British Columbia is a large and complicated province and because of the differences in topography and settlement, it can best be analyzed on a regional basis. This study of social welfare measurements in Metropolitan Vancouver, is the third in a series of regional assessments. The two regions so far examined are the agricultural area of the Fraser Valley, and one of the "Frontier" areas of the North. The Metropolis, obviously, has very different characteristics from both of them and is the most complex region of all. It has been undergoing a period of rapid population growth, and the development of suburban communities. At the present time, approximately one-half of the population of British Columbia lives in Metropolitan Vancouver. Metropolitan Vancouver is included in Region II of the Department of Social Welfare. However, some areas of Region II such as Powell River, which are not in the metropolitan context have been largely excluded from this analysis. Other areas, such as the Municipality of Surrey and the City of White Rock, have been included as they are populated by those for whom the urban centre has a large measure of social and economic significance. This "Region" of Metropolitan Vancouver coincides with sub-divisions C and D of Census Division 4, and thus obviates one of the major difficulties in undertaking a regional study: that census material boundaries and welfare regional boundaries do not coincide. Basic statistical data was compiled and computed from the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Extensive use was made of 1961 data, and selective reference was made to 1951 data. Information was available for Metropolitan Vancouver in the detailed Census Tract Bulletin now prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for all major cities. To simplify analysis, these tracts have been summarized into "sectors". A series of indices was also worked out to reflect social and economic conditions which may have welfare implications. The welfare statistics were compiled primarily from the monthly reports of the Provincial Department of Social Welfare, for the years 1951 and 1961. However, in Metropolitan Vancouver there are also numerous private social agencies and a few major ones serving the family, and children have been chosen to examine more fully, the welfare services. Correlation of social and economic factors with the welfare pattern in the metropolitan area has been undertaken. "Sector" analysis, initiated in this study, has revealed differential welfare requirements. All districts use welfare services: the most prosperous, in which there are marginal income enclaves; and others, demonstrating the complex of social problems inherent in unplanned urban expansion. Difficulties encountered in this regional study highlight the need for standardization of Welfare Region and Census Division boundaries. Most essential for productive analysis of welfare statistics is the formulation of standard, operationally-defined categories of service for both public and private agencies; one critical distinction might be made between income-maintenance programmes and personal services. This is an initial exploratory study of Metropolitan Vancouver as a "Welfare Region". Even as this report is prepared the characteristics of the metropolitan area are changing. With one-half of the provincial population living in this "Region" further studies will be needed to provide adequate information for comprehensive, enduring planning for the welfare needs of the people who live in Metropolitan Vancouver. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This Thesis was prompted by the belief that most town planners in their creation of the physical environment generally do not realize that they are also creating a social environment. This is particularly true of the sub-division design aspect of planning. In order to show that the local physical environment as created by subdivision design does affect local relationships, a planned veterans' housing project in East Vancouver was studied. The underlying reason for choosing the veterans' project, Renfrew Heights, was because the tenants were quite a homogeneous group as a result of the entry requirements of the Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation. This being the case, the effects of the design itself could be more easily determined. It was believed that people in the lower socio-economic groups were more affected by environment than those in the higher socioeconomic groups. Allied with this thought was the belief that the community of interest in areas like Renfrew was often the community itself. Because of these beliefs and the homogeneity of the community, the Renfrew project was chosen. The basic thesis of the study was similar to Robert E. Parks' definition of human ecology - that man's relationships with man are affected by environment. It was proposed that at the neighbourhood level local friendships were affected by four basic physical factors. It was proposed that these four physical factors were; (1) distance between houses; (2) differences in elevation or vertical distance; (3) the use that the distance is put to, or intensity of use; (4) orientation of houses or the way they face. A questionnaire was prepared and housewives were interviewed personally in order to determine what the local friendship pattern was in various parts of the project. An analysis of the questionnaire showed that local friendships were affected by the four physical factors. The need for further social research is stressed, particularly the social aspects of planning, in order to see if we are really planning for the people. It is concluded that it is upon this area of study that the future of town planning depends. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study of social welfare measurements in Region I (Vancouver Island) is the fourth in a series of regional assessments. A similar study of Region VI (The Okanagan) is presently being completed. Three previous studies have been done; one in an unorganized area of Northern British Columbia, the second Region III (The Fraser Valley), and the third was a comprehensive study of Metropolitan Vancouver including several of the surrounding districts. Region I of the Department of Social Welfare very closely coincides with census division 5 of British Columbia. This has overcome the discrepancy that often exists between census material boundaries and welfare regional boundaries. Census division 5 actually includes some islands and isolated areas of the north coast of British Columbia lying adjacent to Vancouver Island. These areas are very sparsely populated and are more readily accessible from the mainland than from Vancouver Island, and are therefore not included in Welfare Region I. Basic statistical data was compiled and computed from the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Extensive use was made of 1961 data with selective reference being made to the 1951 data available. In some instances the census subdivision boundaries were changed within the bench work decade (1951-1961). Therefore some of the changes in social and economic conditions could not be measured. In these instances it was necessary to rely on the 1961 data. The welfare statistics were compiled primarily from the monthly reports of the Provincial Department of Social Welfare for the years 1951 and 1961. However, in Metropolitan Victoria there are numerous private social agencies and one major one serving families and children. This latter was chosen to examine more fully the welfare services offered in this area. This is an initial exploratory study of Vancouver Island as a welfare region. Further studies in detail of the kind initiated in Nanaimo to measure the appropriateness and effectiveness of welfare services should be carried out. These would provide information for comprehensive planning for the welfare needs of the people who live in this region. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Freyman, Anna; Hollick-Kenyon, Grace Agnes; Macdonald, Janet Mary / Graduate

This examination of the Okanagan Region is the fifth in the series of regional analyses relating welfare measurements to comprehensive social data. Throughout the study there are comparisons made with two previous studies - the Fraser Valley (No. 2) and Metropolitan Vancouver (No. 3). The Okanagan Region, in contrast to the Fraser Valley and Vancouver areas, which are undergoing rapid population expansion plus urbanization, presents the picture of a largely rural and relatively stable area. The social data are compiled principally from the national censes of 1951 and 1961; the welfare material was collected from the monthly Field Service Reports of the Department of Social Welfare with some additions specially obtained; and both were analyzed particularly for a basic ten-year period. This information was supplemented by data gathered from several other sources within the Okanagan area. The Okanagan constitutes Welfare Region III as administered by the Department of Social Welfare. The Regional boundaries were given consideration in this study, and it is to be noted that common boundaries are accepted by the national census (Division Vl) and the recent Economic Atlas which has attempted to delineate regions for all of Canada. In conformity with these, it is recommended that the Kamloops district, which is neither geographically nor economically a true part of the Okanagan be excluded from the present Welfare Region III, while the Grand Forks area should be included. In any new standardization appropriate adjustments have been made in the welfare and census statistics. In the present study the social data reveals that the Okanagan is undergoing a comparatively slow rate of population growth but that in recent years, in line with marked trends in British Columbia generally, there has been increasing urbanization. A large segment of the population is elderly, a fact which has major welfare implications. Further study of needs and services appropriate for this group is recommended. Welfare measurements clearly show the trend towards high average caseloads, coupled with an abnormally high monthly mileage rate. A re-examination on a regional basis of the number of personnel, both professional and clerical, the distribution of tasks, and the deployment of time, is recommended. Each region is unique, requiring services adapted to the particular needs of the resident population. In this study it is proposed that a Central Regional Registry, much like the community social service index, be instituted. A record of services rendered as well as the service requests could be maintained by the welfare organizations in the region. Research utilizing material from the registry could make a considerable contribution to the planning of needed services in the Okanagan. (It is to be kept in mind that general physical planning, and also junior college planning, is proceeding on a regional basis in the area.) No doubt, changes in both needs and services have taken place since 1961. The present study has aimed at providing a foundation from which further studies of needs in welfare services and associated socio-economic factors, may be pursued in this characteristic section of the province. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Neufeld, Heinrich; Preddy, Iris Gloria; Soiseth, Leonard Osborne / Graduate

This dissertation deals with the provincial hunger riots and the metropolitan industrial riots of the first decade of George III's reign. By focussing both on the immediate causes of these disturbances and on the underlying social tensions which determined their form and direction, it seeks to explain why this was the worst period of disorder in the century, although in other decades the deprivations of the poor were greater. Early studies of the riots of the 1760's which have not dealt exclusively with political disturbances have treated the riots as part of the history of trade unions or of the story of the rural labourer's degradation. As a result, the interrelationship of these two expressions of social discontent has been ignored by most historians of popular movements. More recent studies have presented the hunger and industrial disorders primarily in terms of the discontents of the rioters. By focussing closely upon the "faces in the crowd" scholars have corrected the misconception that eighteenth-century mobs were chiefly composed of the most depraved elements in society. But in the process of this legitimate attempt to rehabilitate the historical crowd, such students have been rather reluctant to concede its manipulation by those standing over and apart from the mob. This is particularly true when rioters clearly acted according to socially appropriate goals, as was usually the case with rural hunger mobs and industrial strikers. This results in the undervaluing of the role of other interests, and stresses immediate at the expense of secondary causation. This work sets the rioters of the 1760's in their social context and presents the riots as the product of an interaction of the poor, the landowners, the industrialists, the local authorities, and the national government. All of these interests contributed to disorder in some fashion: by suggesting the poor regulate markets for themselves, the gentry encouraged them to take actions for which many later were tried by special assize; by failing to suppress the initial disorders, the magistrates appeared to sanction the acts of the mobs; by blaming middlemen for high prices of food, clothiers and other industrialists in the distressed cloth counties of Southern England diverted their underpaid workers towards bunting mills and local markets; by proclaiming the old anti-middlemen statutes against forestalling, engrossing, and regrating instead of ending grain exports, the Ministry confirmed that the food shortage was artificial and encouraged further attacks upon middlemen and farmers; by blaming coal-undertakers and then failing to enforce existing legislation against these middlemen of the coal trade, the government encouraged coalheavers to act in their own defence. While the timing of the disorders of the 1760's was determined by such factors as sudden fluctuations in the prices of provisions, attempts to reduce wages or employment opportunities for the poor, or grain movements in times of anticipated famine, the form and direction were the result of the expectations of various interests. The significance of expectations is apparent in the important role played by veterans of the Seven Years' War and the equivocal reaction to the initial hunger riots of the ruling orders. The responses of the poor and the privileged alike can only be explained with reference to important social changes, which resulted after the mid-century from agricultural and industrial developments. The effects of these social changes was aggravated by war and by the progressive abandonment of the principles and practices of the old "moral economy." / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This dissertation deals with the political economy of survival within a Jamaican urban slum. It departs from the sociological tradition of viewing the slum as a separate social entity and treats it as an integral part of the urban community. For theoretical guidance, the dissertation draws significantly upon works subscribing to the dependency perspective. However, the inner dynamics of survival, presented throughout the study are derived through participant observation in the West Kingston slum. Problems within the slum such as high unemployment, crime, violence, overcrowding and the general state of poverty are viewed within the context of Jamaica's historical dependence. The thrust of the study focuses on the techniques employed by slum dwellers in their struggle for survival. These include participation in petty commodity production and petty trading, most of which takes the form of hustling which is conceptualized as the application of one's wits in securing scarce material resources. Furthermore, as the slum dwellers struggle to survive, they at the same time contribute to the economy in ways that are not usually recognized by the state. Given the scarcity of jobs, competition tends to be fierce. This is reinforced by a strong orientation towards individual acquisitiveness. The situation is manipulated by politicians through a highly sophisticated political patronage system. Political violence is usually the result. The slum dwellers do not appear to be in control of their social world. Many make sense of their world by resorting to a strong belief in the occult or participation in various syncretized religious cults. There is an absence of political consciousness among slum dwellers who tend not to perceive their poor material condition as socially produced, thus perpetuating their situation. This dissertation shows that the slum dwellers sustain an asymmetrical symbiotic relationship with the urban economy. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

The first school reported ever to have been held in Marathon was held in a box car when Flagler was building his famous overseas extension of the Florida East Coast Railroad. Mrs. R. H. Miller, the teacher of this first school, visited in the community a few months ago. Her story of the early difficulties encountered was most interesting and enlightening. Following the "box-car school", teaching of three children was carried on in the private home of W. A. Parrish, now known as the "daddy" of Marathon and conducted by Charles Albury who is now teaching in the new, modern Coral Shores school, the only other school on the Florida Keys. Reference to the Keys" is in keeping with local usage of the term since Key West people speak often about the two "Key schools" and about "going up on the Keys." / "August, 1953." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: W. Edwards, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 25).

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2015 / Cities are characterised by a contradictory dynamic of opportunities for and the suppression of the livelihoods of the poor. At the turn of the twentieth century, well into the first half of that century, Rustenburg was defined by a broad-based participation in the local economy. Although black people’s involvement in that economy was marked by the relation of dependency to the dominant, white social formations, they both managed their relationship with the city and contributed to its vibrancy. Today, the same is true for livelihood activities in this city. However, from the mid-1990s (as it was the case from the 1940s until the official end of apartheid) various forces are delivering Rustenburg into an elite space of formal cultural practices. With that said, such exercises of power are not generalisable to the whole city. Thus, the way various sites of the city are constituted and valorised affect whether or not ordinary people can build livelihoods and pursue other goals in and through such sites. Overall, the redevelopment practices in Rustenburg bring into focus the tensions of city life – urban residents and the city space are agents of social reproduction on the one hand and are resources for creating emancipatory spaces on the other. In this sense, living and making a living in the city involves mediating such tensions – although the new spaces produced by the body and the dream often cohere into real material landscape that shapes everyday practices and social identities, the sensual, rationality, history, and the landscape provide resources for continual exploration and reproduction of new spaces of emancipation from poverty and domination.

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the degree of Master of Arts / A neglected focus in South African urban geographical studies over the last two decades has been the changes taking place in the inner city. The objective in this study is to examine residential change in one inner city suburb of Cape Town, namely Woodstock. The time period for this investigation is the era of late apartheid prior to the repeal of the Group Areas Act. The theoretical framework for this dissertation is provided by international Iiterature on ethnic segregation and the gentrlflcatlon issue'. The majority of research undertaken on gentrification has concerned the cities of North America. Western Europe or Australia. With few exceptions, gentrificatl. has been little researched outside of the devaloped world. The South African context therefore provides a developing world setting for research on gentrification. is argued that between 1900 and 1980 the case study area of Woodstock experienced considerable change in its residential complexion. In particuIar, the ethnic composition of the suburb shifted throughout the twentieth century with waves of new immigrants to the suburb, including Jews from Eastern Europe and the settIement of a Portuguese community from Madeira. These shifts in the ethnic make-up of Woodstock reinforced the 'respectable', working class character of this mixed race, inner city zone of Cape Town. During the 1980s, however, a change in the class composition of the area was triggered by the onset of processes of gentrification. The advance of gentrification was taking place at the same time as apartheid legislation, in the form of the Group Areas Act, was posing a threat to the multi-racial character of the suburb. The research documents the relationship between gentrification and the community struggle mounted to retain the multi-racial status of this inner city Area. It is shown from this South African study that the 'gentrification issue' is of relevance to research on developing world cities. / Andrew Chakane 2018