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Behavioural economics builds on psychology rather than on sociology, and on cognitive science rather than the science of culture. The same is true for new behavioural scholarship in the legal discipline, whether this is referred to as 'behavioural law and economics' or 'law and the behavioural sciences'. The result of a one-sided definition of a more realist research agenda in legal scholarship is an impoverished understanding of the 'social'. In Thaler and Sunstein's famous concept of nudging, social conformity appears as a property of the individual, which can be instrumentalized by social nudges. More generally, the cognitive strand of behavioural economics lends itself to strategies of regulatory 'debiasing', which suggests that it is possible to get down to pure preferences that are free from any distortions. While this approach neglects the endogeneity, or social contingency, of individual preferences, the social strand of behavioural economics is explicitly concerned with the dynamics of social interaction, or the effects of social interdependence. However, both strands of behavioural economics are still higher on methodological individualism, naturalism or positivism and lower on institutionalism, culturalism or constructivism than a genuinely sociological approach. More specifically, their understanding of the 'social' does not sufficiently account for the social embeddedness of both rational and irrational economic action. What is more, behavioural economics also lacks the means to reflect on the link between science and politics, which includes the question of why different models of economic man are attractive at different points in time. The conceptual move from rational to behavioural economic man bears distinctive policy implications, which are in line with the transformation of welfare capitalism towards 'less state' and 'more market'. While the overall direction of this project gets blurred in Thaler and Sunstein's branding of 'libertarian paternalism', it is evident in the adaptation of consumer policies, which proceeds under the imperative of market-conformity. Accordingly, a strategy of nudging does not put into question the wider institutional context but offers a technical solution to what is defined as a problem of individual behavioural rigidities and cognitive biases in the market environment.

A hipnose é um conjunto de técnicas usadas para provocar alterações nas percepções, sentimentos e experiências subjetivas de indivíduos, e tem uma história profundamente ligada ao desenvolvimento do campo da psicoterapia. Os fenômenos relacionados a este tema, tanto no campo da pesquisa quanto da clínica são complexos e envolvem influências sociais e diferenças individuais, em controvérsias ainda não sanadas pelos pesquisadores deste campo. Dentre as diferenças individuais salientamos a Hipnotizabilidade como um construto psicológico que descreve a capacidade dos sujeitos responderem à sugestão hipnótica, sendo a avaliação desta um elemento relevante para a correta interpretação das pesquisas experimentais, e para a compreensão de certos fenômenos da clínica psicológica. É digno de nota que a produção acadêmica internacional progride no estudo da hipnose, enquanto no Brasil temos ainda poucos trabalhos. Muitas razões podem ser atribuídas a esse descompasso, e dentre elas detectamos a falta de instrumentos padronizados de avaliação da hipnotizabilidade como um impedimento da realização de tais pesquisas. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo disponibilizar, em língua portuguesa, duas escalas de avaliação, a Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: form A e a Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: form C. Para isso as escalas foram traduzidas e adaptadas para o português brasileiro. Incluímos uma discussão sobre o procedimento de tradução de instrumentos dessa natureza, e como direcionamentos futuros sugerimos estudos de validação e normatização dessas escalas para a população brasileira / Hypnosis is a set of techniques used to provoke changes in an individuals perceptions, feelings and subjective experiences, and has a history deeply linked to the development of the psychotherapy field. The phenomena related to this theme, both in research and clinical fields, are complex and involve social influences and individual differences, in controversies not yet solved by the fields researchers. Among the individual differences we point Hypnotizability as a psychological construct that describes a subjects capacity to respond to hypnotic suggestion, which assessment is relevant to the correct evaluation of experimental research and the comprehension of certain clinical phenomena in psychology. It is of note that the international academic production advance in the study of hypnosis, while in Brazil we still have few studies. Many reasons can be attributed to this, and among them we detect the lack of standardized hypnotizability assessment instruments as a hindrance in making such research. So this research had the objective to make two assessment scales available in portuguese, namely the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A and the Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form C. To this end the scales we translated and adapted to the brazilian portuguese language. We include a discussion about the procedure of translation of instruments such as these, e as future developments we suggest validation and normatization studies of these scales to the brazilian population

<p>The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to develop and to test the Perceived Health & Sport Participation Profile (PHSPP) Questionnaire; (b) to examine the relationship between athletes’ perceived health, goal orientation, self-esteem, physical self perception and sport satisfaction. The main theoretical framework used in this study is the Perceived Health & Sport Participation model (PH&SP) (Stambulova, Johnson, Lindwall & Hinic, 2005). A package of five questionnaires was completed by 139 competitive athletes representing different types and levels of sport. The data treatment involved descriptive statistics, correlation, factor, and regression analyses performed with the SPSS. A test-re-test was also performed on the PHSPP questionnaire with 30 subjects. </p><p>The study confirmed major parts of the PH&SP-model and its link to some established concepts and theories, e.g., athletic identity and goal orientation. Factor analyses of the PHSPP resulted in eight extracted factors explaining 61.46% of the total variance of the questionnaire with alpha values between 0.71 and 0.89 for all the factors. Test-re-test reliability appeared as satisfactory. Regression analyses showed that social influences on athletes contribute more to unhealthy than to healthy sport participation. Analyses also confirmed that healthy sport participation contributes to satisfaction with health and sport participation, and unhealthy sport participation contributes to dissatisfaction with health and sport participation. The results are discussed in relation to the corresponding literature and the PH&SP-model.</p><p>Key words: competitive athletes, perceived health, social influences, sport satisfaction.</p>

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to develop and to test the Perceived Health & Sport Participation Profile (PHSPP) Questionnaire; (b) to examine the relationship between athletes’ perceived health, goal orientation, self-esteem, physical self perception and sport satisfaction. The main theoretical framework used in this study is the Perceived Health & Sport Participation model (PH&SP) (Stambulova, Johnson, Lindwall & Hinic, 2005). A package of five questionnaires was completed by 139 competitive athletes representing different types and levels of sport. The data treatment involved descriptive statistics, correlation, factor, and regression analyses performed with the SPSS. A test-re-test was also performed on the PHSPP questionnaire with 30 subjects. The study confirmed major parts of the PH&SP-model and its link to some established concepts and theories, e.g., athletic identity and goal orientation. Factor analyses of the PHSPP resulted in eight extracted factors explaining 61.46% of the total variance of the questionnaire with alpha values between 0.71 and 0.89 for all the factors. Test-re-test reliability appeared as satisfactory. Regression analyses showed that social influences on athletes contribute more to unhealthy than to healthy sport participation. Analyses also confirmed that healthy sport participation contributes to satisfaction with health and sport participation, and unhealthy sport participation contributes to dissatisfaction with health and sport participation. The results are discussed in relation to the corresponding literature and the PH&SP-model. Key words: competitive athletes, perceived health, social influences, sport satisfaction.

The frequent consumption of alcohol and cannabis by youth poses both concern and ambivalence to society about the nature of the problem and how to respond. In the last few decades, social science research has devoted considerable attention to substance use among youth, making it an important issue to consider; however, controversy abounds when considering where consumption patterns of youth fall on a continuum from normal to deviant. Central to these debates is the social acceptability of the substances being used, their legal status, the frequency with which they are consumed, and the particular groups most often engaged in their use. Youth who consume alcohol are viewed with less trepidation than those who consume cannabis. Moreover, those who use either substance recreationally or experimentally are deemed to be more typical than those who have escalated their use to more regular or frequent episodes. Finally, drug-using youth who are embedded in conventional society are viewed more positively than those who occupy the margins of society, such as those who are delinquent or homeless. To fully understand the debate about the deviancy versus the normalcy of adolescent substance use, more inclusive approaches that take into account structural, individual and situational explanations are needed; however, existing studies fail to consider all of these influences. Instead, there is debate about the dominance of each of these explanations. This dissertation examines and tests these competing representations and explanations of adolescent substance use by drawing on multiple sociological theories of deviance including control theories, differential association theory, routine activity approaches, and drift theory. Using a combined sample of high school students and street youth, the findings suggest that adolescent substance use is far too complex to be explained by only one theory. Instead, explanations for the variations in substance use must take into account both individual backgrounds and more immediate situational influences. Most importantly, individual beliefs about substances are an important and often ignored aspect of individual substance use patterns.

Current accounts of self-control are highly individualistic. When individuals succeed at exerting self-control, we assume that they possess some positive internal characteristic that explans their success. Similarly, when individuals do not succeed, we blame their failure on an internal flaw. Yet many factors may influence the likelihood that an individual will exert self-control, including not only internal characteristics of individuals but also external factors. In this dissertation, I develop a framework for understanding the multiple sources of influence on individuals' state self-control that groups these factors into three categories: social, personal, and environmental. Further, I detail the multiple mechanisms by which the factors in the Social, Personal, and Environmental Control of Self (SPECS) model may influence self-control. Specifically, I examine the potential role of regulatory accessibility as a mechanism of influence on state self-control. In Study 1, I show that individuals who think about a friend with good self-control demonstrate increased performance on a persistence task than do participants who think about a friend with bad self-control. In Study 2, I replicate this effect, showing increased inhibitory capacity among individuals who wrote about a friend with good self-control compared to a control group, and decreased inhibitory capacity among individuals who wrote about a friend with bad self-control. In Study 3, I show that regulatory exertion increases among individuals subliminally primed with the name of a friend with good self-control and that regulatory exertion decreases among indivdiuals primed with the name of a friend with bad self-control. These findings support my hypothesis that models of self-control should account for sources of influence external to the individual, as well as explore the multiple pathways by which regulatory exertion is influenced. These findings support my hypothesis that social factors influence regulatory exertion, or state self-control. Further, they provide evidence that state self-control is influenced not only by regulatory capacity, but also by other mechanisms, including regulatory accessibility. Further research following the SPECS model will investigate the combined influence of social and environmental influences on self-control and the indirect influences of personal characteristics, such as trait self-control, on regulatory exertion. / Dissertation

The frequent consumption of alcohol and cannabis by youth poses both concern and ambivalence to society about the nature of the problem and how to respond. In the last few decades, social science research has devoted considerable attention to substance use among youth, making it an important issue to consider; however, controversy abounds when considering where consumption patterns of youth fall on a continuum from normal to deviant. Central to these debates is the social acceptability of the substances being used, their legal status, the frequency with which they are consumed, and the particular groups most often engaged in their use. Youth who consume alcohol are viewed with less trepidation than those who consume cannabis. Moreover, those who use either substance recreationally or experimentally are deemed to be more typical than those who have escalated their use to more regular or frequent episodes. Finally, drug-using youth who are embedded in conventional society are viewed more positively than those who occupy the margins of society, such as those who are delinquent or homeless. To fully understand the debate about the deviancy versus the normalcy of adolescent substance use, more inclusive approaches that take into account structural, individual and situational explanations are needed; however, existing studies fail to consider all of these influences. Instead, there is debate about the dominance of each of these explanations. This dissertation examines and tests these competing representations and explanations of adolescent substance use by drawing on multiple sociological theories of deviance including control theories, differential association theory, routine activity approaches, and drift theory. Using a combined sample of high school students and street youth, the findings suggest that adolescent substance use is far too complex to be explained by only one theory. Instead, explanations for the variations in substance use must take into account both individual backgrounds and more immediate situational influences. Most importantly, individual beliefs about substances are an important and often ignored aspect of individual substance use patterns.

A hipnose é um conjunto de técnicas usadas para provocar alterações nas percepções, sentimentos e experiências subjetivas de indivíduos, e tem uma história profundamente ligada ao desenvolvimento do campo da psicoterapia. Os fenômenos relacionados a este tema, tanto no campo da pesquisa quanto da clínica são complexos e envolvem influências sociais e diferenças individuais, em controvérsias ainda não sanadas pelos pesquisadores deste campo. Dentre as diferenças individuais salientamos a Hipnotizabilidade como um construto psicológico que descreve a capacidade dos sujeitos responderem à sugestão hipnótica, sendo a avaliação desta um elemento relevante para a correta interpretação das pesquisas experimentais, e para a compreensão de certos fenômenos da clínica psicológica. É digno de nota que a produção acadêmica internacional progride no estudo da hipnose, enquanto no Brasil temos ainda poucos trabalhos. Muitas razões podem ser atribuídas a esse descompasso, e dentre elas detectamos a falta de instrumentos padronizados de avaliação da hipnotizabilidade como um impedimento da realização de tais pesquisas. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo disponibilizar, em língua portuguesa, duas escalas de avaliação, a Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: form A e a Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: form C. Para isso as escalas foram traduzidas e adaptadas para o português brasileiro. Incluímos uma discussão sobre o procedimento de tradução de instrumentos dessa natureza, e como direcionamentos futuros sugerimos estudos de validação e normatização dessas escalas para a população brasileira / Hypnosis is a set of techniques used to provoke changes in an individuals perceptions, feelings and subjective experiences, and has a history deeply linked to the development of the psychotherapy field. The phenomena related to this theme, both in research and clinical fields, are complex and involve social influences and individual differences, in controversies not yet solved by the fields researchers. Among the individual differences we point Hypnotizability as a psychological construct that describes a subjects capacity to respond to hypnotic suggestion, which assessment is relevant to the correct evaluation of experimental research and the comprehension of certain clinical phenomena in psychology. It is of note that the international academic production advance in the study of hypnosis, while in Brazil we still have few studies. Many reasons can be attributed to this, and among them we detect the lack of standardized hypnotizability assessment instruments as a hindrance in making such research. So this research had the objective to make two assessment scales available in portuguese, namely the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A and the Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form C. To this end the scales we translated and adapted to the brazilian portuguese language. We include a discussion about the procedure of translation of instruments such as these, e as future developments we suggest validation and normatization studies of these scales to the brazilian population

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22635号 / 理博第4624号 / 新制||理||1664(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 足立 幾磨, 准教授 後藤 幸織, 教授 濱田 穣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM