Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15720号 / 工博第3334号 / 新制||工||1504(附属図書館) / 28265 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 津野 洋, 教授 田中 宏明, 教授 清水 芳久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Anaerobic digestion has been the preferred method for reducing and stabilizing waste sludge from biological wastewater treatment for over a century; however, as sludge volumes and disposal costs increase, there has been a desire to develop various methods for reducing the volume of sludge to be treated, improving the performance of the digesters, and increasing the energy value of the sludge. To this end, there have been numerous pretreatment and side-stream systems studied and developed over the past several decades with the overall goal of reducing the volume of biosolids to be disposed of in landfills or by land application. These technologies can be broken into four large groups: mechanical, thermal, chemical and biological, although there is often overlap between groups. This research approached the evaluations of these technologies through several methods in the hopes of developing effective tools for predicting the performance of each technology. Batch digestion studies mimicking several of these treatment methods and extensive analytical work on samples from full-scale installations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of each technology. From these studies a simple batch digestion methodology was developed to analyze the effectiveness of the Cannibal solids reduction process on wastewater streams that have never been exposed to it. Batch digestion of sludges pretreated with ozone, mechanical shear and sonication provided insight into the effectiveness of each technology. Extensive analytical work on samples collected from full-scale installations of thermal hydrolysis, mechanical shear and the Cannibal process provided some insight into the workings of each process and potential leads as to how to further characterize and evaluate each process. / Master of Science

novel ozone-assisted aerobic sludge digestion process to stabilize and decrease the amount of excess sludge produced during biological treatment is presented in this study. Excess sludge production is a well known burden for the treatment plants both legally and financially. Moreover, with the arise in the knowledge in recalcitrant compounds it is understood that it can act as a significant secondary pollutant. With the developed pulse ozonation method, waste activated sludge samples from Ankara Tatlar and other Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) were ozonated for different periods in Erlenmeyer flasks once a day on each of four consecutive days. Flasks were continuously aerated between ozone applications on an orbital shaker. The MLVSS, MLSS, COD and OUR parameters were measured routinely during the course of four days of digestion in order to optimize the process. Also pH, CST(capillary suction time) and SVI (sludge volume index) were followed. As a result MLVSS reductions of up to 95% were achieved with an ozone dose of only 0.0056 kg O3/kg-initial MLSS, at the end of the fourth day. In another experimental set, ozone dose was increased on the last day in order to destroy the selected endocrine disrupting compounds, namely diltiazem, carbamazepine, butyl benzyl phthalate and acetaminophen and two natural hormones estrone and progesterone, which accumulated onto the sludge. Over 99% removal of these contaminants were achieved on the fourth day. The analyses were conducted by using LC(ESI) MS/MS after solid phase extraction (SPE). By this process it became possible to save on contact time, as well as achieving a bio-solids digestion far exceeding the standard aerobic process at the expense of a minimum of ozone dose with the additional micropollutants removal. The developed process is deemed superior over side-stream ozonation of activated sludge in that it does not cause any reduction in active biomass amount that should be maintained in the aeration tank.

Este estudo visou avaliar as implicações do uso da lise celular sobre a produção de lodos e acumulação de nutrientes no efluente do sistema combinado de tratamento (anaeróbio/aeróbio) de despejo sintético simulando esgoto sanitário. O sistema operado era constituído de reator UASB (V = 10,5 l), reator aeróbio (V = 4,4 l) e sedimentador (V = 2,7 l), operando com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 8,0 h, 3,5 h e 2,7 h respectivamente. Durante a fase de controle, acompanhou-se as características de funcionamento do processo sem o emprego da lise celular no lodo de excesso e posteriormente fez-se uso de equipamento de ultra-som para promover a lise do lodo, com retorno posterior do lodo lisado à entrada do reator UASB. Verificou-se que a eficiência média global de remoção de DQO do sistema foi de 90% em ambas as fases considerando DQO efluente filtrada. A conversão de nitrogênio amoniacal a nitrato foi pequena no tanque de aeração e a remoção de fósforo foi insignificante no processo de tratamento, no entanto não ocorreu alteração na qualidade do efluente do sistema em função do retorno do material lisado. Na escala estudada foi freqüente o aparecimento de bulking (controlado pela aplicação de hipoclorito de sódio no sedimentador), fato esse que dificultou a operação do sistema de tratamento e interferiu na manutenção do tempo de retenção celular. Os resultados obtidos da simulação realizada por meio do software GPS-X 4.0, para reator em escala real empregando a lise celular, mostraram acréscimo na concentração de fósforo total no efluente de 30% após 5 anos de operação / The aim of this research is to value the use of cell lyses over the sludge production and effluent nutrient accumulation from a combined treatment system (anaerobic/aerobic) from a synthetic sanitary wastewater. The parts of this system where one UASB reactor (V = 10,5 l), one aeration tank (V = 4,4 l) and one sedimentation tank (V = 2,7 l), hydraulic detention times of 8,0 h, 3,5 h e 2,7 h, respectively. During the control period, the characteristics of the system working without the use of cell lyses were recorded. After this phase, ultrasound equipment was used to cause the sludge lyses and then the sludge was returned to the entrance of the UASB reactor. From these tests we could not observe changes in mean global DQO removal efficiency for the both phases and it was 90% considering filtrated effluent COD. Few ammonia-nitrogen changes into nitrate inside the aeration tank were observed. Phosphorus removal in the treatment system was insignificant, but we could notice no damage to the treatment system caused by the lyses material returned. In the reduced scale of the system bulking events were frequent. This was controlled with sodium hypochlorite at the sedimentation tank, but these events caused operation difficulties and had interfered on the cellular detention time maintenance. Results from a real scale simulation, using cell lyses, done with the GPS-X 4.0 software, show an increase in effluent total phosphorus equal to 30% after 5 years

Este estudo visou avaliar as implicações do uso da lise celular sobre a produção de lodos e acumulação de nutrientes no efluente do sistema combinado de tratamento (anaeróbio/aeróbio) de despejo sintético simulando esgoto sanitário. O sistema operado era constituído de reator UASB (V = 10,5 l), reator aeróbio (V = 4,4 l) e sedimentador (V = 2,7 l), operando com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 8,0 h, 3,5 h e 2,7 h respectivamente. Durante a fase de controle, acompanhou-se as características de funcionamento do processo sem o emprego da lise celular no lodo de excesso e posteriormente fez-se uso de equipamento de ultra-som para promover a lise do lodo, com retorno posterior do lodo lisado à entrada do reator UASB. Verificou-se que a eficiência média global de remoção de DQO do sistema foi de 90% em ambas as fases considerando DQO efluente filtrada. A conversão de nitrogênio amoniacal a nitrato foi pequena no tanque de aeração e a remoção de fósforo foi insignificante no processo de tratamento, no entanto não ocorreu alteração na qualidade do efluente do sistema em função do retorno do material lisado. Na escala estudada foi freqüente o aparecimento de bulking (controlado pela aplicação de hipoclorito de sódio no sedimentador), fato esse que dificultou a operação do sistema de tratamento e interferiu na manutenção do tempo de retenção celular. Os resultados obtidos da simulação realizada por meio do software GPS-X 4.0, para reator em escala real empregando a lise celular, mostraram acréscimo na concentração de fósforo total no efluente de 30% após 5 anos de operação / The aim of this research is to value the use of cell lyses over the sludge production and effluent nutrient accumulation from a combined treatment system (anaerobic/aerobic) from a synthetic sanitary wastewater. The parts of this system where one UASB reactor (V = 10,5 l), one aeration tank (V = 4,4 l) and one sedimentation tank (V = 2,7 l), hydraulic detention times of 8,0 h, 3,5 h e 2,7 h, respectively. During the control period, the characteristics of the system working without the use of cell lyses were recorded. After this phase, ultrasound equipment was used to cause the sludge lyses and then the sludge was returned to the entrance of the UASB reactor. From these tests we could not observe changes in mean global DQO removal efficiency for the both phases and it was 90% considering filtrated effluent COD. Few ammonia-nitrogen changes into nitrate inside the aeration tank were observed. Phosphorus removal in the treatment system was insignificant, but we could notice no damage to the treatment system caused by the lyses material returned. In the reduced scale of the system bulking events were frequent. This was controlled with sodium hypochlorite at the sedimentation tank, but these events caused operation difficulties and had interfered on the cellular detention time maintenance. Results from a real scale simulation, using cell lyses, done with the GPS-X 4.0 software, show an increase in effluent total phosphorus equal to 30% after 5 years

Landfill leachate contains valuable, recoverable organics, water, and nutrients. This project investigated leachate treatment and resource recovery from landfill leachates by innovative methods such as forward osmosis (FO), bioelectrochemical systems (BES), and advanced oxidation. In this study, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) removed 50-75% of the ammonia from a leachate through the electricity driven movement of ammonium to the cathode chamber followed by air stripping at high pH (> 9). During this process, the MFC system removed 53-64% of the COD, producing a net energy of 0.123 kWh m-3. Similarly, an integrated microbial desalination cell (MDC) in an FO system recovered 11-64% of the ammonia from a leachate; this was affected by current generation and hydraulic retention time in the desalination chamber. The MDC-FO system recovered 51.5% of the water from a raw leachate. This increased to 83.5% when the FO concentrate was desalinated in the MDC and then recirculated through the FO unit. In addition, the project investigated humic acid (HA) recovery from leachate during the synergistic incorporation of FO, HA recovery, and Fenton's oxidation to enhance leachate treatment and to reduce Fenton's reagent requirements. This led to the investigation of harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation during Fenton's oxidation of landfill leachate. The removal of leachate UV-quenching substances (humic, fulvic, and hydrophilic acids) using an MFC and a chemical oxidant (i.e., sodium percarbonate) with a focus on energy production and cost efficiency were also studied. BES treatment can reduce leachate organics concentrations; lower UV absorbance; recover ammonia; and, in combination with FO, recover water. Although BES is promising, significant work is needed before its use in landfill leachate becomes practical. FO application to leachate treatment must consider the choice of an appropriate draw solute, which should require minimal effort for regeneration. Resources like HA in leachate deserve more attention. Further efforts can focus on purification and application of the recovered products. The emerging issue of DBP formation in leachate treatment also requires attention due to the potential environmental and human health effects. The broader impact of this study is the societal benefit from more sustainable and cost-efficient leachate treatment. / Doctor of Philosophy / On average, each of us produces 3 – 4 pounds of solid waste every day. In the U.S., the yearly generation of solid waste is 250 million tons, while the global generation is 1.1 billion tons. The global management cost of solid waste is around 200 billion dollars. About half of U.S. municipal solid waste ends up in landfills, in China, this number is 80%. Among the different municipal solid waste (MSW) management approaches, landfilling is the most common because of its low cost and relatively low maintenance requirements. In a landfill, the combination of precipitation and solid waste degradation produce leachate, a complex wastewater. A ton of municipal solid waste can generate 0.05–0.2 tons of leachate in its lifetime during the process of landfilling. Leachate contains a vast array of pollutants, which can result in major environmental impact and adverse human health risk if not contained and treated appropriately. At present, leachate is mostly treated biologically, without any resource recovery. Among the myriad recoverable resources in landfill leachates, water and ammonia are the most abundant. We applied innovative approaches such as, bioelectrochemical systems, forward osmosis, advanced oxidation to recover resources and remove contaminants from leachate simultaneously. We also incorporated these novel technologies to help each other. For instance, we recovered humic fertilizer from leachate prior to advanced oxidation (i.e., Fenton’s oxidation) that helped the reduction of Fenton’s reagent requirements. The next step of our study could be the pilot scale application of the proposed techniques so that it can be applied in field. The broader impacts of this study include improvements in sustainability and cost efficiency of leachate treatment that can benefit the society.