Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico / El sistema eléctrico chileno deberá dar el siguiente paso si es que se quiere seguir con los lineamientos de energías limpias y eficiencia energética. La adaptación de la urbe a una más "inteligente" podría brindar la solución a la mayoría de los problemas concernientes a su integración, dándole también la oportunidad a nuevas tecnologías que favorecerían esta nueva ideología. Respecto a la integración y sus problemas, se resalta en esta ocasión la referente a frecuencia: se hará cada vez más notorio con la inserción de ciertas ERNC (generación sin inercia), por lo que se plantea la elaboración de un esquema de desconexión selectiva de cargas para paliar el efecto de falta de inercia en situaciones de contingencia. La elaboración, prueba, validación y evaluación del esquema fue realizada en el entorno DIgSILENT; ajustándose los parámetros necesarios mediante procesamiento de datos de perfil de consumo en la capital y apuntando a aplicaciones específicas que cumplieran un set de requisitos. Como comparación, se utilizan casos de estudios similares a los emitidos por la DO del CDEC para los estudios de EDAC. Los resultados finales auguran un buen desempeño en la parte técnica. Los beneficios percibidos apuntan a mejores niveles de frecuencia, pudiendo impedir la activación de hasta 4 etapas de EDAC si se enfoca y diseña apropiadamente el esquema. La flexibilidad del diseño permite priorizar resultados tanto para ciertos parámetros de evaluación, como para la magnitud de fallas que se quiera soportar. Económicamente aportaría ahorros no menores en una ventana de tiempo adecuada, aunque siendo sus atractivos principales el aporte técnico/operacional y el de formar parte de uno de los tantos esquemas aplicables que sustentarían la instalación de medidores inteligentes.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A modernizaÃÃo dos sistemas elÃtricos de potÃncia à nos dias atuais um tema de relevÃncia, com destaque à participaÃÃo do consumidor na geraÃÃo de energia elÃtrica e gestÃo da energia consumida. A automaÃÃo da MediÃÃo Inteligente à uma das principais vertentes e o precursor das Redes ElÃtricas Inteligentes. Considerando-se este cenÃrio, neste trabalho, apresenta-se um software de gestÃo da mediÃÃo inteligente de energia elÃtrica, denominado SGMIee. Trata-se de uma ferramenta computacional, desenvolvida com tecnologias computacionais de cÃdigo aberto e gratuito, utilizada para a aquisiÃÃo, armazenamento, processamento, visualizaÃÃo e gerenciamento das informaÃÃes registradas em uma infraestrutura de mediÃÃo inteligente de eletricidade. A plataforma Java e a estrutura de banco de dados MySQL sÃo as principais tecnologias utilizadas no desenvolvimento do software. O SGMIee tem sido aplicado a um sistema de mediÃÃo inteligente de energia elÃtrica instalado na infraestrutura do Departamento de Engenharia ElÃtrica (DEE), do Centro de Tecnologia (CT), da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC). O sistema de mediÃÃo inteligente de energia elÃtrica utilizado à composto por 05 unidades de medidores eletrÃnicos inteligentes trifÃsicos, 01 unidade de interface de comunicaÃÃo sem fio, 01 unidade de interface de comunicaÃÃo via porta Ãtica e 01 unidade de equipamento In-Home Display (IHD). A infraestrutura de mediÃÃo inteligente à baseada em uma rede RF e disposta em uma topologia Mesh, sendo utilizados os protocolos ABNT NBR 14522 e ZigBee para a realizaÃÃo da comunicaÃÃo entre os equipamentos do sistema. Dados coletados de 05 medidores eletrÃnicos, instalados em quadros de distribuiÃÃo de baixa tensÃo nas unidades do DEE, foram utilizados para testar e validar as funcionalidades do software proposto, sendo considerados aspectos normativos nacionais da Ãrea durante as anÃlises dos resultados obtidos. As funcionalidades sobre pÃgina fiscal, consumo, faltas de energia, alarmes e grÃficos foram implementadas no SGMIee, possibilitando-se o gerenciamento energÃtico baseado em dados de mediÃÃes e alarmes consultados de forma instantÃnea ou atravÃs de histÃrico. ApÃs as anÃlises, observou-se que os objetivos definidos para o SGMIee foram atendidos, sendo a disponibilizaÃÃo de uma ferramenta computacional para gerir os dados de mediÃÃes de parÃmetros elÃtricos, integrada a um cenÃrio de mediÃÃo inteligente de eletricidade a principal contribuiÃÃo deste trabalho. / The modernization of electric power systems is nowadays a topic of relevance, with emphasis on consumer participation in power generation and management of energy consumption. The automation of Smart Metering is one of the main aspects and the precursor of Smart Grids. Considering this scenario, this paper presents electricity smart metering management software, called SGMIee. It is a computational tool developed with free and open source technologies, used for the acquisition, storage, processing, display and management of recorded information in a smart metering infrastructure for electricity. The Java platform and structure of MySQL database are the main technologies used in software development. The SGMIee has been applied to a smart metering of electricity infrastructure installed in the Department of Electrical Engineering (DEE), the Technology Center (TC), Federal University of Cearà (UFC). The smart metering system used is composed of 05 three-phase smart meters units, 01 wireless communication interface unit, 01 optical interface unit and 01 In-Home Display (IHD) unit. The smart metering infrastructure is based on a RF network and willing in a Mesh topology, protocols being used ABNT NBR 14522 and ZigBee for the realization of communication between the system equipment. Data collected from 05 smart meters installed in low voltage switchboards units DEE, were used to test and validate the functionality of the proposed software, and are considered national normative aspects of the area during the analysis of the results obtained. The features about summary snapshot of electrical quantities measured, consumption, power outages, alarms and charts were implemented in SGMIee, enabling the power management based on measurement data and alarms consulted instantaneously or through history. After the analyzes, it was observed that the objectives for the SGMIee were achieved and the availability of a computational tool for managing measurement data of electrical parameters, integrated with a scenario of electricity smart metering the main contribution of this work.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (Major Telecomunicações). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

This thesis addresses the innovation of information systems in enterprises, particularly in the utility market segment. The thesis starts with a definition of utilities, a market segment containing companies involved in generation, transmission, distribution and retail of energy services as well as other companies providing related networked services. The aims of this thesis are both theoretical and practical. The theoretical part offers a new theory for IS innovations for the selected segment and for the relation between the innovation and the architectures of IS. In the practical part, the author identifies current challenges and opportunities in the selected market segment and offers scenarios and visions for future development. The first part of the thesis maps out the general innovation theories in the context of the selected topic. The second part introduces a new innovation theory based on an analysis of the specific conditions in the utility market segment. The next section focuses on the topic of IS architecture and its ability for tracking and managing the changes of the IS during the innovation process. The following part relays designs for specific architecture models supporting the current innovation trends in the utility market. The final part of the thesis summarizes particular business recommendations for innovation procedures in utilities, identifies innovation opportunities, and inspires visions for the future development of the market. The opportunities are related to a new way of understanding the role of IS in utility companies. IS provides a portfolio of information services to support the customer oriented business services, advanced services with added value and tailor made services for specific customer groups.

The aim of this work is design of system for wireless data collection from energy meters. The work shows issues of smart metering and explains meters communication. There is designed and described concept of the system composed of RF modules connected to data concentrator. Designed RF module uses SoC radio CC430F5137 and it is connected to a data concentrator via RS485 bus. For the purposes of communication as well as firmware update, the communication protocol is designed. In the next part the work focuses on design and creation of RF module frmware, bootloader for RF module and software application for energy meter data processing.

Utility companies (electricity, gas, and water suppliers), governments, and researchers recognize an urgent need to deploy communication-based systems to automate data collection from smart meters and sensors, known as Smart Metering Infrastructure (SMI) or Automatic Meter Reading (AMR). A smart metering system is envisaged to bring tremendous benefits to customers, utilities, and governments. The advantages include reducing peak demand for energy, supporting the time-of-use concept for billing, enabling customers to make informed decisions, and performing effective load management, to name a few. A key element in an SMI is communications between meters and utility servers. However, the mass deployment of metering devices in the grid calls for studying the scalability of communication protocols. SMI is characterized by the deployment of a large number of small Internet Protocol (IP) devices sending small packets at a low rate to a central server. Although the individual devices generate data at a low rate, the collective traffic produced is significant and is disruptive to network communication functionality. This research work focuses on the scalability of the transport layer functionalities. The TCP congestion control mechanism, in particular, would be ineffective for the traffic of smart meters because a large volume of data comes from a large number of individual sources. This situation makes the TCP congestion control mechanism unable to lower the transmission rate even when congestion occurs. The consequences are a high loss rate for metered data and degraded throughput for competing traffic in the smart metering network. To enhance the performance of TCP in a smart metering infrastructure (SMI), we introduce a novel TCP-based scheme, called Split- and Aggregated-TCP (SA-TCP). This scheme is based on the idea of upgrading intermediate devices in SMI (known in the industry as regional collectors) to offer the service of aggregating the TCP connections. An SA-TCP aggregator collects data packets from the smart meters of its region over separate TCP connections; then it reliably forwards the data over another TCP connection to the utility server. The proposed split and aggregated scheme provides a better response to traffic conditions and, most importantly, makes the TCP congestion control and flow control mechanisms effective. Supported by extensive ns-2 simulations, we show the effectiveness of the SA-TCP approach to mitigating the problems in terms of the throughput and packet loss rate performance metrics. A full mathematical model of SA-TCP is provided. The model is highly accurate and flexible in predicting the behaviour of the two stages, separately and combined, of the SA-TCP scheme in terms of throughput, packet loss rate and end-to-end delay. Considering the two stages of the scheme, the modelling approach uses Markovian models to represent smart meters in the first stage and SA-TCP aggregators in the second. Then, the approach studies the interaction of smart meters and SA-TCP aggregators with the network by means of standard queuing models. The ns-2 simulations validate the math model results. A comprehensive performance analysis of the SA-TCP scheme is performed. It studies the impact of varying various parameters on the scheme, including the impact of network link capacity, buffering capacity of those RCs that act as SA-TCP aggregators, propagation delay between the meters and the utility server, and finally, the number of SA-TCP aggregators. The performance results show that adjusting those parameters makes it possible to further enhance congestion control in SMI. Therefore, this thesis also formulates an optimization model to achieve better TCP performance and ensures satisfactory performance results, such as a minimal loss rate and acceptable end-to-end delay. The optimization model also considers minimizing the SA-TCP scheme deployment cost by balancing the number of SA-TCP aggregators and the link bandwidth, while still satisfying performance requirements.

Utility companies (electricity, gas, and water suppliers), governments, and researchers recognize an urgent need to deploy communication-based systems to automate data collection from smart meters and sensors, known as Smart Metering Infrastructure (SMI) or Automatic Meter Reading (AMR). A smart metering system is envisaged to bring tremendous benefits to customers, utilities, and governments. The advantages include reducing peak demand for energy, supporting the time-of-use concept for billing, enabling customers to make informed decisions, and performing effective load management, to name a few. A key element in an SMI is communications between meters and utility servers. However, the mass deployment of metering devices in the grid calls for studying the scalability of communication protocols. SMI is characterized by the deployment of a large number of small Internet Protocol (IP) devices sending small packets at a low rate to a central server. Although the individual devices generate data at a low rate, the collective traffic produced is significant and is disruptive to network communication functionality. This research work focuses on the scalability of the transport layer functionalities. The TCP congestion control mechanism, in particular, would be ineffective for the traffic of smart meters because a large volume of data comes from a large number of individual sources. This situation makes the TCP congestion control mechanism unable to lower the transmission rate even when congestion occurs. The consequences are a high loss rate for metered data and degraded throughput for competing traffic in the smart metering network. To enhance the performance of TCP in a smart metering infrastructure (SMI), we introduce a novel TCP-based scheme, called Split- and Aggregated-TCP (SA-TCP). This scheme is based on the idea of upgrading intermediate devices in SMI (known in the industry as regional collectors) to offer the service of aggregating the TCP connections. An SA-TCP aggregator collects data packets from the smart meters of its region over separate TCP connections; then it reliably forwards the data over another TCP connection to the utility server. The proposed split and aggregated scheme provides a better response to traffic conditions and, most importantly, makes the TCP congestion control and flow control mechanisms effective. Supported by extensive ns-2 simulations, we show the effectiveness of the SA-TCP approach to mitigating the problems in terms of the throughput and packet loss rate performance metrics. A full mathematical model of SA-TCP is provided. The model is highly accurate and flexible in predicting the behaviour of the two stages, separately and combined, of the SA-TCP scheme in terms of throughput, packet loss rate and end-to-end delay. Considering the two stages of the scheme, the modelling approach uses Markovian models to represent smart meters in the first stage and SA-TCP aggregators in the second. Then, the approach studies the interaction of smart meters and SA-TCP aggregators with the network by means of standard queuing models. The ns-2 simulations validate the math model results. A comprehensive performance analysis of the SA-TCP scheme is performed. It studies the impact of varying various parameters on the scheme, including the impact of network link capacity, buffering capacity of those RCs that act as SA-TCP aggregators, propagation delay between the meters and the utility server, and finally, the number of SA-TCP aggregators. The performance results show that adjusting those parameters makes it possible to further enhance congestion control in SMI. Therefore, this thesis also formulates an optimization model to achieve better TCP performance and ensures satisfactory performance results, such as a minimal loss rate and acceptable end-to-end delay. The optimization model also considers minimizing the SA-TCP scheme deployment cost by balancing the number of SA-TCP aggregators and the link bandwidth, while still satisfying performance requirements.

Since energy meters became more advanced and able to send data remotely, energy suppliers have had a need to keep their data managed. This gave birth to energy management systems which gather data from energy meters. However, for every type of meter there needs to be a specialization in the management system. Smart Metering Language (SML) is a protocol which was created to transfer meter data in as simple way as possible. Implementing the protocol would result in simpler and less vendor-specific solutions for energy management systems. This report follows the process of developing an adaptor between a device using the SML protocol and a system that manages energy meters. The thesis uses different parts of the development process in able to show specializations which were needed by the test device and its vendor.  The result sums up the experience of developing an adaptor and the specializations which are needed in the SML protocol.

This masters thesis aims to assess and evaluate the potential of home based energy storage systems for the final user. In theoretical part it therefore describes the historical development of the European power sector with the purpose of determining, what was the impact of this development on products offered by energy providers to the final consumers of electricity. Findings from this analysis are then used to design a model, which is introduced and described in the practical part of the masters thesis. This model is afterwards used to assess the profitability of home batteries implementation by three different types of households and also to determine, what are the key drivers and constraints for the adoption of energy storage systems by households.

The goal of the Master´s thesis is to map the actual situation of transformation of power energy sector to smart grid, find answers to some of the major questions concerning the implementation of smart metering systems, evaluate societal and economic costs and benefits, evaluate trends in legislation, compare the situation in Slovakia with other peer countries from the European Union, and create a follow-up recommendations for Slovakia based on this assessment. The thesis includes detailed critical analysis of the CBA, originally created for Slovakia, using benchmarking with countries with a different calculation approach. The used methodology in this work is a research of available resources, qualitative research of case studies, break-down of the CBA, and expert research through interviewing. The outcome is evaluation of economic and societal contributions of smart metering systems and mapping the process and state of the implementation.