunduzeiros e instituições de repressão religiosa como aspectos de um debate político, intelectual e ideológico, travado no idioma da religião, que dizia respeito à existência e à legitimidade do cativeiro no mundo imperial português. / This study focuses African-American religious practices known as calundus, which existed in many parts of Brazil during the 17th and 18th centuries and were attended by Africans, American-born black people and the white population alike. The aims of the calundus were mainly divinatory and therapeutical, and their origins lie in Mbundu and Bakongo religious pratices from West Central Africa. This research is based on the analyses of the inquisitorial process of Luzia Pinta, a practitioner of calundus in the region of Sabará (Minas Gerais) during the 18th century, and it intends to clarify the social and symbolic meanings associated to this form of African-Brazilian therepeutical practice. Luzia Pintas case is analysed thoroughly, but it is also compared to further occurrences of calundus registered by ecclesiastical authorities in Bahia and Minas Gerais during the 17th and 18th centuries. Such a comparison aims to broaden the scope and applicability of the conclusions of this study beyond the particular case of Luzia Pinta. The morphological description of the calundus aims to show the diversity of its manifestations e the fluid boundaries between them and other religious practices in the Brazilian culture of the time. The analysis of its symbolical dimensions reveals ancestrality as the fundamental cosmological notion underlying this devotional practice, as the ritual attempted to reforge spiritual links between Africans and their ancestors, broken by the dynamics of the slave trade. The thesis also discusses the roles played by this religious practice in Brazilian colonial society, investigating how the calundus and their devotees related themselves to some of the most relevant aspects and institutions of Brazilian colonial society, such as the catholic religion and slavery. Between the 17th and 18th centuries in Brazil, calundus have become a ritual language through which West Central Africans in America manifested a complex worldview, elaborated their perspectives and thoughts regarding slavery, and were able to put together alternative political projects anchored on an utopian historical conscience. The African perspective on captivity, represented by the calundus, was an important symbolical threat to the ideology which used theological concepts and ideas to give slavery its moral legitimacy in Brazil. This study aims to analyse the conflicts between practitioners of calundus and institutions of religious repression as aspects of a broader political, intellectual and ideological debate over the existance and legitimacy of slavery in the Portuguese Atlantic territories, a debate which manifested itself in a religious language.

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A large part of the tourism literature has focused on the phenomenon of slavery tourism, or the visitation of sites related to the Transatlantic Slave Trade. In the U.S. South, former plantation homes are popular sites of visitation, albeit very few studies have looked at African Americans' experiences there. The purpose of this qualitative dissertation is to understand both the politics of representation of slavery at slavery related sites (production side) and the different ways African American visitors make sense of these sites (consumption side). The present study uses the case of the African Burial Ground National Monument, a former cemetery for enslaved and free Africans living in colonial New Amsterdam (today New York City) and now a National Park in Lower Manhattan, which exhibits a complex combination of "darkness" and "sacredness." The site exposes the public to its contentious process of development and reveals that African American visitors have mixed perceptions of slavery and the way it should be remembered and represented on site (Africans as victims or as victors), as well as a range of motivations to visit, experiences and emotions attached to the site. This research illustrates how slavery tourism sites choose to represent slavery, whether from the perspective of the White slaveholders, as it has traditionally been done, or from the perspective of enslaved Africans, as it is done at the African Burial Ground. Whatever the strategy they choose, this study demonstrates that there is a process through which these sites go in order to create the final product to be presented in the brochures, tour narratives, and exhibits. This study illustrates how visitors' relationship to the site influences their experience there, including the physical, spiritual, and psychological acts they exercise (volunteering, praying, pouring libations, communicating with the ancestors, etc.), and the meanings they attach to the site visited, whether it is pride, sadness, anger, or peace. The significant insights from this study contribute to the current literature on slavery tourism, particularly the one on African American visitors' experiences, and suggest managerial propositions for the National Park Service and other institutions offering interpretive programs on slavery.

Habilitationsschrift--Göttingen. / Bibliography: v. 1, p. 22-36.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2005. / Thesis directed by James Turner for the Department of History. "July 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 367-414).

Habilitationsschrift--Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Wintersemester 1981/82. / Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. [216]-225).

Orientador: Robert Andrew Wayne Slenes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T07:02:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_LuisFernandoPrestes_M.pdf: 2189841 bytes, checksum: fa00244f4f7bc633654cd13366cf69ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado teve como objetivo inicial a compreensão de um plano de rebelião escrava, ocorrido em 1848, em uma série de localidades da região conhecida à época como Oeste Paulista. O ano em que as tentativas de rebelião ocorreram foi marcado pela instabilidade política. No Brasil, conservadores e liberais se digladiavam para tentar impor seu modelo de organização ao país. Na Europa, a Revolução de 1848 derrubou as principais casas monárquicas européias, além de acabar com a escravidão nas colônias francesas. Para complexizar o contexto, os ingleses estavam pressionando a sociedade escravista para que acabasse efetivamente o tráfico africano para o Brasil. Entre a escravatura das mais variadas regiões do país, todo esse complexo contexto político, aliado às formas tradicionais de organização comunitária, os encorajou a tentar obter a liberdade por meio de tentativas de insurreições que foram organizadas. Essas ações políticas da escravatura, embora não tenham alcançado sucesso imediato, criaram um ambiente de grande medo e tensão entre a população, pressionando a sociedade oitocentista a analisar mais profundamente o fim do tráfico africano de escravos / Abstract: This dissertation initially aims to understand a plan for a slave rebellion in 1848, in the region then known as Paulista West. That year was marked by political instability. In Brazil, conservatives and liberals battled for political control. In Europe, the Revolutions of 1848 took down the main monarchist regimes and ended slavery in the French colonies. In addition, England was pressing hard to effectively end the transatlantic slave trade. This unstable and complex political context encouraged many slaves from various regions of Brazil to plan insurrections through traditional forms of community organization. In spite of their immediate and apparent failure, the slaves succeeded to create great fear and tension amongst the general population, pressing the 19th century slavery-based Brazilian society to consider more deeply the prospect of putting an end to the transatlantic slave trade / Mestrado / Historia Social / Mestre em História