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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Modélisation numérique du comportement des ouvrages souterrains par une approche viscoplastique / Numerical modeling of underground openings behavior with a viscoplastic approach

Kleine, Alexandra 14 November 2007 (has links)
La nature est complexe et c’est en toute modestie que les ingénieurs doivent chercher à prédire le comportement des ouvrages dans le sous-sol. La réalisation de projets industriels dans le domaine souterrain, à forts enjeux économiques et sociaux (traversées alpines, stockage de déchets nucléaires), nécessite d’évoluer vers une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes comportementaux des ouvrages à concevoir. Cette amélioration passe par une meilleure représentativité physique des mécanismes macroscopiques et par la mise à disposition d’outils de prédiction adaptés aux attentes et aux besoins des ingénieurs. Les outils de calculs développés dans ce travail s’inscrivent dans cette volonté de rapprocher les attentes de l’industrie et les connaissances liées à la rhéologie des géomatériaux. Ces développements ont ainsi débouché sur la proposition d’un modèle de comportement mécanique, adapté aux roches peu fissurées et assimilables à des milieux continus, intégrant, en particulier, l’effet du temps. Fil conducteur de cette étude, la problématique du sujet de thèse concerne précisément la prise en compte du comportement différé des massifs rocheux dans les modélisations et ses conséquences sur les ouvrages souterrains.Fondé sur des concepts physiques de référence, définis à différentes échelles (macro/méso/micro), le modèle rhéologique développé est transcrit dans un formalisme mathématique dans le but d’être mis en oeuvre numériquement.Les applications numériques proposées s’inscrivent principalement dans le contexte du stockage des déchets radioactifs. Elles concernent deux configurations d’ouvrages rigoureusement différentes : l’excavation du laboratoire souterrain canadien de l’AECL, dans le granite du Lac du Bonnet et le creusement de la galerie GMR du laboratoire de Bure (Meuse/Haute-Marne) dans l’argilite de l’Est. Dans les deux cas, l’utilisation du modèle a permis de mettre en évidence l’apport de la prise en compte du comportement différé sur la représentativité des prédictions numériques du comportement à court, moyen et long termes des ouvrages souterrains / Nature is complex and must be approached in total modesty by engineers seeking to predict the behavior of underground openings. The engineering of industrial projects in underground situations, with high economic and social stakes (Alpine mountain crossings, nuclear waste repository), mean striving to gain better understanding of the behavioral mechanisms of the openings to be designed. This improvement necessarily involves better physical representativeness of macroscopic mechanisms and the provision of prediction tools suited to the expectations and needs of the engineers. The calculation tools developed in this work is in step with this concern for satisfying industrial needs and developing knowledges related to the rheology of geomaterials. These developments led to the proposing of a mechanical constitutive model, suited to lightly fissured rocks, comparable to continuous media, while integrating more particularly the effect of time.Thread of this study, the problematics ensued from the subject of the thesis is precisely about the rock mass delayed behavior in numerical modeling and its consequences on underground openings design.Based on physical concepts of reference, defined in several scales (macro/meso/micro), the developed constitutive model is translated in a mathematical formalism in order to be numerically implemented.Numerical applications presented as illustrations fall mainly within the framework of nuclear waste repository problems. They concern two very different configurations of underground openings: the AECL’s underground canadian laboratory, excavated in the Lac du Bonnet granite, and the GMR gallery of Bure’s laboratory (Meuse/Haute-Marne), dug in argillaceous rock.In this two cases, this constitutive model use highlights the gains to be obtained from allowing for delayed behavior regarding the accuracy of numerical tunnel behavior predictions in the short, medium and long terms
112

CHARACTERISATION OF THE TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF UHPFRC BY MEANS OF FOUR-POINT BENDING TESTS

López Martínez, Juan Ángel 18 April 2017 (has links)
Combining the most recent technologies in concrete, Ultra-High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) arises as a promising material for the near future. UHPFRC have shown how flexible concrete can be to adapt to the ever-changing social and environmental demands. With its high flexibility composition and its mechanical properties, UHPFRC is full of both unexplored and unexploited possibilities. Engineers should take responsibility for this task. However, it is fair to acknowledge that this is not an easy task and it requires the development of reliable and widely accepted design standards provided by the scientific community. A major concern about durability, long-lasting structures and reduction of maintenance cost, as well as the development of new concrete technologies, improved knowledge of fibre effect and a huge growth in the fibre industry accompanied by fibre price reduction have led, among other factors, to the development of new types of concrete whose mechanical behaviour substantially differs from conventional fibre-reinforced concrete. This is why current characterisation methodologies and design standards must be reviewed and adjusted to these newer materials. However, design standard revision cannot disregard former milestones achieved thanks to decades of hard work. It must offer an integrated view in which new types of concrete comprise existing ones in a broader group, because at the end of the day and despite having newer and improved properties, new types of concrete are still concrete. That is how it should be understood and how it must be reflected in newer codes and standards. The work presented herein is focused on one of these recently developed materials that embraces major advanced technologies in concrete: Ultra-High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). This work is specifically focused on those crucial requirements for the development and widespread use of it, such as constitutive tensile characterisation and classification. This work includes a deep revision of the uniaxial tensile behaviour of concrete and its development as fibre technology has evolved. In addition, traditional characterisation standard methods as well as those recently developed for its specific use on UHPFRC are reviewed and called into question. Throughout the document, the development of different methodologies to determine the uniaxial constitutive tensile behaviour of UHPFRC from bending tests are shown, together with a simplified characterisation proposal specially developed for being included in a standard. All developed methodologies presented herein are checked and validated. These methods are specifically designed for their application on experimental results obtained from a special type of four-point bending test, whose standardisation proposal for UHPFRC is also shown. Finally, a classification proposal is presented as a function of more relevant UHPFRC tensile parameters necessary for design that can be directly obtained from the standard characterisation test method suggested. Proposed classification encompasses the existing classification for conventional reinforced and fibre-reinforced concrete. In it, both plain concrete and fibre-reinforced concrete are presented as a particular case of a more general tensile constitutive response for concrete. Standard methodology and classification proposed are in accordance with the evolution of concrete and unify historic milestones achieved by the international research community. / El Hormigón de Muy Alto Rendimiento (HMAR) combina los últimos avances tecnológicos en hormigón y se erige como un material prometedor para el futuro. El HMAR ha demostrado su gran capacidad para adaptarse a las cada vez más exigentes demandas sociales y medioambientales. Con un gran abanico de posibilidades en su dosificación para conseguir las propiedades mecánicas deseadas, el HMAR es un material lleno de posibilidades aún sin explorar y sin explotar. Los ingenieros tienen la responsabilidad de esta tarea. Sin embargo, es justo reconocer que no se trata de una tarea fácil y que requiere de un desarrollo previo de códigos de diseño adecuados y ampliamente aceptados por parte de la comunidad científica. La aparición de nuevas tecnologías, el mayor conocimiento sobre la aportación de las fibras así como su industrialización y bajada de precios, las mayores preocupaciones sobre la durabilidad estructural, incremento de la vida útil o la reducción de los costes de mantenimiento, entre otros factores, han derivado en el desarrollo de nuevas tipologías de hormigones cuyo comportamiento mecánico difiere de manera sustancial de los tradicionales hormigones con fibras. Es por ello que tanto la readaptación de las metodologías de caracterización como las metodologías de diseño deben ser reformuladas. Y esto debe hacerse de manera no disruptiva, es decir, manteniendo la línea de los hitos alcanzados en los hormigones con fibras convencionales de manera que queden integrados en metodologías de caracterización y de diseño que los engloben, porque al fin y al cabo, y aunque con nuevas y mejores propiedades mecánicas, los nuevos hormigones siguen siendo hormigones. Así debe ser entendido y así debe quedar reflejado en las nuevas normativas. El presente trabajo se centra en uno de esos nuevos materiales desarrollados con el avance de las nuevas tecnologías como es el HMAR. En especial, este documento se centra en ese aspecto tan fundamental para el desarrollo de nuevos hormigones como es la caracterización mecánica y la tipificación. Este trabajo incluye una revisión del comportamiento mecánico uniaxial a tracción del hormigón y de su evolución con la aparición de las diferentes tecnologías. Además, se revisan y se ponen en cuestión los sistemas tradicionales de caracterización, así como los nuevos sistemas desarrollados en los últimos años para su empleo específico en el HMAR. A lo largo del documento se desarrollan diferentes metodologías para la obtención del comportamiento constitutivo a tracción del HMAR, así como la propuesta de una metdología simplificada de caracterización especialmente diseñada para ser incluida en una norma, todas ellas debidamente validadas. Estas metodologías son de aplicación específica a los resultados experimentales obtenidos mediante un ensayo a cuatro puntos sin entalla, cuya propuesta de estandarización para el HMAR ha sido también desarrollada. Finalmente, se presenta una propuesta de tipificación de acuerdo a los parámetros más relevantes del comportamiento a tracción del HMAR que son necesarios para el diseño y que pueden ser directamente obtenidos del ensayo de caracterización propuesto. Esta clasificación engloba a la clasificación existente para el hormigón armado convencional y los actuales hormigones con fibras, de manera que se presenta la actual definición de hormigón con fibras como un caso particular de estos nuevos hormigones, respetando al máximo la evolución de este material y aunando los logros conseguidos por la comunidad científica. / Dins de les combinacions de les tecnologies més recents en el formigó, el formigó de molt alt rendiment (UHPFRC) sorgeix com un material prometedor per al futur pròxim. L'UHPFRC ha demostrat poder ser un formigó flexible per adaptar-se a les sempre canviants demandes socials i mediambientals. Amb una gran flexibilitat en la seua composició i les seues propietats mecàniques, l`UHPFRC està ple de possibilitats de ser explorades i explotades. Els enginyers han de prendre la responsabilitat d'aquesta tasca. No obstant això, és just reconèixer que això no serà fàcil i requerirà el desenvolupament de normes de disseny fiables i àmpliament acceptades per la comunitat científica. Hi ha una gran preocupació al voltant de la durabilitat, la vida útil de les estructures i la reducció del cost de manteniment, juntament amb el desenvolupament de noves tecnologies de formigó, un millor coneixement de l'efecte de la fibra i un enorme creixement en la indústria de la fibra acompanyat per la reducció del preu de la fibra, han conduït, entre altres factors, al desenvolupament de nous tipus de formigons, el comportament mecànic dels quals es diferencia substancialment dels formigons reforçats amb fibres convencionals. És per això que les metodologies de caracterització actuals i les normes de disseny han de ser revisades i ajustades a aquests nous materials. No obstant això, la revisió del codis de disseny no pot prescindir de les antigues fites aconseguides gràcies a dècades de treball dur. S'ha d'oferir una visió integrada en la qual els nous tipus de formigons integren els ja existents en un grup més ampli, ja que, al cap i la fi i malgrat tenir propietats noves i millorades, els nous tipus de formigons són encara un tipus de formigó. Així es com s'hauria d'entendre i reflectir-se en els nous codis i normes. El treball presentat en aquest document es centra en un d'aquests materials que s'han desenvolupat recentment i que abasta les principals tecnologies avançades en el formigó: el Formigó de Molt Alt Rendiment Reforçat amb Fibres (UHPFRC). Aquest treball se centra específicament en els requisits fonamentals per al desenvolupament i l'ús generalitzat d'aquest, com ara la caracterització i classificació del comportament constitutiu a tracció. Aquest treball inclou una revisió profunda del comportament a tracció uniaxial del formigó i els seus canvis al temps que la tecnologia de les fibres ha evolucionat. A més, els mètodes tradicionals estàndard de caracterització, així com els recentment desenvolupats per al seu ús específic en l'UHPFRC són revisats i qüestionats. Al llarg del document, es mostra el desenvolupament de diferents metodologies per a determinar el comportament constitutiu a tracció uniaxial de l'UHPFRC, juntament amb una proposta de caracterització simplificada especialment desenvolupada per poder ser inclosa en normativa. Totes les metodologies desenvolupades presentades en aquest document han estat comprovades i validades. Aquests mètodes estan dissenyats específicament per a la seva aplicació en els resultats experimentals obtinguts a partir d'un tipus especial d'assaig de flexió a quatre punts, a més també s'inclou una proposta d'estandardització per a l'UHPFRC. Finalment, es presenta una proposta de classificació en funció dels paràmetres més rellevants del comportament a tracció de l'UHPFRC que són necessaris per al disseny i que es poden obtindre directament del mètode d'assaig estàndard suggerit per a la caracterització de l'UHPFRC. La classificació proposada té amb compte la classificació existent per al formigó armat convencional i el reforçat amb fibres. En ella, tant el formigó en massa com el formigó reforçat amb fibres es presenten com un cas particular d'una resposta constitutiva a tracció més general per al formigó. La metodologia estàndard i la classificació proposada estan d'acord amb l'evolució de formigó i unifica l / López Martínez, JÁ. (2017). CHARACTERISATION OF THE TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF UHPFRC BY MEANS OF FOUR-POINT BENDING TESTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79740 / TESIS
113

Charakterizace vyfukovaných fólií z měkčeného polylaktidu / Characterization of blowing films from softened polylactide

Kubíček, Václav January 2020 (has links)
The master's thesis focuses on preparation of blown films from polylactid acid (PLA) which was blended with selected polyesteres – poly(butylene adipate-co-terephtalate) (PBAT), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) – and thermoplastic starch (TPS) in amount of 30% in order to soften PLA films. The influence of the aditives on static and mechanical tensile properties, on structure, morphology and thermal properties of the films was determined and the obtained parameters were compared to properties of films prepared from neat PLA and high density polyethylene (HDPE). The results showed that the additives increased crystalinity of PLA and thus significantly influenced the properties of the films. In contrast to the film from neat PLA, softening in terms of lowering glass transition temperature occured only by adding PBS and TPS, in terms of increasing ductility only by adding PBAT. All PLA films showed nearly constant elastic modulus up to the beginning of glass transition enabling their potential application till 50 °C. Preparation of the film with TPS was problematic and the film showed the worst mechanical properties. Preparation of other films was without any problems. The most promising additive from the tested ones was PBAT which showed comparable mechanical properties as the film from HDPE.
114

Návrhy asfaltových směsí s využitím vyššího obsahu R-materiálu / Design of asphalt mixtures with the use of higher amount of RAP

Pavličík, Petr January 2013 (has links)
In the introduction of the Master’s thesis describes for obtaining and processing of reclaimed asphlalt. Major point of the thesis is design of asphalt mixtures with use of higher amount of RAP for asphalt binder course. Asphalt mixtures were designed with contents of 0%, 30%, 50% and 70% of RAP. On each asphalt mixtures were compared parameters set out by functional tests – resistence to permanent deformation and resistence to water.
115

Reologické vlastnosti asfaltových pojiv / Rheological properties of binders

Hotař, Petr January 2014 (has links)
The comparison of rheological properties (complex shear modulus and phase angle and dynamic viscosity) of four paving bitumens and two polymer modified bitumens is performed in this diploma thesis. Furthermore, the empirical tests (needle penetration and softening point) were determined on these binders. Effect of asphalt binders aging was modeled using RTFOT test and modified RTFOT test (3 x RTFOT).
116

Problematika stárnutí asfaltových pojiv a směsí / Ageing of asphalt binders and mixtures

Štěpanovský, Vlastimil January 2015 (has links)
Diploma thesis is particularly focused on ageing of asphalt mixtures and asphalt binders. In the theoretical part an array of methods simulating short term and long term ageing consequently is introduced. The main objective of the practical part was to carry out the long-term ageing test method BSA (Braunschweiger Alterung). Thereafter, specimens testing for stiffness properties according to CSN EN 12697-26 were made. After conducting the measurement on those, asphalt binder was extracted and processed to follow-up testing. The testing consisted of a range of methods – Penetration CSN EN 1426, Ring and Ball test CSN EN 1427, Determination of the Frass breaking point CSN EN 12593, Determination of complex shear modulus CSN EN 14770 and Dynamic viscosity using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The given results were assessed in the last part in order to evaluate the rate of the binder degradation caused by the method BSA.
117

Relaxace smykového napětí asfaltových pojiv v DSR / Shear stress relaxation of bituminous binders in DSR

Musil, Vladimír January 2015 (has links)
The thesis describes the relaxation properties of bituminous binders determined in dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Paving bitumen, polymer modified bitumen (PMB) and crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRmB) were chosen for comparison. In order to describe the effects of ageing on asphalt binders relaxation properties, the laboratory simulation of ageing using RTFOT and 3xRTFOT method was performed. For each binder were simultaneously conducted tests of needle penetration, softening point and elastic recovery. Selected bitumens were used for the production of asphalt mixtures. The low-temperature properties tests (TSRST) were performed for these mixtures, when the results were compared to the relaxation properties of binders determined in the DSR.
118

Stanovení zkrácených cyklických deformačních křivek superslitiny Inconel 738LC při zvýšených teplotách / Determination of Shortcut Cyclic Stress-strain Curves of Superalloy Inconel 738LC at Elevated Temperatures

Šmíd, Miroslav January 2008 (has links)
Multiple step tests under cyclic strain control have been performed using cylindrical specimens of cast polycrystalline Inconel 738LC superalloy at 23, 700, 500, 800 and 900 °C in laboratory atmosphere to obtain cyclic stress-strain curves. During cyclic straining of specimen were obtained cyclic hardening-softening curves. Their progress changed with temperature and strain amplitude. Evaluated cyclic stress-strain curves are shifted to lower stresses with increasing temperature. Surface relief was observed in fatigued specimens under SEM and metalography under optic microscopy. Slip markings were studied on specimen surface fatigued at 700 °C .Stress-strain response is compared and discussed in relation to the surface observations - persistent slip markings.
119

Stárnutí asfaltových pojiv / Ageing of asphalt binders

Střasáková, Monika January 2016 (has links)
The theoretical part of this thesis describes the rheology of bituminous binders, aging of asphalt binders and laboratory methods simulating short and long term aging. The following describes an empirical tests (needle penetration, softening point ring ball method) and functional tests (complex shear modulus and phase angle, dynamic viscosity), which are performed in the dynamic shear rheometer. At the end of this section, laboratory aging of bituminous binders using method RTFOT and method RTFOT + PAV is described in more detail. In the practical part of this thesis, the results of all tests performed on the binders aged using RTFOT + PAV are introduced and compared with results of properties of non-aged binders and binders aged by 3xRTFOT.
120

Microscopic origin of the rheological and surface properties of embryonic cell aggregates / Origine microscopique des propriétés rhéologiques et de surface des agrégats de cellules embryonnaires

Stirbat, Tomita Vasilica 28 September 2012 (has links)
Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l'étude expérimentale des propriétés physiques et de la biomécanique des agrégats cellulaires embryonnaires. Le but de cette thèse était d'une part de mieux comprendre l'origine biologique de la viscosité et de la tension de surface tissulaire, d'autre part d'étudier quantitativement en détail l'élasticité cellulaire par des nouvelles mesures de rhéologie en cisaillement. Un premier chapitre concerne les mesures de tension de surface tissulaire par la méthode de compression et de viscosité tissulaire par analyse de la cinétique de fusion de deux agrégats en faisant varier comme paramètre principal la contractilité cellulaire que certains suspectent comme étant la principale origine biologique de ces paramètres. Nous utilisons le formalisme du DITH (Haris, 1976: Differential Interfacial Tension Hypothesis) pour interpréter les données. Le deuxième chapitre concerne les mesures rhéologiques en cisaillement à l'aide d'un rhéomètre commercial plan-plan sur plusieurs centaines ou milliers d'agrégats cisaillés ensembles. Nous montrons que les cellules deviennent moins rigides pour une déformation minimale d'environ 4%, mais sur l'échelle de l'heure les cellules sont capables de se rigidifier à nouveau. Ces expériences sont analysées à l'aide d'un modèle de ressorts qui cassent sous contrainte puis se ressoudent à contrainte nulle / This thesis focuses on the experimental study of physical properties and biomechanics of embryonic cell aggregates. The aim of this thesis was on one hand to better understand the biological origin of tissue viscosity and tissue surface tension, and on the other hand to study quantitatively in detail cell elasticity by means of new rheological measurements in shear. A first chapter deals with measurements of tissue surface tension by tissue compression method and tissue viscosity by analysis of the fusion kinetics of two aggregates. We vary key parameters such as cell contractility that some people suspect to be the main biological origin of these parameters. We use the formalism of DITH (Haris, 1976: Differential Interfacial Tension Hypothesis) to interpret the data. The second chapter deals with rheological measurements in shear using a commercial plate-plate rheometer over several hundred of aggregates. We showed that cells become softer after a minimal deformation of 4% is reached, and can harden again on the timescale of hour. These experiences are analyzed using a model of springs that break under stress and then reattach at zero strain

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