This study explores whether anti-fat bias is reduced when obesity in women is perceived to be the result of an uncontrollable versus controllable factor. An experiment was designed to test whether manipulating the causal attribution in favor of the target (i.e., offering an uncontrollable attribution that removes all responsibility from the target for her obesity) would have an impact on perceivers' anti-fat attitudes, beliefs about weight controllability, and tendency to blame a woman for her weight. The exploration of this topic was conducted within a greater context of obesity-related issues including body image, social stigma, responsibility, and a culture of blame. Equally important in this endeavor was gaining insight into the reasons why women are blamed more for their obesity than their male counterparts. Attribution theory (Heider, 1958) serves as the primary theoretical framework. One hundred and eighty undergraduates from a large, southwestern university participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the following six conditions, five of which contained a version of the treatment embedded in an essay: Uncontrollable attribution, controllable attribution, potentially controllable attribution, manifest mention of weight, no mention of weight or control. The potentially controllable attribution was ultimately determined to be insufficiently manipulated and responses generated in response to it were not included in the data analysis. All participants completed a survey comprised of various measures designed to gauge anti-fat attitudes, beliefs about weight controllability, and blame tendency. A mediated model examining the relationships among the above three variables was also tested. Additionally, participants completed the Obesity-Induced Blame Scale (OIBS); a measure designed for the present study to test the degree to which a woman will be blamed and held responsible for her weight. While some results failed to statistically support the usefulness of causal attributions that remove controllability from the woman for her weight, other results demonstrated the embedded anti-fat bias some individuals hold for obese women. Findings that emerged from the qualitative data were especially revealing. The social implications of anti-fatism, beliefs about weight controllability, and blame tendency, as well as all key findings, are discussed.

Le contrôle conjoint correspond à la situation dans laquelle plusieurs personnes détiennent le contrôle d’une société. Des définitions distinctes de la notion de contrôle conjoint existent en droit financier, en droit des sociétés, en droit de la concurrence et en droit comptable et ont, a priori, un champ d’application limité à chacune de ces branches du droit. Chaque définition est étudiée en vue d’en dégager les critères, en prenant appui sur les réglementations, la pratique des autorités et la jurisprudence. Sur le fondement de ces différentes définitions fonctionnelles du contrôle conjoint, une définition commune peut être dégagée : « le contrôle conjoint est un accord par lequel les membres d’une société conviennent de déterminer ensemble et de manière égalitaire la stratégie sociale ». Les éléments principaux de la définition commune sont précisés. Le contrôle conjoint pose par ailleurs des problématiques relatives à son régime juridique. D’une part, le champ d’application du contrôle conjoint est rarement défini parce que les textes font généralement référence au contrôle uniquement. Il est proposé de déterminer le champ d’application en fonction de la finalité du texte. D’autre part, les textes, qui renvoient à la notion de contrôle, prévoient des conséquences juridiques en précisant rarement les modalités de mise en oeuvre de ces conséquences à plusieurs contrôlaires (solidarité passive, indivisibilité ou pluralité des obligations). La règle de principe est l’application de la solidarité passive aux obligations découlant du contrôle conjoint. / Joint control is the situation according to which several persons hold control of a company. Various definitions of the notion of joint control exist in financial law, corporate law, competition law and accounting law and have, a priori, a scope limited to each of these fields of law. Each definition is separately studied in order to identify its criteria, by relying on regulations, the practice of authorities and the case law. On the basis of these different functional definitions of joint control, a common definition can be found: "joint control is an agreement according to which members of a company agree to determine jointly and equally the social strategy ". The main elements of this common definition are clarified. Joint control also raises issues relating to its legal regime. On the one hand, the scope of joint control is rarely defined because the texts generally refer only to control. It is proposed to determine the scope according to the purpose of the text. On the other hand, texts that refer to the notion of make provision of legal consequences without specifying how to implement these consequences to several controllers (joint liability, indivisibility or plurality of obligations). The rule of principle is the application of joint liability to the obligations arising from joint control.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-25T17:21:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação roberto vilhena.pdf: 1262702 bytes, checksum: 03d742cfbe7dc451511dc8a95ba86962 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-25T17:21:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação roberto vilhena.pdf: 1262702 bytes, checksum: 03d742cfbe7dc451511dc8a95ba86962 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-25T17:22:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação roberto vilhena.pdf: 1262702 bytes, checksum: 03d742cfbe7dc451511dc8a95ba86962 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-25T17:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação roberto vilhena.pdf: 1262702 bytes, checksum: 03d742cfbe7dc451511dc8a95ba86962 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Esta pesquisa buscou compreender de que forma RSC (Responsabilidade Social Corporativa) é tratada dentro de uma empresa de natureza híbrida. Espera-se que as estratégias sociais dentro de empresas híbridas pressuponham a incorporação de objetivos além dos eminentemente econômicos (conteúdos mainstream) e que empresas dessa natureza sejam um locus mais apropriado à uma abordagem crítica (conteúdos críticos) com foco social. Para atingir os objetivos propostos foi elaborado um estudo de caso único em uma instituição híbrida do setor bancário do Brasil, sendo os dados coletados diretamente em seis gerentes-executivos na empresa através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A partir da análise dos dados coletados, chegou-se a alguns resultados significativos com relação a algumas barreiras e oportunidades para o estabelecimento efetivo de uma abordagem crítica. Com relação às barreiras pode-se citar principalmente a predominância de um discurso sobre uma abordagem da estratégia com foco econômico que bloqueou outras abordagens. Esta ênfase à abordagem econômica se dá em parte em função das pressões que essas empresas sofrem para se tornarem cada vez mais competitivas e minimizarem a percepção de ineficiência e também se deve ao desconhecimento sobre a literatura em estratégia dentro de uma abordagem crítica. No que se refere às oportunidades, o estudo sinalizou que a incorporação de uma abordagem crítica mais engajada que conviva com a abordagem econômica, ao invés de se opor a ela, poderia encontrar mais espaço para se desenvolver em empresas dessa natureza. / This research looked to understand in which form RSC (Social Corporative Responsibility) is treated inside an enterprise of hybrid nature. There for are waited that the social strategies inside hybrid enterprises presuppose the incorporation of objectives besides the eminently economical ones (mainstream contents) and which enterprises of this nature are a locus when a critical approach (critical contents) was more appropriated to a social focus. To achieve the proposed objectives was drawn up a case study in a single hybrid banking institution in Brazil, and the data was collected directly with six executive managers in the company through semi-structured interviews. From the analysis of data collected, it was significant results about some barriers and opportunities for the establishment of a critical approach. Regarding the barriers can be particularly note the predominance of an economic-focused strategy that blocked other approaches. This economic approach is given in part because of the pressures that these companies have to become increasingly competitive and minimize the perception of inefficiency and also due to ignorance about the literature on strategy in a critical approach. With regard to the opportunities, the study indicated that the incorporation of a more critical approach engaged to live with the economic approach, instead of opposing it, could find more space to develop in such companies.