Der deutsche Energiemarkt befindet sich weiterhin in einem transformativen Wandel. Insbesondere der Begriff „Smart Metering“ wird seit etlichen Jahren immer wieder durch die Medien getragen. Anfang 2020 wurde nun die erforderliche Rechtssicherheit geschaffen, sodass Investitionen durch Energieversorger in die entsprechende Hardware erfolgen können, und der Rollout von digitalen Stromzählern ins Rollen kommt. Damit einher geht das Potential der Erzeugung von zahlreichen neuen Daten über das Verbrauchsverhalten der privaten Endverbraucher. Diese können zur Vereinfachung von Abrechnungsprozessen genutzt werden, aber auch die Basis zur Visualisierung und Analyse des Verbrauchs bilden. Ebenfalls sind sie eine mögliche Grundlage für neue innovative Dienstleistungen, die insb. im Kontext der Verbrauchstransparenz vom Kunden auch gefordert werden. Für den Energieversorger können sich neue Einnahmequellen ergeben, sowie Optionen zur Festigung der Kundenbeziehung. Die vorliegende Publikation hat das Ziel einen besseren Einblick in die zwei wesentlichen Stakeholder zum Themenfeld Smart Metering zu vermitteln: in die Sichtweisen und Absichten der Energieversorger, sowie in die Bedürfnisse der privaten Endverbraucher. Die Informationen dazu werden nach einem Mixed-Methods-Ansatz literaturbasiert und durch weitere Methoden, bspw. Befragungen, erhoben. Diese Ergebnisse sind wichtig, um die Ausgangssituation umfassend zu verstehen und damit eine sinnvolle Grundlage für weitere Forschungsarbeiten zu legen. Dabei werden zunächst Webseiten der Energieversorger einer Inhaltsanalyse unterzogen und verfügbare Informationen extrahiert. Als Vertiefung wurde eine Befragung als quantitative Querschnittsanalyse mit der Zielgruppe deutsche Energieversorger aufgesetzt, und ein Stand zur aktuellen und geplanten Nutzung von Kundenportalen, Smart Metering und möglichen Zusatzangebote erhoben. Kundenbedürfnisse wurden zunächst literaturbasiert als Review erhoben, und systematisieren den Bedarf an Lösungen zur Verbrauchstransparenz sowie die konkreten Informationsbedürfnisse. Eine Erhebung unter 1.000 privaten Haushalten zeigt weitere Indikationen zum Umgang mit dem Stromverbrauch. Damit bestätigt die Untersuchung die Informationsbedarfe und damit die Relevanz von entsprechenden Zusatzangeboten.:Abstract I Inhaltsverzeichnis II Abbildungsverzeichnis V Tabellenverzeichnis VII 1 Einleitung 8 1.1 Hardware zur Umsetzung von Smart Metering 8 1.2 Zeitliche Entwicklung des Rollouts in Deutschland 9 1.3 Datennutzung aus dem Smart Metering 12 1.4 Vorhergehende Untersuchungen zur Vorbereitung des Forschungsfeldes 13 1.5 Forschungsdesign und Konzeption der Publikation 14 2 Analyse der Energieversorger in Deutschland 17 2.1 Aufbau der Untersuchung 17 2.2 Quantitative Inhaltsanalyse der Webseiten deutscher Energieversorger 17 2.2.1 Untersuchungsziel 17 2.2.2 Methodik 18 2.2.3 Ergebnisse 22 2.2.4 Zusammenfassung 25 2.3 Durchführung einer Befragung unter Energieversorgern 26 2.3.1 Untersuchungsziel 26 2.3.2 Methodik 26 2.3.3 Ergebnisse 30 2.3.3.1 Kundenportal vorhanden oder geplant (Block 1, G1Q00001-4) 30 2.3.3.2 Funktionen des Kundenportals (Block 1, G1Q00001-4) 32 2.3.3.3 Stand der Einführung von Smart Metering (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 34 2.3.3.4 Hintergründe zur Einführung von SM (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 35 2.3.3.5 Umfang der Einführung von SM (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 39 2.3.3.6 Verarbeitung der Daten aus dem SM (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 41 2.3.3.7 Zusatzangebote mit Daten aus dem SM (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 44 2.3.3.8 Daten über die Befragungsteilnehmer (Block 3, G1Q00001-4) 46 2.3.4 Zusammenfassung 49 2.4 Durchführung der Wiederholung der Erhebung (2020) 51 2.4.1 Untersuchungsziel und Methodik 51 2.4.2 Struktur der Befragung 51 2.4.3 Ergebnisse 55 2.4.3.1 Block 1: Nutzung und Funktionen des Kundenportals 55 2.4.3.2 Block 2: Einführung und Umfänge von Smart Metering 57 2.4.3.3 Block 3: Verarbeitung und Nutzung von Daten aus dem SM 61 2.4.3.4 Block 4: Abschließende Informationen 64 2.4.4 Zusammenfassung 66 3 Analyse der privaten Haushalte 68 3.1 Aufbau der Untersuchung 68 3.2 Literaturbasierte Analyse der Kundenbedürfnisse 68 3.2.1 Untersuchungsziel 68 3.2.2 Methodik 69 3.2.3 Ergebnisse 71 3.2.4 Zusammenfassung 80 3.3 Durchführung einer Erhebung unter privaten Haushalten 81 3.3.1 Untersuchungsziel 81 3.3.2 Methodik 82 3.3.3 Ergebnisse 82 3.3.4 Zusammenfassung 84 4 Zusammenführung 85 4.1 Ergebnisse der Teiluntersuchungen 85 4.2 Nächste Schritte 89 4.3 Weitere Limitationen 89 5 Literatur 91 6 Anhang 101 6.1 Fragebogen-Items des Online-Fragebogens 2015 101 6.2 Einladungstexte zur Befragung 103 6.2.1 Einführungstext 103 6.2.2 Text zum Nachfassen / Erinnerung 104 6.2.3 Einführungstext der Wiederholung der Studie 2020 105

The thesis deals with PLC technology and issues with Smart Metering. In the theoretical part, a principle of technology's functionality and its advantages and disadvantages were described. In the experimental part methodology of data concentrator and electric meters was designed. In addition, extensive testing set according to capturing of DLMS communication, link quality influencing, reading registers of meters were realized. In the second experimental part limits of communications between broadband BPL modems were detected by the power line communication hardware channel emulator. Measurement of throughput, latency, frame loss passed off according to RCF 2544, RFC 6349 recommendation and according to the methodology of TCP Throughput In the last part, two laboratory exercises were created, first one deals with Smart Metering system and communication between the data concentrator and electric meters and the second one deals with communication among broadband BPL modems not only for Smart Metering purposes.

The thesis deals with the design of wireless communication system using Wireless M- Bus, which works in the 169 MHz band. This system is designed to collect data from meters that are not equipped with a radio and have pulse outputs. The thesis describes the Wireless M-Bus standard and the current components of the communication system used by ModemTec. It also describes the selection and design of a suitable hardware implementing the receiver and transmitter modules and the firmware design for these modules. The thesis deals with the parameterization of the transmitter module in order to specify the parameters of the transmitted measured quantity.

Non-residential users contribute to a significant portion of the total water delivered by water supplying agencies. However, a very limited number of studies have attempted to investigate the water use behavior of non-residential users. With the emergence of newer “smart” meters, water use now can be measured and recorded at a very high temporal frequency. Smart meters can help determine total water use, timing, and component end uses to better understand water use practices by non-residential users. Water end use disaggregation is the process of separating the water used by each fixture or process within a facility. This is useful because having a breakdown of the consumption of all end uses may encourage users to consume less water and gives them indications on how to do so. This project involved collecting and working with three different datasets with three different temporal scales (monthly billing data, 5-minute water use data, and 5-second water use data). We analyzed monthly billing data to solicit potential participating facilities for the study. For each participating facility, new smart devices were installed on their existing water meters, including an advanced water meter register and a pulse counting data logger. The newer registers logged and transmitted data to a web-accessible data portal at 5-minute intervals, while the pulse counters recorded water use at 5- second intervals. These devices enabled us to measure the timing and volume of different water uses (e.g., indoor versus outdoor versus industrial processes uses). In this project, we identified different water use events, average water used by each end use (from plumbing fixtures to industrial machinery), variability in end uses (faucets/toilets versus showers), variability in use by the type of user (manufacturing facilities versus assisted living homes), and the impact of the business type on the water use.

Yes / The introduction of smart metering has brought more detailed information on the actual load profile of a house. With the ability to measure, comes the desire to control the load profile. Furthermore, advances in renewable energy have made the consumer to become supplier, known as Prosumer, who therefore also becomes interested in the detail of his load, and also his energy production. With the lowering cost of smart plugs and other automation units, it has become possible to schedule electrical appliances. This makes it possible to adjust the load profiles of houses. However, without a market in the demand side, the use of load profile modification techniques are unlikely to be adapted by consumers on the long term. In this research, we will be presenting work on scheduling of energy appliances to modify the load profiles within a market environment. The paper will review the literature on algorithms used in scheduling of appliances in residential areas. Whilst many algorithms presented in the literature show that scheduling of appliances is feasible, many issues arise with respect to user interaction, and hence adaptation. Furthermore, the criteria used to evaluate the algorithms is often related only to reducing energy consumption, and hence CO2. Whilst this a key factor, it may not necessarily meet the demands of the consumer. In this paper we will be presenting work on a novel genetic algorithm that will optimize the load profile while taking into account user participation indices. A novel measure of the comfort of the customer, derived from the standard deviation of the load profile, is proposed in order to encourage the customer to participate more actively in demand response programs. Different scenarios will also be tested. / This work was supported by the British Council and the UK Department of Business Innovation and Skills under GII funding for the SITARA project.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary paradigm approaching both industries and consumers everyday life. It refers to a network of addressable physical objects that contain embedded sensing, communication and actuating technologies, to sense and interact with the environment where being deployed. It can be considered as a modern expression of Mark Weiser's vision of ubiquitous computing where tiny networked computers become part of everyday objects, fusing together the virtual world and the physical word. Recent advances in hardware solutions have led to the emergence of powerful wireless IoT systems that are entirely energy-autonomous. These systems extract energy from their environment and operate intermittently, only as power is available. Battery-less sensors present an opportunity for the pervasive wide-spread of remote sensor deployments that require little maintenance and have low cost. As the number of IoT endpoint grows -- industry forecast trillions of connected smart devices in the next few years -- new challenges to program, manage and maintain such a huge number of connected devices are emerging. Web technologies can significantly ease this process by providing well-known patterns and tools - like cloud computing - for developers and users. However, the existing solutions are often too heavyweight or unfeasible for highly resource-constrained IoT devices. This dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of two of the biggest problems that the IoT is currently facing: R1) How are we going to provide connectivity to all these devices? R2) How can we improve the quality of service provided by these tiny autonomous motes that rely only on limited energy scavenged from the environment? The first contribution is the study and deployment of a Low-Power Wide-Area-Network as a feasible solution to provide connectivity to all the expected IoT devices to be deployed in the following years. The proposed technology offers a novel communication paradigm to address discrete IoT applications, like long-range (i.e., kilometers) at low-power (i.e., tens of mW). Moreover, results highlight the effectiveness of the technology also in the industrial environment thanks to the high immunity to external noises. In the second contribution, we focus on smart metering presenting the design of three smart energy meters targeted to different scenarios. The first design presents an innovative, cost-effective smart meter with embedded non-intrusive load monitoring capabilities intended for the domestic sector. This system shows an innovative approach to provide useful feedback to reduce and optimize household energy consumption. We then present a battery-free non-intrusive power meter targeted for low-cost energy monitoring applications that lower both installation cost due to the non-intrusive approach and maintenance costs associated to battery replacement. Finally, we present an energy autonomous smart sensor with load recognition capability that dynamically adapts and reconfigures its processing pipeline to the sensed energy consumption. This enables the sensor to be energy neutral, while still providing power consumption information every 5 minutes. In the third contribution, we focus on the study of low-power visual edge processing and edge machine learning for the IoT. Two different implementations are presented. The first one discusses an energy-neutral IoT device for precision agriculture, while the second one presents a battery-less long-range visual IoT system, both leveraging on deep learning algorithms to avoid unnecessary wireless data communication. We show that there is a clear benefit from implementing a first layer of data processing directly in-situ where the data is acquired, providing a higher quality of service to the implemented application.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This Master s dissertation presents the development of a methodology to evaluate and estimate the behavior of the residential consumer facing the application of the white hourly tariff. In the context of the Smart Grids, this rate is applied aiming to encourage the consumers to shift their consumption to times of lower loading of system, looking for a better utilization of the infrastructure of the electric system. Considering this, the proposed methodology considers the analysis about the habits of use of electric shower, which is the household equipment that presents the greatest contribution on the final consumption and on the peak of the load curve of residential consumers. In this way the analysis considers data from the Brazilian Center of Information in Energy Efficiency - PROCEL INFO, which includes information about habits of use of household. This database, combined with the application of the Monte Carlo method, provide an overview of the possible effects of the application of the hourly rate to the consumers and to the electrical system, as well as, a guideline of actions that can be taken for a better adaptation of the consumers, considering this new trend. / Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para avaliar e estimar o comportamento do consumidor residencial frente a aplicação da tarifa horária branca. No contexto das Redes Elétricas Inteligentes, esta tarifa visa incentivar os consumidores a deslocarem o seu consumo para horários de menor carregamento do sistema e, consequentemente, buscar um melhor aproveitamento da infraestrutura do sistema elétrico. Neste sentido, a metodologia proposta considera a análise sobre os hábitos de utilização do chuveiro elétrico, carga com maior representatividade no consumo final e na ponta da curva de carga dos consumidores residenciais. Desta forma, são utilizados dados do Centro Brasileiro de Informação de Eficiência Energética PROCEL INFO, que reúne uma base de informações sobre os hábitos de utilização de equipamentos oriunda de pesquisas realizadas no mercado residencial brasileiro no ano de 2005. Esta base de dados, aliada a aplicação do Método de Monte Carlo, fornece uma visão dos possíveis efeitos da aplicação da tarifa horária para o consumidor e para o sistema elétrico, assim como, nortear ações que possam ser tomadas em função de uma melhor adaptação do consumidor frente a esta nova tendência.

In the European Union (EU), increasing final energy efficiency, so as to save energy, has become mandatory. This obligation will fundamentally alter the EU energy sector. The relevant EU directive, 2006/32/EG, requires that adjustments be made to energy billing and, where technically feasible, that new metering technologies (i.e. smart metering) be introduced. Individual EU countries are implementing these requirements in different ways: Smart metering is either being nearly fully implemented (e.g. in Italy), is being planned (e.g. in Germany), or completely disregarded (e.g. in the Czech Republic). Since the introduction of smart metering affects virtually all value-added steps, organisational structures and areas of operation in medium-sized energy providers, these providers must take the relevant requirements into account at as early a stage as possible. The present thesis analyses the effects of the introduction of smart metering on the business management of such companies. A deductive method was chosen and the effects of intro- ducing smart metering were assessed through a cross-sectional study of two separate data collections. Experts were interviewed and their statements were qualitatively evaluated. A written survey followed via online questionnaires, the results of which were quantitatively evaluated. Institutional, functional and activity-based perspectives were considered as well as normative, strategic and operative aspects of business management. The evaluation of the survey enabled a better assessment and analysis of the introduction of smart metering. An analysis of the scope of the upcoming alterations within energy providers illustrates just how fundamental a change this will bring to medium-sized energy providers. However, the outcome of the written survey shows that most executives do not recognise this need for change and therefore are unable to initiate it. These management deficiencies threaten the very existence of these companies and must be resolved through the timely initiation of consistent change management.

Beschlossen 2015 im Gesetzesentwurf zur Digitalisierung der Energiewende (s. BMWi (2015a)) sollen verstärkt Smart Meter ausgerollt werden. Diese digitalen Stromzähler bestehen aus einem digitalen Zählwerk sowie einer Kommunikationseinheit, welche eine sichere und standardisierte Kommunikation ermöglichen soll. Die Smart Meter erfassen und veranschaulichen den aktuellen Verbrauch und können zusätzlich sogar simultan die momentane Erzeugung von Energie, z. B. durch eine Solaranlage, erfassen. Durch die ständige Erfassung des aktuellen Energieverbrauchs, verbunden mit der Übermittlungsfunktion an den EVU, kann dem Kunden unmittelbar sein aktueller Verbrauch aufgezeigt werden – eine wesentliche Grundlage für Transparenz im Verbrauch, Datenauswertungen und Startpunkt für Verbrauchsoptimierungen (vgl. BMWi (2015b); Fox (2010), S. 408). [... aus Punkt 1.2]

Semester paper describes the design of smart sockets and their management. Sockets are wirelessly controlled by a central unit. The socket has an integrated sensor, designed to measure current consumption of the device. If necessary, it can remotely disconnect the unit plugged in socket from AC network. Work includes analysis of individual system elements, design of electrical schematics and PCB. In the construction is included ethernet module, which is used to display data using a computer.. The device has been constructed and tested.