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Questa ricerca parte dall’approccio dialogico alle rappresentazioni sociali proposto da Marková (2003), assumendo che obbedienza e disobbedienza sono entrambe costituite da dimensioni socialmente costruttive e distruttive e che la loro interazione si riflette sugli atteggiamenti verso la democrazia. L’ipotesi principale è quella che obbedienza e disobbedienza non si escludano a vicenda, bensì che un’interazione bilanciata tra atteggiamenti favorevoli verso sia l’obbedienza sia la disobbedienza possa promuovere atteggiamenti prodemocratici a livello individuale e un incremento della democrazia a livello societale, come suggerito anche dalle teorie politologiche di Dahl (1999). La ricerca è stata sviluppata in due studi. Il primo è rappresentato da un’analisi cross-culturale condotta su dati provenienti dal World Values Survey ed è suddiviso in tre sottostudi: il primo indaga il rapporto tra la disobbedienza, le dimensioni distruttiva e costruttiva dell’obbedienza e gli atteggiamenti nei confronti della democrazia; il secondo si centra sulle differenze tra le due dimensioni opposte della disobbedienza (costruttiva e distruttiva), mettendo in evidenza come alcuni aspetti della disobbedienza siano legati ad atteggiamenti prodemocratici; il terzo si occupa, invece, di indagare a livello societale gli effetti della diffusione della disobbedienza costruttiva sul livello di democrazia di una nazione, mettendo in evidenza che, sotto determinate circostanze, la disobbedienza può essere intesa come un fattore protettivo per la democrazia. Il secondo studio si basa su un’inchiesta tramite questionari somministrati ad un campione di studenti universitari delle Università di Bologna ed Helsinki. Questo studio ha avuto la finalità di approfondire, da un punto di vista delle rappresentazioni sociali, come la dinamica tra obbedienza e disobbedienza si intrecci agli atteggiamenti verso la democrazia e verso l’assunzione di responsabilità nei confronti della società. I risultati suggeriscono che obbedienza e disobbedienza siano in rapporto di complementarietà, e non di reciproca esclusione, integrandosi l’una con l’altra in maniera disgiunta (Lefkowitz, 2007): laddove l’obbedienza rappresenta un atteggiamento responsabile nei confronti della società e di tutte le sue parti costitutive, la disobbedienza è uno strumento di controllo e azione politica nei confronti dell’autorità. Inoltre a livello societale i risultati mostrano che laddove le disobbedienza costruttiva si diffonde in una società, successivamente aumenta il suo livello di democrazia o, perlomeno, non diminuisce. Ciò suggerisce che la diffusione di una disobbedienza che coinvolge anche gli aspetti costruttivi dell’obbedienza possa rappresentare un fattore protettivo nei confronti della democraticità delle istituzioni e delle libertà politiche e civili.

No description available.

The present dissertation focuses on the two basic dimensions of social judgment, i.e., warmth and competence. Previous research has shown that warmth and competence emerge as fundamental dimensions both at the interpersonal level and at the group level. Moreover, warmth judgments appear to be primary, reflecting the importance of first assessing others’ intentions before determining the other’s ability to carry out those intentions. Finally, it has been shown that warmth and competence judgments are predicted by perceived economic competition and status, respectively (for a review, see Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2008). Building on this evidence, the present work intends to further explore the role of warmth and competence in social judgment, adopting a finer-grained level of analysis. Specifically, we consider warmth to be a dimension of evaluation that encompasses two distinct characteristics (i.e., sociability and morality) rather than as an undifferentiated dimension (see Leach, Ellemers, & Barreto, 2007). In a similar vein, both economic competition and symbolic competition are taken into account (see Stephan, Ybarra, & Morrison, 2009). In order to highlight the relevance of our empirical research, the first chapter reviews the literature in social psychology that has studied the warmth and competence dimensions. In the second chapter, across two studies, we examine the role of realistic and symbolic threats (akin economic and symbolic competition, respectively) in predicting the perception of sociability and morality of social groups. In study 1, we measure perceived realistic threat, symbolic threat, sociability, and morality with respect to 8 social groups. In study 2, we manipulate the level and type of threat of a fictitious group and measure perceived sociability and morality. The findings show that realistic threat and symbolic threat are differentially related to the sociability and morality components of warmth. Specifically, whereas realistic threat seems to be a stronger predictor of sociability than symbolic threat, symbolic threat emerges as better predictor of morality than realistic threat. Thus, extending prior research, we show that the types of threat are linked to different warmth stereotypes. In the third and the fourth chapter, we examine whether the sociability and morality components of warmth play distinct roles at different stages of group impression formation. More specifically, the third chapter focuses on the information-gathering process. Two studies experimentally investigate which traits are mostly selected when forming impressions about either ingroup or outgroup members. The results clearly show that perceivers are more interested in obtaining information about morality than about sociability when asked to form a global impression about others. The fourth chapter considers more properly the formulation of an evaluative impression. Thus, in the first study participants rate real groups on sociability, morality, and competence. In the second study, participants read an immigration scenario depicting an unfamiliar social group in terms of high (vs. low) morality, sociability, and competence. In both studies, participants are also asked to report their global impression of the group. The results show that global evaluations are better predicted by morality than by sociability and competence trait ascriptions. Taken together the third and the fourth chapters show that the dominance of warmth suggested by previous studies on impression formation might be better explained in terms of a greater effect of one of the two subcomponents (i.e., morality) over the other (i.e., sociability). In the general discussion, we discuss the relevance of our findings for intergroup relation and group perception, as well as for impression formation.

No description available.

Nella presente analisi si è avuta l’eccezionale disponibilità di dati longitudinali su molti individui (6000studenti frequentanti le scuole superiori bolognesi). Per ottenere un modello che al meglio spiegasse e riproducesse l’andamento degli esiti scolastici (promozione alla classe successiva) tenendo conto del percorso scolastico nel tempo, si è scelto il modello a curva latente condizionato. La variabile risposta è combinazione lineare dell’esito di fine anno (Promosso/Non promosso); riassume, per ogni studente/anno scolastico, classe frequentata ed esito finale. Le variabili esplicative sono state selezionate tra le informazioni disponibili per gli individui. Vengono presentati alcuni dati aggregati, poi descritti i dati individuali che entreranno nel modello, evidenziando la composizione degli studenti. La prima fase è la stima del modello logistico, con specificazione delle criticità, che hanno indotto alla scelta successiva del modello dipendente dal tempo. Dopo la descrizione della metodologia principale utilizzata, la teoria del conditionalLCM, e la selezione degli indicatori di fitting, viene delineata la procedura di stima, e raggiunto il modello ottimale. Le variabili significative per spiegare l’andamento delle promozioni individuali nel tempo risultano: cittadinanza (italiani con risultati significativamente migliori degli stranieri), sesso (ragazze con percorso scolastico mediamente migliore dei ragazzi: la differenza risulta però significativa soltanto negli istituti tecnici e professionali), tipologia di scuola frequentata (studenti del liceo con risultati significativamente migliori di chi frequenta altri tipi di istituto). I risultati risultano fortemente dipendenti dai dati impiegati, specie riguardo al limite territoriale. Precedenti analisi evidenziavano una forte differenziazione dei risultati scolastici tra studenti del nord e del sud Italia, oltre che tra studenti dei comuni maggiormente popolati e studenti dei comuni di provincia. Sarebbe interessante disporre di dati individuali analoghi a quelli qui utilizzati, ma riferiti all’intero territorio nazionale, oppure ad un zona maggiormente vasta dell’Italia, onde saggiare l’entità dell’influenza sul percorso scolastico,ed in particolare sulla regolarità, della differenza territoriale.

In many communities, supplying water for the people is a huge task and the fact that this essential service can be carried out by the private sector respecting the right to water, is a debated issue. This dissertation investigates the mechanisms through which a 'perceived rights violation' - which represents a specific form of perceived injustice which derives from the violation of absolute moral principles – can promote collective action. Indeed, literature on morality and collective action suggests that even if many people apparently sustain high moral principles (like human rights), only a minority decides to act in order to defend them. Taking advantage of the political situation in Italy, and the recent mobilization for "public water" we hypothesized that, because of its "sacred value", the perceived violation of the right to water facilitates identification with the social movement and activism. Through five studies adopting qualitative and quantitative methods, we confirmed our hypotheses demonstrating that the perceived violation of the right to water can sustain activism and it can influence vote intentions at the referendum for 'public water'. This path to collective action coexists with other 'classical' predictors of collective action, like instrumental factors (personal advantages, efficacy beliefs) and anger. The perceived rights violation can derive both from personal values (i.e. universalism) and external factors (i.e. a mobilization campaign). Furthermore, we demonstrated that it is possible to enhance the perceived violation of the right to water and anger through a specifically designed communication campaign. The final chapter summarizes the main findings and discusses the results, suggesting some innovative line of research for collective action literature.

This dissertation examines social cognitive processes that promote perceived inclusion of outgroup members in the human group. We first review the literature on social categorization, highlighting the role of multiple and complex categorisations, as social cognitive processes reducing intergroup prejudice. Then, we review research on dehumanisation, addressing antecedents and consequences of this tendency to exclude the “others” from the human group, assessing that research is needed to address the construens role of categorisation in including outgroups in the human group. The first line of research pursued in this contribution investigates the effectiveness of multiple categorisation as a human-enhancing mechanism towards outgroups at stake. Study 1 shows that perceiving members of a rival University along multiple categorical dimensions enhances the tendency to attribute them human traits. Study 2, involving a highly threatening outgroup, that is, immigrants, goes further beyond previous findings showing that multiple categorisation increases not only attribution of human traits to the target, but also supports for policies in defense of outgroup members’ health. Furthermore, de-categorisation as well as perceived threat from immigrants explains the relationship between categorisation and their inclusion in the human group. The second line of research extends the issue of social inclusion of outgroups, through attribution of humanness, by investigating counter-stereotypical (vs. stereotypical) expectations of others. Across three studies we provide evidence that counter-stereotypical vs. stereotypical category combinations elicits more positive and less stereotypical judgments towards different outgroups and more interestingly, the attribution of higher humanness to unrelated outgroups. Furthermore, the extension of humanising outcomes to different discriminated outgroups is explained by an increase of cognitive flexibility, such as the inhibition of reliance on heuristic thoughts. In the general discussion, we highlight the relevance of our findings in the contexts of impression formation, groups perception and intergroup relationships.

The aim of this thesis is to apply multilevel regression model in context of household surveys. Hierarchical structure in this type of data is characterized by many small groups. In last years comparative and multilevel analysis in the field of perceived health have grown in size. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a multilevel analysis with three level of hierarchy for Physical Component Summary outcome to: evaluate magnitude of within and between variance at each level (individual, household and municipality); explore which covariates affect on perceived physical health at each level; compare model-based and design-based approach in order to establish informativeness of sampling design; estimate a quantile regression for hierarchical data. The target population are the Italian residents aged 18 years and older. Our study shows a high degree of homogeneity within level 1 units belonging from the same group, with an intraclass correlation of 27% in a level-2 null model. Almost all variance is explained by level 1 covariates. In fact, in our model the explanatory variables having more impact on the outcome are disability, unable to work, age and chronic diseases (18 pathologies). An additional analysis are performed by using novel procedure of analysis :"Linear Quantile Mixed Model", named "Multilevel Linear Quantile Regression", estimate. This give us the possibility to describe more generally the conditional distribution of the response through the estimation of its quantiles, while accounting for the dependence among the observations. This has represented a great advantage of our models with respect to classic multilevel regression. The median regression with random effects reveals to be more efficient than the mean regression in representation of the outcome central tendency. A more detailed analysis of the conditional distribution of the response on other quantiles highlighted a differential effect of some covariate along the distribution. / Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di applicare il modello di regressione multilivello nel contesto di indagini sulle famiglie. La struttura gerarchica in questo tipo di dati è caratterizzato da numerosi piccoli gruppi. Negli ultimi anni analisi comparative e multilivello sullo stato di salute percepito sono aumentate molto. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di applicare un'analisi multilivello a tre livelli per la variabile risposta Physical Component Summary allo scopo di: valutare entità all'interno e tra varianza ad ogni livello (individuale, familiare e comune); indagare quali covariate influiscono sulla percezione dello stato di salute fisica ogni livello; confrontare le analisi model-based e di design-based al fine di stabilire se i pesi campionari siano informativiti per il modello di interesse; stimare una regressione quantile per i dati gerarchici. La popolazione target sono i residenti italiani di età compresa tra 18 anni. Il nostro studio rileva un’elevata omogeneità tra le unità di livello 1 e una correlazione intraclasse del 27% nel modello nullo a 2livelli. Quasi tutta la varianza è spiegata dalle covariate di livello. Nel nostro modello le variabili esplicative hanno un impatto maggiore sulla variabile risposta sono la disabilità, inabilità al lavoro, l’età e le malattie croniche (18 patologie). Un'ulteriore analisi viene eseguita utilizzando una nuova procedura di analisi: "Regressione lineare quantile multilivello”. Questa analisi ci dà la possibilità di descrivere più in generale la distribuzione condizionata della variabile risposta attraverso la stima dei suoi quantili. Questo ha portato un grande vantaggio nei nostri modelli rispetto al classico modello di regressione multilivello. La regressione mediana con effetti casuali si rivela più efficiente del regressione media nella rappresentazione della tendenza centrale. Un'analisi più dettagliata della distribuzione condizionata della variabile risposta in corrispondenza di altri quantili ha evidenziato che certe covariate hanno un effetto diverso lungo la distribuzione.

Se realizaron tres estudios cualitativos que tuvieron como propósito conocer las representaciones que ha construido la población general, los pacientes oncológicos y los profesionales de la salud, sobre el cáncer, la quimioterapia y el trasplante de médula ósea y realizar un análisis sobre las semejanzas y diferencias entre ellos. Se realizó en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) con 55 personas: 20 pacientes con cáncer en proceso de trasplante de médula ósea, 20 personas no diagnosticadas con cáncer y 15 personas que trabajan en la atención de pacientes con cáncer. Se realizó una entrevista en profundidad con todos los participantes y asociaciones libres, clásicas y por sustitución sobre las palabras “cáncer”, “quimioterapia” y “trasplante de médula”. Los datos conseguidos se analizaron a la luz de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS). El análisis de la información siguió la técnica de análisis cualitativo de contenido para encontrar significados simbólicos y construir, denominar y definir categorías. Para los tres grupos el cáncer es una enfermedad terrible, que puede llevar a la muerte. El personal de salud y la población general creen que la enfermedad genera terror, angustia y miedo. Los pacientes tienen conciencia de la gravedad y del temor consecuente por una enfermedad que lo cambia todo, produce sufrimiento, dolor, obliga a depender de alguien y puede conducir a la muerte. El personal de salud considera que los pacientes lo pueden vivir como un castigo y la población general que puede ser la consecuencia de estilos de vida poco saludables. Para todos, la quimioterapia es un tratamiento para la enfermedad, que por un lado presenta efectos colaterales difíciles y visibles y que producen sentimientos negativos de temor y de angustia y al mismo tiempo constituye una opción y posibilidad de curación. El Trasplante de Médula Ósea representa para todos una oportunidad. / The present study consists of three qualitative studies whose purpose was to know the representations constructed by the general population, by oncological patients and health professionals, regarding cancer, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant. This study also carried out an analysis of similarities and differences between them. It was done in Bogotá (Colombia) with 55 people: 20 patients with cancer in process for bone marrow transplant, 20 people without cancer diagnosis and 15 people who work with patients with cancer. An in-depth interview was performed with each of the participants, as well as free, classical and by substitution associations of the words “cancer”, “chemotherapy” and “bone marrow transplant”. The data obtained was analyzed in light of the Theory of Social Representations (TSR). The analysis of the information followed the research technique of qualitative analysis of content in order to find symbolic significances and to construct, to denominate and to define categories. For the three groups, cancer is a terrible disease that could lead to death. Health personnel and the general population believe that the disease creates terror, anxiety and fear. Patients are aware of the seriousness and the consequent fear triggered by a disease that changes everything, produces suffering, pain, obliges them to depend of someone else and that could lead to death. Health professionals consider that patients can live cancer as a punishment and the general population believes that it can be the consequence of unhealthy life habits. For all, chemotherapy is a treatment for the disease that, one the one hand, produces difficult and visible collateral effects and creates negative feelings of fear and anxiety and, on the other hand, constitutes an option and a possibility for healing. The bone marrow transplant represents, for all of them, an opportunity to live.