Le concept de micro capteurs RMN (nommés aussi micro-antennes ou antennes aiguilles) pourrait conduire à des outils d'analyse fiables capables d'assurer la reproductibilité de mesures en spectroscopie RMN haute résolution. Leur emploi deviendra ainsi envisageable pour des applications in vivo. A notre connaissance, aucune étude in vivo utilisant ces micro-bobines "high-tech" n’a été rapportée. Le principal avantage de ce type de dispositifs est la possibilité d’observer une micro région d'intérêt bien définie, noyée dans un grand volume. A l’inverse, le principal inconvénient est le manque de sensibilité car l’efficacité des micro-antennes actuelles souffre de plusieurs paramètres (petite valeur d'inductance par rapport à l'inductance de fils de connexion, le bruit dû au fort couplage avec l’échantillon...etc.). Notre approche initiale réalisée in vitro dans le cadre des travaux de thèse de N. Baxan (2008) (http://www.spectroscopynow.com) et de A. Kadjo (2011), ne peut être mis en œuvre in vivo sans un travail complémentaire important. C’est d’une importance capitale car dans ce cas le signal RMN est si petit qu’il est comparable au bruit thermique. Une façon "simple", mais non moins aisée, d’optimiser l’efficacité d’une antenne est une conception minutieuse et une maîtrise des paramètres géométriques conditionnant les propriétés physiques et électriques. La partie principale des "micro-antennes aiguilles" implantables est la bobine aux bornes de laquelle la tension est induite. Elle est décrite schématiquement par une résistance et une inductance dont les valeurs impactent directement et fortement sur les principaux critères de performances en RMN: le rapport signal sur bruit (SNR) et les limites de détection (LOD). La fabrication de ces micro-antennes (500x1000µm2), est réalisée à l’aide de techniques de microélectroniques fort coûteuses. La modélisation et la simulation numériques s’avèrent des outils essentiels amplement justifiés. La majeure partie de ce travail est consacré à l’optimisation de ces microantennes. Les résultats de principes physiques visant à optimiser leurs paramètres géométriques sont décrits à travers la prédiction des paramètres électriques: la self inductance, l’inductance mutuelle et les pertes additionnelles dues à l’effet de peau et de proximité. L’originalité de ce travail, à la fois théorique et expérimental réside, dans: (i) la traduction de verrous technologiques en problématiques fondamentales, (ii) Le développement d’un "Logiciel maison" qui sans avoir la prétention de rivaliser avec les logiciels commerciaux, peut s’étendre à d'autre configuration plus complexes de micro-antennes ou d'antennes RMN et cibler au mieux les besoins des "RMN’iste-Antenn-istes" tout en leur offrant un gain en temps et en coût non négligeables. / The concept of NMR microsensors (named also microantennas or needle coils) could lead to reliable analysis tools able to ensure the reproducibility of high resolution spectroscopic measurements, making possible to consider their use for in vivo applications. To the best of our knowledge, no in vivo study has been done with such "high-tech micro coils". The main advantage of this device kind is the possibility to observe a well-defined micro region of interest in a large volume. On the opposite, the main drawback resides in the poor sensitivity of the device since the efficiency of presently designed microcoils suffers from several misadjustments (small inductance value of the useful wires compared to the inductance of connecting wires, strong coupling noise with sample ...etc.). Our initial approach carried out in vitro that presented in (http://www. spectroscopynow.com) and in thesis of N. Baxan (2008) and A. Kadjo (2011), cannot be realized in vivo without a very important complementary work. This is of crucial importance, because the source signals are so small as to be comparable to the thermal noise. The simplest approach to increase antennas efficiency is a careful design and accuracy of geometric parameters influencing the physical and electrical properties. The main part of the implantable "needle antenna" is the loop where the voltage is induced. It is schematically described by a resistance and inductance that modify directly and strongly the NMR performance criteria: signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the limits of detection (LOD). The design of such micro-antennas (500x1000µm2) is performed using microelectronic techniques that are very expensive. Thus modeling and numerical simulation are essential tools amply justified. The bulk of this work dedicates to the optimization of these microantennas, describes the results of the applied physical principles to improve their geometric parameters through the prediction of their electrical parameters: the self-inductance, mutual inductance and the additional losses caused by skin effect and proximity. The originality of this work is: (i) the conversion of technological point in question to fundamental issues, (ii) The development of a "homemade software" which, no pretend to compete with commercial software, can be extended to design of more complex configuration of NMR antennas or microantennas. It could also better target specific needs of designers of NMR antennas and users, providing them a time gain and a cost reduction.

The aim of the master thesis is to sum up theoretical information about beamforming methods of microphone arrays and to verify their functionality. At the beginning of this work there are simulated different varietes of linear uniform and nonuniform microphone arrays and circular arrays. The results are verificated by a practical measurement in ideal conditions. Then I will focuse on implementation of the DAS(Delay And Sum), SAB(Sub Array Beamforming), CDB(Constant Directivity Beamforming), CDB-CA(CDB-Circular Arrays) beamformer including theoretical and practical verification of the functionality in ideal conditions. At the end of this thesis are all beamforming methods compared with each other at SNR(signal to Noise Ratio) and directivity parameters.

The point of this thesis was to perform listening tests. Appropriate methods of performance were selected for these tests, tests were carried out and the data were analyzed using statistical analysis. Then was compiled the resulting interval scale from results of the first test and in the second listening test were determined average values SNR for background noises.

The main objectives of this thesis are to study theory of signal averaging, filtered residue method and methods of stretching/shrinking signal. It will also test the functionality of those methods. Thesis contains theoretical analysis, explanation of principles and testing of behaving of used methods.

No description available.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication technology offers inherent advantages such as the ability to coexist with previously allocated Federal Communications Commission (FCC) frequencies, simple transceiver architecture, and high performance in noisy environments. Spread spectrum techniques offer additional improvements beyond the conventional pulse-based UWB communications. This dissertation implements a multiple-access UWB communication system using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) correlator receiver with orthogonal frequency coding and software defined radio (SDR) base station transmitter. Orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) and pseudorandom noise (PN) coding provide a means for spreading of the UWB data. The use of orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) increases the correlator processing gain (PG) beyond that of code division multiple access (CDMA); providing added code diversity, improved pulse ambiguity, and superior performance in noisy environments. Use of SAW correlators reduces the complexity and power requirements of the receiver architecture by eliminating many of the components needed and reducing the signal processing and timing requirements necessary for digital matched filtering of the complex spreading signal. The OFC receiver correlator code sequence is hard-coded in the device due to the physical SAW implementation. The use of modern SDR forms a dynamic base station architecture which is able to programmatically generate a digitally modulated transmit signal. An embedded Xilinx Zynq ™ system on chip (SoC) technology was used to implement the SDR system; taking advantage of recent advances in digital-to-analog converter (DAC) sampling rates. SDR waveform samples are generated in baseband in-phase and quadrature (I & Q) pairs and upconverted to a 491.52 MHz operational frequency. The development of the OFC SAW correlator ultimately used in the receiver is presented along with a variety of advanced SAW correlator device embodiments. Each SAW correlator device was fabricated on lithium niobate (LiNbO3) with fractional bandwidths in excess of 20%. The SAW correlator device presented for use in system was implemented with a center frequency of 491.52 MHz; matching SDR transmit frequency. Parasitic electromagnetic feedthrough becomes problematic in the packaged SAW correlator after packaging and fixturing due to the wide bandwidths and high operational frequency. The techniques for reduction of parasitic feedthrough are discussed with before and after results showing approximately 10:1 improvement. Correlation and demodulation results are presented using the SAW correlator receiver under operation in an UWB communication system. Bipolar phase shift keying (BPSK) techniques demonstrate OFC modulation and demodulation for a test binary bit sequence. Matched OFC code reception is compared to a mismatched, or cross-correlated, sequence after correlation and demodulation. Finally, the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) performance results for the SAW correlator under corruption of a wideband noise source are presented.

A wide range of services and applications become possible when accurate position information for a radio terminal is available. These include: location-based services; navigation; safety and security applications. The commercial, industrial and military value of radio-location is such that considerable research effort has been directed towards developing related technologies, using satellite, cellular or local area network infrastructures or stand-alone equipment. This work studies and investigates two location techniques. The first one presents an implementation scheme for a wideband transmission and direction finding system using OFDM multi-carrier communications systems. This approach takes advantage of delay discrimination to improve angle-of-arrival estimation in a multipath channel with high levels of additive white Gaussian noise. A new methodology is interpreted over the multi carrier modulation scheme in which the simulation results of the estimated channel improves the performance of OFDM signal by mitigating the effect of frequency offset synchronization to give error-free data at the receiver, good angle of arrival accuracy and improved SNR performance. The full system simulation to explore optimum values such as channel estimation and AoA including the antenna array model and prove the operational performance of the OFDM system as implemented in MATLAB. The second technique proposes a low cost-effective method of tracking and monitoring objects (examples: patient, device, medicine, document) by employing passive radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. A multi-tag, (totalling fifty-six tags) with known ID values are attached to the whole patient’s body to achieve better tracking and monitoring precision and higher accuracy. Several tests with different positions and movements are implemented on six patients. The aim is to be able to track the patient if he/she is walking or sitting; therefore, the tests considered six possible movements for the patient including walking, standing, sitting, resting, laying on the floor and laying on the bed, these placements are important to monitor the status of the patient like if he collapsed and fall on the ground so that the help will be quick. The collected data from the RFID Reader in terms of Time Stamp, RSS, Tag ID, and a number of channels are processed using the MATLAB code.

In last years phenomena of wireless communication technologies became a primary interest of big development laboratories whole world. Domain of point to point links which are realized by laser technology with narrow beam divergence and very sensitive photo-detectors is ordinarily used these days. This trend of using light waves as carrier medium turned interests of scientist to the sphere of wide area networks which is domain of wi-fi radio technologies. One of new trends in this sphere is also in-door free space optics. With expansion which leads to using LED's in everyday applications and with technological progress of last years, also grows tendency of most effective utilization of LED systems. The result of this effort is thought which considerate LED as source of artificial lighting and source of carrier medium for modulated signal. This kind of device must fulfill hygienic standards for illumination and also must be able to work with high frequency by which is signal modulated. These systems can provide links with sufficient capacity in order of hundred megabits.

<p>This dissertation considers packet-switched wireless networks for transmission of variable-rate layered hybrid video streams. Target applications are video streaming and broadcasting services. The work can be divided into two main parts.</p><p>In the first part, a novel quality-scalable scheme based on coefficient refinement and encoder quality constraints is developed as a possible extension to the video coding standard H.264. After a technical introduction to the coding tools of H.264 with the main focus on error resilience features, various quality scalability schemes in previous research are reviewed. Based on this discussion, an encoder decoder framework is designed for an arbitrary number of quality layers, hereby also enabling region-of-interest coding. After that, the performance of the new system is exhaustively tested, showing that the bit rate increase typically encountered with scalable hybrid coding schemes is, for certain coding parameters, only small to moderate. The double- and triple-layer constellations of the framework are shown to perform superior to other systems.</p><p>The second part considers layered code streams as generated by the scheme of the first part. Various error propagation issues in hybrid streams are discussed, which leads to the definition of a decoder quality constraint and a segmentation of the code stream to transmit. A packetization scheme based on successive source rate consumption is drafted, followed by the formulation of the channel code rate optimization problem for an optimum assignment of available codes to the channel packets. Proper MSE-based error metrics are derived, incorporating the properties of the source signal, a terminate-on-error decoding strategy, error concealment, inter-packet dependencies, and the channel conditions. The Viterbi algorithm is presented as a low-complexity solution to the optimization problem, showing a great adaptivity of the joint source channel coding scheme to the channel conditions. An almost constant image qualiity is achieved, also in mismatch situations, while the overall channel code rate decreases only as little as necessary as the channel quality deteriorates. It is further shown that the variance of code distributions is only small, and that the codes are assigned irregularly to all channel packets.</p><p>A double-layer constellation of the framework clearly outperforms other schemes with a substantial margin. </p><p>Keywords — Digital lossy video compression, visual communication, variable bit rate (VBR), SNR scalability, layered image processing, quality layer, hybrid code stream, predictive coding, progressive bit stream, joint source channel coding, fidelity constraint, channel error robustness, resilience, concealment, packet-switched, mobile and wireless ATM, noisy transmission, packet loss, binary symmetric channel, streaming, broadcasting, satellite and radio links, H.264, MPEG-4 AVC, Viterbi, trellis, unequal error protection</p>

This dissertation considers packet-switched wireless networks for transmission of variable-rate layered hybrid video streams. Target applications are video streaming and broadcasting services. The work can be divided into two main parts. In the first part, a novel quality-scalable scheme based on coefficient refinement and encoder quality constraints is developed as a possible extension to the video coding standard H.264. After a technical introduction to the coding tools of H.264 with the main focus on error resilience features, various quality scalability schemes in previous research are reviewed. Based on this discussion, an encoder decoder framework is designed for an arbitrary number of quality layers, hereby also enabling region-of-interest coding. After that, the performance of the new system is exhaustively tested, showing that the bit rate increase typically encountered with scalable hybrid coding schemes is, for certain coding parameters, only small to moderate. The double- and triple-layer constellations of the framework are shown to perform superior to other systems. The second part considers layered code streams as generated by the scheme of the first part. Various error propagation issues in hybrid streams are discussed, which leads to the definition of a decoder quality constraint and a segmentation of the code stream to transmit. A packetization scheme based on successive source rate consumption is drafted, followed by the formulation of the channel code rate optimization problem for an optimum assignment of available codes to the channel packets. Proper MSE-based error metrics are derived, incorporating the properties of the source signal, a terminate-on-error decoding strategy, error concealment, inter-packet dependencies, and the channel conditions. The Viterbi algorithm is presented as a low-complexity solution to the optimization problem, showing a great adaptivity of the joint source channel coding scheme to the channel conditions. An almost constant image qualiity is achieved, also in mismatch situations, while the overall channel code rate decreases only as little as necessary as the channel quality deteriorates. It is further shown that the variance of code distributions is only small, and that the codes are assigned irregularly to all channel packets. A double-layer constellation of the framework clearly outperforms other schemes with a substantial margin. Keywords — Digital lossy video compression, visual communication, variable bit rate (VBR), SNR scalability, layered image processing, quality layer, hybrid code stream, predictive coding, progressive bit stream, joint source channel coding, fidelity constraint, channel error robustness, resilience, concealment, packet-switched, mobile and wireless ATM, noisy transmission, packet loss, binary symmetric channel, streaming, broadcasting, satellite and radio links, H.264, MPEG-4 AVC, Viterbi, trellis, unequal error protection