The electrical heterogeneity of the heart has been recognized as an important feature of normal cardiac function. In cardiac myocytes, considerable electrophysiological differences in sodium channel currents have been reported between the atria and the ventricle. Although, these differences have been primarily attributed to heterogeneous populations of Na+ channel isoforms within cardiac tissue, the link between these electrophysiological differences and certain cardiac pathologies has been loosely studied. We sought to further elucidate the electrophysiological differences between the atria and the ventricle by characterizing INa in both cell types. For these studies we had initially predicted the atria to contain a greater density of TTX-sensitive Na+ channel isoforms compared to that of the ventricle. We used two well-known Na+ channel blockers: lidocaine (100 μM, 30 μM, 10 μM) and tetrodotoxin (TTX; 10 nM, 30 nM). In addition, we also applied hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 100 μM, 30 μM, 10 μM) to atrial myocytes, which served as our pathological model for reactive oxygen species (ROS). When we applied lidocaine to cardiac myocytes, we observed an overall mixed response in both cell types. Specifically, we noted the most significant differences (p < 0.05) in peak INa, shifts in steady-state inactivation, and impaired recovery from fast inactivation in the presence of 100 μM lidocaine. Given the non-uniform responses to lidocaine, our results support the theory that tissue specific populations of Na+ channel isoforms exist within cardiac myocytes. In order to further elucidate the electrophysiological differences between the ventricle and the atria, we applied TTX, which is selective for TTX-sensitive Na+ currents. Our results indicated no overall significant differences between the ventricle and the atria, suggesting that the population of TTX-sensitive Na+ channel isoforms within the atria specifically, may not be pharmacologically detectable. Finally, our results also demonstrated that the atria are sensitive to ROS, where H2O2 significantly prolonged the action potential duration (APD) in atrial myocytes. Our results also suggest that, in addition to INa, other ion channels may be mediating a component of the H2O2-induced prolongation of the APD in adult rat atrial myocytes. / Thesis (Master, Physiology) -- Queen's University, 2010-08-27 10:04:19.043

Os efeitos inibitórios do eugenol (EUG) em canais para Na+ ativados por voltagem (NaV) mostrados anteriormente não são totalmente compatíveis com nossos resultados. Nós estudamos os efeitos do EUG em correntes macroscópicas de Na+ e os comparamos aos da lidocaína, um anestésico local, para referência. O EUG bloqueou, rápida e reversivelmente, correntes de Na+ mistas (TTX-S+TTX-R) assim como as correntes de Na+ TTX-R. As IC50 para a inibição das correntes mistas e TTX-R pelo EUG foram de 2,28 e 2,27 mmol/L, respectivamente. O bloqueio depende da freqüência de despolarizações. Nas correntes mistas, o EUG desloca a curva de ativação para a direita, a de inativação para a esquerda, não altera a cinética de inativação e retarda a recuperação da inativação, rápida e lenta, dos canais. Nas correntes TTX-R, o efeito é semelhante, exceto na curva de ativação, que não é deslocada. Nós concluímos que o EUG bloqueia os NaV por se ligar a estados conformacionais de repouso e inativados, rápido e lento. Os efeitos são semelhantes, mas não idênticos aos da lidocaína. / The previously described inhibitory effects of eugenol (EUG) on voltage-activated Na+ channels (Nav) are not compatible with our results. We have studied the effects of EUG on macroscopic Na+ currents and compared them to the effects of lidocaine, a local anesthetic. EUG blocked both mixed (TTX-S and TTX-R) and TTX-R Na+ currents in a fast and reversible manner. The values of IC50 for the inhibition of mixed and TTX-R currents were 2.28 and 2.27 mmol/L respectively. The blockade depends on frequency of depolarizing pulses. In mixed currents EUG displaced the activation curve to the right, the inactivation curve to the left, does not alter the inactivation kinetics and retards the recovery from inactivation, fast and slow, of the Na+ channels. In TTX-R currents, EUG effects were similar, except on the activation curve, which was not shifted. In conclusion, EUG blocks Nav by binding to the resting and inactivated conformational states of channels, fast and slow. EUG effects resembles lidocaine ones, but are not identical.

Os efeitos inibitórios do eugenol (EUG) em canais para Na+ ativados por voltagem (NaV) mostrados anteriormente não são totalmente compatíveis com nossos resultados. Nós estudamos os efeitos do EUG em correntes macroscópicas de Na+ e os comparamos aos da lidocaína, um anestésico local, para referência. O EUG bloqueou, rápida e reversivelmente, correntes de Na+ mistas (TTX-S+TTX-R) assim como as correntes de Na+ TTX-R. As IC50 para a inibição das correntes mistas e TTX-R pelo EUG foram de 2,28 e 2,27 mmol/L, respectivamente. O bloqueio depende da freqüência de despolarizações. Nas correntes mistas, o EUG desloca a curva de ativação para a direita, a de inativação para a esquerda, não altera a cinética de inativação e retarda a recuperação da inativação, rápida e lenta, dos canais. Nas correntes TTX-R, o efeito é semelhante, exceto na curva de ativação, que não é deslocada. Nós concluímos que o EUG bloqueia os NaV por se ligar a estados conformacionais de repouso e inativados, rápido e lento. Os efeitos são semelhantes, mas não idênticos aos da lidocaína. / The previously described inhibitory effects of eugenol (EUG) on voltage-activated Na+ channels (Nav) are not compatible with our results. We have studied the effects of EUG on macroscopic Na+ currents and compared them to the effects of lidocaine, a local anesthetic. EUG blocked both mixed (TTX-S and TTX-R) and TTX-R Na+ currents in a fast and reversible manner. The values of IC50 for the inhibition of mixed and TTX-R currents were 2.28 and 2.27 mmol/L respectively. The blockade depends on frequency of depolarizing pulses. In mixed currents EUG displaced the activation curve to the right, the inactivation curve to the left, does not alter the inactivation kinetics and retards the recovery from inactivation, fast and slow, of the Na+ channels. In TTX-R currents, EUG effects were similar, except on the activation curve, which was not shifted. In conclusion, EUG blocks Nav by binding to the resting and inactivated conformational states of channels, fast and slow. EUG effects resembles lidocaine ones, but are not identical.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Increased electrical activity in peripheral sensory neurons contributes to pain. A unique type of sodium current, fast resurgent current, is proposed to increase nerve activity and has been associated with pain pathologies. While sodium channel isoform Nav1.6 has been identified as the main carrier of fast resurgent currents, our understanding of how resurgent currents are modulated in sensory neurons is fairly limited. Thus the goal of this dissertation was to identify resurgent current modulators. In particular, we focused on sodium channel beta subunits (Navβs) and fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We hypothesized that Navβ4 and FHF2B act as positive regulators by mediating resurgent currents and modulating Nav1.6 inactivation, respectively. In contrast, we hypothesized FHF2A negatively regulates resurgent current by increasing the probability of channels in inactivated states. Thus, the aims of this dissertation were to 1) determine if Navβ4 regulates fast resurgent currents in DRG neurons, 2) examine the effects of Navβ4 knockdown on resurgent currents, firing frequency and pain associated behavior in an inflammatory pain model and 3) determine if FHF2A and FHF2B functionally regulate Nav1.6 currents, including resurgent currents in DRG neurons. To examine the aims, we used biochemical, electrophysiological and behavioral assays. Our results suggest that Navβ4 is a positive regulator of resurgent currents: in particular, the C-terminus likely mediates these currents. Localized knockdown of Navβ4 decreased inflammation-induced enhancement of resurgent currents and neuronal excitability, and prevented the development of persistent pain associated behavior in an inflammatory pain model. FHF2B increased resurgent currents and delayed inactivation. In contrast, FHF2A limited resurgent currents; an effect that is mainly contributed by FHF2A's N-terminus activity that increased accumulation of channels in inactivated states. Interestingly, in an inflammatory pain model FHF2B was upregulated and FHFA isoforms were downregulated. Together these results suggest that FHF2A/B modulation might contribute to enhanced resurgent currents and increased neuronal excitability observed in the inflammatory pain model. Overall, our work has identified three resurgent current modulators FHF2A, FHF2B and Navβ4. Manipulation of these proteins or their activity might result in novel strategies for the study and treatment of pain.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / ABSTRACT Yue Wang Neurofibromin, nerve growth factor and Ras: their roles in controlling the excitability of mouse sensory neurons Neurofibromin, the product of the Nf1 gene, is a guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP) for p21ras (Ras) that accelerates the conversion of active Ras-GTP to inactive Ras-GDP. It is likely that sensory neurons with reduced levels of neurofibromin have augmented Ras-GTP activity. In a mouse model with a heterozygous mutation of the Nf1 gene (Nf1+/-), the patch-clamp recording technique is used to investigate the role of neurofibromin in controlling the state of neuronal excitability. Sensory neurons isolated from adult Nf1+/- mice generate more APs in response to a ramp of depolarizing current compared to Nf1+/+ mice. In order to elucidate whether the activation of Ras underlies this augmented excitability, sensory neurons are exposed to nerve growth factor (NGF) that activates Ras. In Nf1+/+ neurons, exposure to NGF increases the production of APs. To examine whether activation of Ras contributes to the NGF-induced sensitization in Nf1+/+ neurons, an antibody that neutralizes Ras activity is internally perfused into neurons. The NGF-mediated augmentation of excitability is suppressed by the Ras-blocking antibody in Nf1+/+ neurons, suggesting the NGF-induced sensitization in Nf1+/+ neurons depends on the activation of Ras. Surprisingly, the excitability of Nf1+/- neurons is not altered by the blocking antibody, suggesting that this enhanced excitability may depend on previous activation of downstream effectors of Ras. To determine the mechanism giving rise to augmented excitability of Nf1+/- neurons, isolated membrane currents are examined. Consistent with the enhanced excitability of Nf1+/- neurons, the peak current density of tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) and TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) sodium currents (INa) are significantly larger than in Nf1+/+ neurons. Although the voltage for half-maximal activation (V0.5) is not different, there is a significant depolarizing shift in the V0.5 for steady-state inactivation of INa in Nf1+/- neurons. In summary, these results demonstrate that the enhanced production of APs in Nf1+/- neurons results from a larger current amplitude and a depolarized voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation of INa that leads to more sodium channels being available for the subsequent firing of APs. My investigation supports the idea that regulation of channels by the Ras cascade is an important determinant of neuronal excitability. Grant D. Nicol, Ph.D, Chair