Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Renato Levien / Banca: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello / Banca: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho / Banca: Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra / Resumo: A sustentabilidade do sistema plantio direto está inteiramente ligada ao uso e manejo do solo, com o propósito de utilizar tecnologias que promovam o acúmulo de matéria seca no solo; fato imprescindível para tornar o sistema sustentável e lucrativo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar as variações de alguns atributos físicos e químicos do solo; avaliar a melhor época e modalidade de semeadura de duas espécies de Urochloas em consórcio com o milho, bem como avaliação dos parâmetros operacionais na semedura de soja sobre palhada dos consórcios. O experimento foi instalado nos anos agrícolas de 2010/11 e 2011/12 em área experimental do Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola da UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico típico, textura argilosa, com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 9 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x4+1, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas espécies de Urochoas (Urochloa brizantha e Urochloa ruzizienses) e quatro modalidades de consórcio das Urochoas com o milho: MFL- Milho com Urochoa na linha de semeadura do milho; MFE- Milho com Urochoa na entrelinha; MFC- Milho com Urochoa na entrelinha semeada junto ao adubo de cobertura do milho no estádio V4; MFLA- Milho com Urochoa à Lanço no estádio V4 do milho; TESTEMUNHA- Milho exclusivo. Os resultados demonstraram que a consorciação e a sequência de culturas praticadas proporcionaram aumento na macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total do solo nas camadas de 0,0-0,30m, com redução significativa da densidade do solo, principalmente no segundo ano agrícola, bem como aumento significativo dos atributos químicos do solo sob o consórcio de milho com Urochloas ruzizienses ao decorrer dos anos agrícolas. A maior produção de matéria seca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The sustainability of no tillage system is fully linked to the soil use and management, in order to utilize technologies that promote the accumulation of dry matter in the soil, an essential fact to bring the system sustainable and profitable. The aim of this study was to characterize the variations of some physical and chemical soil properties; evaluate the best time and method of seeding of two species of Urochloas intercropped with maize, as well as evaluation of operational parameters in soybean seeding on the consortiums straw. The experiment was carried in agricultural years of 2010/11 and 2011/12 in the experimental area of the Machinery and Agricultural Mechanization Laboratory of UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP, in typic eutroferric red latossol, clay texture, in complete randomized blocks with 9 treatments in factorial design 2x4+1, with 4 replications.The treatments were constituted by two species of Urochoas (Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa ruzizienses) and four modalities of Urochoas intercroped with maize: MFL (Maize with Urochloa in the maize seeding row), MFE (Maize with Urochloa sowed between rows) MFC (Urochloa sowed between maize rows along with the manure at the V4 stage); MFLA (Maize with Urochloa planted by throwing at the V4 stage) and Control (Exclusive Maize). The results showed that the intercropping systems and sequence of cultivated crops promoted increased on the macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity of the soil in layers of 0.0 to 0.30 m, with a significant reduction in the density of the soil, especially in the second growing season, as well as significant increase of the soil chemical properties under the intercropping maize with Urochloas ruzizienses through the growing seasons. The highest production of straw total dry matter was for maize with Urochloa sowed between rows... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The use of standard soil tests to assess waste materials has become a common practice in waste management. However, the suitability of using standard soil tests on waste materials is questionable. Therefore, this investigation was undertaken to compare commonly used chemical extraction methods for their ability to extract elements from soil, waste, and soil-waste mixtures. This was carried out by: · Assessing the effects of extraction time on the extractability of Al,Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, and Zn; · Assessing the comparability between single and sequential extraction. Two manganese rich wastes namely electro-winning waste (EW) and silicate-rich smelter slag (SS) and an acid soil (Inanda, Ia) were used for this study. Waste amended soils were obtained by incubating the EW and SS with Ia soil at field capacity at a rate of 20 g kg-1 and 120 g kg-1 soil respectively, and were sampled at day 0, 7, 28, 56, and 140. The effect of extraction time was assessed on the EW, SS, and Ia soil with carbonated water used in the acid rain test conducted at 16, 20, 30, and 50 hours. The equilibration time was different for different materials and elements. The concentration of Al and Zn did not change appreciably with increasing extraction time in the EW. Similar results were found for Mg, S, and Si in the SS and S in the Ia soil. This was attributed to ‘equilibrium’ being reached before 16 hours. The equilibration time of 20 hours which would release the exchangeable and specifically adsorbed elements was obtained for Co, Mg, Si, S, and Mn in the EW. The concentration of Ca decreased with extraction time in the EW and was attributed to readsorption. The concentration of Ca and Mn in the SS and Al, Fe, and Si in the Ia soil increased with extraction time and the ‘equilibrium’ was not reached even after 50 hours. This was attributed to the release of elements due to dissolution of minerals. In the comparison between Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential and batch extraction, the concentrations of Ca, Co, Mg, Mn, and S were higher in batch extraction than in sequential extraction, particularly for the EW and the EW treated soils. This was possibly caused by the readsorption of released elements during water extraction. On the contrary, sequential extraction had higher concentration of Al and Fe compared to batch extraction for the EW, Ia soil, SS treated soils, and EW treated soils. These were attributed to a continued desorption of elements and dissolution of minerals due to exposed surfaces which occurs in sequential extraction. The comparison between single and sequential extraction for the BCR sequential extraction showed that hydroxylammonium chloride (HAC) applied in sequential extraction had higher concentration of Al, Co, Fe, Pb, and Zn than the single HAC extraction. This was probably due to incomplete dissolution of minerals, precipitation of amorphous minerals, and readsorption of released elements occurring for a single HAC extraction. These were minimised for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) extraction and hence comparability between single and sequential H2O2 extraction was observed. This was probably due to the presence of complexing agent in the extracting reagent which would minimise the formation of secondary precipitates and hence, improved dissolution of minerals was obtained. Similarly, the concentrations of elements were comparable between single and sequential aqua regia extraction. These results indicated that comparability is improved between single and sequential extraction when aggressive conditions are used. The results from this investigation indicated that when chemical extraction methods are applied to wastes, the effects of the waste properties on the results of extraction need to be well understood. Consequently, when the chemical extraction methods are used in waste management scenarios certain modifications might have to be made. These modifications include the use of a high solution:solid ratio and an extracting solution which has high complexing ability / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science. / Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-196).

Orientador: Célia Regina Paes Bueno / Coorientador: Gener Tadeu Pereira / Banca: José Eduardo Corá / Banca: Itamar Andrioli / Banca: Alan Rodrigo Panosso / Banca: Maurício Rizzato Coelho / Resumo: A caracterização, a classificação e o estudo da variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos e físicos dos solos são importantes para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura sustentável. O assentamento Malhada do Meio, localizado em Chapadinha-MA, possui uma área de 630,86 ha, a vegetação é de Floresta Estacional Decidual Submontana e Savana Estépica (Parque e Arborizada), o relevo é ondulado e plano, com altitude média de 67 m, e a geologia é formada por arenitos finos argilosos do Grupo Barreiras, e Depósitos Aluvionares e Coluvionares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e classificar os solos, avaliar suas potencialidades e restrições agrícolas, bem como a variabilidade espacial de seus atributos no assentamento Malhada do Meio, localizado no município de Chapadinha, Estado do Maranhão, para subsidiar o planejamento do uso do solo. Selecionaram-se quatro locais em pontos distintos da paisagem, e amostras foram coletadas para a realização das análises de caracterização granulométrica e química. Coletaram-se 183 amostras de solo georreferenciadas, distanciadas de 150 m e 300 m, na profundidade de 0,0 - 0,20 m. Foram analisadas as variáveis químicas: pH, H+Al, Al, SB, V %, T, P, K, C orgânico, Ca, Mg, SiO2, Al2O3 e Fe2O3, e física: argila, silte e areia. Realizaram-se análises de estatística descritiva e geoestatística. Os solos estudados foram classificados no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos como Neossolo Flúvico, Gleissolo Háplico Tb Distrófico cambissólico, Plintossolo Argilúvico Distrófico abrúptico gleissólico e Plintossolo Pétrico Concrecionário êndico latossólico. As limitações agrícolas entre os solos estudados podem restringir a produtividade das culturas agrícolas e afetar a qualidade de vida das famílias assentadas. Os modelos ajustados aos semivariogramas experimentais das variáveis foram o exponencial e o esférico ... / Abstract: The characterization, classification and study of spatial variability of chemical and physical properties of soils are important for the development of sustainable agriculture. The Malhada do Meio settlement, located in Chapadinha-MA, has an area of 630.86 ha; the vegetation is Floresta Estacional Decidual Submontana and Savana Estépica (Parque and Arborizada); the terrain is undulating and flat, with an average elevation of 67 m, and the geology is composed of clayey fine sandstones of Grupo Barreiras, and Depósitos Aluvionares and Coluvionares. The aim of this study was to characterize and classify soils, assess their strengths and agricultural restrictions and evaluate the spatial variability of soil properties in the settlement 'Malhada do Meio', located in the municipality of Chapadinha, in the state of Maranhão, to support land use planning. We selected four profiles at different points of the landscape, and samples were collected for analysis and characterization of physical and chemical composition. We collected 183 geo-referenced soil samples, at distances apart of 150 m and 300 m and depths from 0.0 to 0.20 m. The chemical variables: pH, H+Al, Al, BS, V%, CEC, P, K, organic C, Ca, Mg, SiO2, Al2O3 e Fe2O3, and physical variables; clay, silt and sand were evaluated. Geo-statistical and descriptive statistics were carried out. The soils were classified in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification level as Neossolo Flúvico, Gleissolo Háplico Tb Distrófico cambissólico, Plintossolo Argilúvico Distrófico abrúptico gleissólico and Plintossolo Pétrico Concrecionário êndico latossólico. Agricultural limitations of the soils may restrict crop yields and affect the quality of life of families settled there. The adjusted models to the experimental semi-variograms of the variables were exponential and spherical. Maps of the spatial pattern identified areas with higher ... / Doutor

Autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is an exotic species that was introduced in the U. S. in the 1800's and widely promoted as an ideal plant for erosion control, wildlife habitat and soil remediation. N-fixation by autumn-olive through a symbiotic relationship with actinomycete Frankia, can alter nitrogen cycling and potentially impair water quality through nitrate leaching. Furthermore, legacy effects of accumulated N following vegetative management and restoration efforts are unknown in areas invaded by autumn-olive. The first objective of this research was to determine if there was a relationship between autumn-olive cover and stream nitrate-N (NO3--N) concentration in twelve forested headwater watersheds in southern Illinois. Secondly, changes in autumn-olive cover and stream nitrogen concentrations were assessed by comparing current results to data collected 6 years prior. Nine of the study watersheds had significantly greater autumn-olive percent cover in 2012 compared to 2006 and mean stream NO3--N concentration significantly increased from 2006 to 2012 in all watersheds. Also, a significant exponential relationship was found between stream NO3--N concentration and autumn-olive percent cover. The long term effects of autumn-olive management on N cycling were also investigated by implementing three different vegetation treatments on invaded areas: cutting of autumn-olive trees (CU), cutting and stump herbicide application (CH) and a no treatment application or control (CO). Treated plots showed that soil NO3--N increased temporarily due to the disturbance. However, after the initial post treatment period of one year, soil water NO3--N concentrations on treated plots shifted, so that CH plots had significantly lower levels of NO3--N than in CO plots. Soil water NO3--N in CU plots also decreased, but it was not significantly different from CH plots. Subsequently, soil water NO3--N declined on CH plots, reaching the lowest levels in the third and fourth year after treatment. Reduction in soil water NO3--N in CH plots was not accompanied by differences among treatments in soil N mineralization rates or soil C:N ratios indicating persistent high nitrification rates contributing to mineralization under treated and control plots. These results demonstrate that encroachment of autumn-olive can transform N cycles in natural areas and affect water quality by saturating the soil with mobile forms of N that are leached out of the system. Significant rates of soil N cycling can persist for years after removal of autumn-olive due to the cycling of legacy N in soils and litter. Nevertheless, the cut and stump herbicide application treatment produced positive vegetation management results by halting N-fixation, controlling autumn-olive re-sprouting and by gradually decreasing N availability and NO3--N flushing in treated areas. Treatment of autumn-olive should have an impact on stream water quality in headwater watersheds, given the significant observed relationship between autumn-olive cover and stream nitrogen levels.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:33:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:48:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000829829.pdf: 670656 bytes, checksum: b2fd2396b663784fbd7305599bdb0172 (MD5) / Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito de diferentes combinações de leguminosas arbóreas em sistema de cultivo em aleias, com quatro anos, sobre os atributos químicos e físicos do solo e a diversidade e dinâmica populacional de plantas infestantes. O experimento foi constituído por cinco tratamentos com oito repetições em delineamento experimental em blocos casualisados: Leucaena leucocephala + Clitoria fairchildiana; Leucaena leucocephala + Acacia mangium; Gliricidia sepium + Clitoria fairchildiana; Gliricidia sepium + Acacia mangium e o controle (sem leguminosas). Foram avaliados no solo: matéria orgânica, pH em CaCl2, P, K, Ca, Mg, H + Al, Na, Al, densidade, porosidade e estabilidade dos agregados e calculadas a soma de bases (SB), a capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) e a saturação por bases (V%), As plantas invasoras foram avaliadas quanto a: família, espécie, número de indivíduos e fitomassa, sendo estimados a abundância, a frequência, a dominância e o Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI). A avaliação da diversidade florística foi realizada através do Índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener (H'). Na camada de 0 - 10 cm todos os tratamentos afetaram a concentração de magnésio. Para a densidade e a porosidade do solo, não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Quanto à estabilidade de agregados, os valores para diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) variaram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos na camada de 10-20 cm, as combinações L. leucocephala + A. mangium e G. sepium + A. mangium obtiveram os maiores valores. Foram identificadas 32 espécies de plantas, pertencentes a 16 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Poaceae, com seis espécies, seguida por Cyperaceae e Malvaceae, com quatro espécies cada. A espécie Cyperus lanceolatus apresentou o maior IVI. Leucena + sombreiro e gliricídia + acácia apresentaram maior diversidade. Em relação à fitomassa das plantas ... / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of legumes tree in alleys cropping systems with four years on the chemical and physical properties of the soil, and the diversity and dynamics of weed population. The experiment consisted of five treatments with eight replications in a randomized block experimental design: Leucaena leucocephala + Clitoria fairchildiana, L. leucocephala + Acacia mangium, Gliricídia sepium + C. fairchildiana, G. sepium + A. mangium and control (without legumes). The following soil properties were evaluated: organic matter, pH in CaCl2, P, K, Ca, Mg, H + Al, Na, Al, density, porosity and stability of aggregates and calculated the sum of bases (SB), the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (V%). The weeds were evaluated for: family, species, number of individuals and biomass and estimated abundance, frequency, dominance and the Importance Value Index (IVI). The floristic diversity was analyzed using the diversity index of Shannon-Wiener (H '). At depth 0-10 cm all treatments affected magnesium concentration. For density and porosity of the soil there were no significant differences between treatments. For the aggregate stability, the values for mean weight diameter (MWD) varied between treatments in the 10-20 cm layer, the combinations L. leucocephala + A. mangium and G. sepium + A. mangium presented the highest values. Thirty two plant species belonging to sixteen families were identified. The most representative families were Poaceae, with six species, followed by Cyperaceae and Malvaceae, with four species. The specie Cyperus lanceolatus presented the highest IVI. Leucaena leucocephala + Clitoria fairchildiana and Gliricidia sepium + Acacia mangium presented greater diversity. Regarding the biomass of weeds, there were differences between treatments with the highest value observed for the control treatment. There were no significant differences between ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:09:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-20. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:26:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000843326.pdf: 983422 bytes, checksum: 368f6105b6b50ff56e2f0420475dcdc5 (MD5) / O estudo das transformações que ocorrem no solo, devido ao uso e manejo, é muito importante na escolha do sistema mais adequado para recuperar a potencialidade do solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos diferentes SUTs, na qualidade física e química do solo, foram analisados: textura, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, umidade gravimétrica, densidade do solo, pH, CTC, H+Al, V%, Ca, Mg, MO, COT, P e K. Os SUTs analisados foram: mata nativa, reflorestamento com eucalipto, sistema agroflorestal e pastagem. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo no Polo Regional Centro Norte, município de Pindorama-SP, nas profundidades de 0,00 - 0,20 m e 0,20 - 0,40 m. Para tanto, coletou-se amostras compostas deformadas (análise química e textural) e amostras indeformadas (anel volumétrico). Posteriormente, os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. Foi feita análise de agrupamento hierárquico e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). O solo da mata nativa foi utilizado como testemunha para fins de comparação, por se tratar de um sistema em equilíbrio e sem histórico de atividade antrópica. Os atributos físicos foram satisfatórios em todos os SUTs. O manejo inadequado do solo está causando degradação do mesmo com relação à fertilidade, nos sistemas estudados. A análise multivariada permitiu a separação dos SUTs / The study of the transformations occurring in the soil due to the use and management is very important to choose the most appropriate system to regain ground potential. In order to evaluate the effect of different SUTs, physical quality and soil chemistry were analyzed for texture, macro and micro, total porosity, gravimetric moisture, bulk density, pH, CTC, H + Al, V%, Ca, Mg, MO, TOC, P and K. The SUTs analyzed were: native forest, reforestation with eucalyptus, agroforestry and pasture. Soil samples were collected in a Yellow Ultisol at the Polo Regional Centro Norte, city of Pindorama-SP at depths from 0.00 to 0.20 I 0.20 to 0.40 m. For this observation, is deformed composite samples (chemical and textural analysis) and soil samples (volumetric ring). Later, the data were statistically analyzed. Hierarchical cluster analysis was made and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The soil of the native forest was used as a reference for comparison, because it is a system in balance and without human activity history. The physical attributes were satisfactory in all SUTs. Inadequate soil management are causing degradation of the same with respect to fertility, the studied systems. Multivariate analysis allowed the separation of SUTs

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-16. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:26:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000843380.pdf: 919712 bytes, checksum: cf0b2d1e882b10088b411dacc6111340 (MD5) / A nematofauna edáfica constitui um grupo de organismos habitantes do solo pertencentes ao filo nematoda. A atividade biológica de organismos do solo como os nematoides é de grande importância para a manutenção da fertilidade e da qualidade de um solo. As atividades de manejo do solo e da vegetação contribuem para alterar as atividades biológicas, as características físicas e químicas do solo e principalmente a estrutura e composição das comunidades de nematoides. Os nematoides por se apresentarem em número elevado, serem sensíveis as diferentes alterações nas condições do solo e pela facilidade de sua extração do solo, têm sido utilizados para avaliar a qualidade do solo e dos agrossistemas. Neste estudo, objetivou-se descrever a estrutura trófica, a diversidade e a composição da nematofauna em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo e também associar a nematofauna edáfica a atributos químicos e físicos em cinco sistemas de uso do solo (cultivo em aléias, cultivo sob corte e queima, mata nativa, cultivo de soja e cultivo de pastagem) localizados na Microrregião de Chapadinha do estado do Maranhão. As coletas foram realizadas entre os meses de outubro de 2013 e junho de 2014 (correspondentes aos períodos seco e chuvoso), e em três profundidades (0-0,1m, 0,1-0,2m e 0,2-0,3m). Os nematoides foram extraídos pelo método de flotação centrífuga em solução de sacarose e identificados ao nível de gênero. As análises físicas e químicas do solo foram realizadas seguindo metodologias usuais. Para todos os ambientes estudados calculou-se: abundância, riqueza e Índices de diversidade. O efeito da sazonalidade na nematofauna foi analisado por meio do teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e os resultados referentes à associação das variáveis físicas e químicas com os gêneros de nematoides, foram analisados por meio da análise multivariada em componentes principais. No total, 60 gêneros foram identificados... / The edaphic nematofauna is a group of organism's inhabitants of the land belonging to the nematode phylum. The biological activity of soil organisms such as the nematode is of great importance for the maintenance of the quality and fertility of the soil. Soil management activities and vegetation contribute to change the biological activities, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and especially the structure and composition of nematode communities. The nematodes are present in a large number, are sensitive to various changes in soil conditions and the ease its extraction from the soil, have been used to assess the quality of the soil and agricultural systems. This study aimed to describe the trophic structure, diversity and composition of nematofauna in different land use systems and associate the edaphic nematofauna the chemical and physical properties in five land use systems (alley cropping, cultivation under slash and burn, native forest, soy cultivation and pasture farming) located in the micro-region of Chapadinha the state of Maranhão. Samples were collected between the months of October 2013 and June 2014 (corresponding to the dry and rainy seasons), and at three depths (0 - 0.1 m; 0.1 - 0.2 m and 0.2 - 0.3 m). The nematodes were extracted by centrifugal flotation method in sucrose solution and identified to genus level. The physical and chemical analyzes of soil were performed following usual methods. For all studied environments calculated up: abundance, richness and diversity indices. The effect of seasonality in nematofauna was analyzed using Mann-Whitney nonparametric test and the results regarding the association of physical and chemical variables with the genera of nematodes were analyzed by means of multivariate principal component analysis. In total, 60 genera were identified; they ranged between 10-46 environments. Identified nematodes, 39.39% are plant parasites, 24.59% bacteriophages ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000793781.pdf: 1674143 bytes, checksum: 41635e628988bb58df90ab6857a2f95c (MD5) / Os impactos negativos causados pela agricultura nociva aos aspectos de qualidade e da sustentabilidade das propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas inerentes ao solo. Tendo em vista a existência de sistemas de cultivos alternativos, a exemplo dos agroflorestais. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar três sistemas com agroflorestas em diferentes épocas de implantação, com inclusão de espécies frutíferas e culturas anuais para subsistência, tendo como referência uma Mata Nativa sob a mesma vegetação típica de Cerrado-Cerradão. Para isso, coletaram-se amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, em duas profundidades 0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40m, para avaliação dos atributos químicos pH, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, potássio, hidrogênio + alumínio e matéria orgânica, bem como, macro e microporosidade, densidade do solo, teores de silte, areia e argila para classificação textural do solo, e resistência à penetração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e análise multivariada com estudo de componentes principais, que possibilitou caracterizar por técnicas de agrupamentos, três grupos distintos (G1, G2 e G3), o grupo G1 tendo agrupado as variáveis do solo com Mata Nativa, G2 agruparam-se (SAF 1 e SAF 2 com 7 e 4 anos de implantação respectivamente), e G3 (SAF 3, com 3 anos). As variáveis que melhor responderam à caracterização por meio de análise de componentes principais foram: matéria orgânica, teores de magnésio, cálcio, macroporosidade, volume total de poros e densidade do solo. Os SAFs 1 e 2, com maior tempo de implantação, apresentaram melhores características físicas e químicas do solo em relação à área com Mata Nativa / The negative impacts caused by agriculture harmful aspects of quality and sustainability of physical, chemical and biological properties inherent to the soil. Given the existence of alternative cropping systems, such as agroforestry. The objective of this study was to evaluate three agroforestry systems in different periods of deployment, with the inclusion of fruit trees and annual crops for subsistence, with reference to a native bush under the same typical Cerrado vegetation - Savana. For this, samples were collected from a Typic in two depths 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m for evaluation of chemical properties pH , calcium, magnesium , phosphorus, potassium , hydrogen and aluminum and matter organic as well as macro and micro porosity , bulk density , silt, sand and clay to soil textural classification , and penetration resistance. The results were submitted to descriptive analysis and multivariate analysis with the study of major components , which enabled characterization techniques for groups , three groups ( G1 , G2 and G3 ) , G1 has grouped the variables soil with native plants , grouped G2 up ( SAF SAF 1 and 2 with 7 and 4 year deployment respectively) , and G3 ( SAF 3 , 3 years) . The variables that best responded to the characterization by means of principal component analysis were organic matter content of magnesium, calcium, macroporosity, total pore volume and density. The SAFs 1 and 2, with longer implantation showed better physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in relation to the area with native plants

Orientador: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho / Coorientador: Alana das Chagas Ferreira Aguiar / Coorientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Banca: Daniel Junior de Andrade / Banca: Ivan Barbosa Machado Sampaio / Banca: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Banca: Ronaldo Pavarini / Resumo: A nematofauna edáfica constitui um grupo de organismos habitantes do solo pertencentes ao filo nematoda. A atividade biológica de organismos do solo como os nematoides é de grande importância para a manutenção da fertilidade e da qualidade de um solo. As atividades de manejo do solo e da vegetação contribuem para alterar as atividades biológicas, as características físicas e químicas do solo e principalmente a estrutura e composição das comunidades de nematoides. Os nematoides por se apresentarem em número elevado, serem sensíveis as diferentes alterações nas condições do solo e pela facilidade de sua extração do solo, têm sido utilizados para avaliar a qualidade do solo e dos agrossistemas. Neste estudo, objetivou-se descrever a estrutura trófica, a diversidade e a composição da nematofauna em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo e também associar a nematofauna edáfica a atributos químicos e físicos em cinco sistemas de uso do solo (cultivo em aléias, cultivo sob corte e queima, mata nativa, cultivo de soja e cultivo de pastagem) localizados na Microrregião de Chapadinha do estado do Maranhão. As coletas foram realizadas entre os meses de outubro de 2013 e junho de 2014 (correspondentes aos períodos seco e chuvoso), e em três profundidades (0-0,1m, 0,1-0,2m e 0,2-0,3m). Os nematoides foram extraídos pelo método de flotação centrífuga em solução de sacarose e identificados ao nível de gênero. As análises físicas e químicas do solo foram realizadas seguindo metodologias usuais. Para todos os ambientes estudados calculou-se: abundância, riqueza e Índices de diversidade. O efeito da sazonalidade na nematofauna foi analisado por meio do teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e os resultados referentes à associação das variáveis físicas e químicas com os gêneros de nematoides, foram analisados por meio da análise multivariada em componentes principais. No total, 60 gêneros foram identificados... / Abstract: The edaphic nematofauna is a group of organism's inhabitants of the land belonging to the nematode phylum. The biological activity of soil organisms such as the nematode is of great importance for the maintenance of the quality and fertility of the soil. Soil management activities and vegetation contribute to change the biological activities, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and especially the structure and composition of nematode communities. The nematodes are present in a large number, are sensitive to various changes in soil conditions and the ease its extraction from the soil, have been used to assess the quality of the soil and agricultural systems. This study aimed to describe the trophic structure, diversity and composition of nematofauna in different land use systems and associate the edaphic nematofauna the chemical and physical properties in five land use systems (alley cropping, cultivation under slash and burn, native forest, soy cultivation and pasture farming) located in the micro-region of Chapadinha the state of Maranhão. Samples were collected between the months of October 2013 and June 2014 (corresponding to the dry and rainy seasons), and at three depths (0 - 0.1 m; 0.1 - 0.2 m and 0.2 - 0.3 m). The nematodes were extracted by centrifugal flotation method in sucrose solution and identified to genus level. The physical and chemical analyzes of soil were performed following usual methods. For all studied environments calculated up: abundance, richness and diversity indices. The effect of seasonality in nematofauna was analyzed using Mann-Whitney nonparametric test and the results regarding the association of physical and chemical variables with the genera of nematodes were analyzed by means of multivariate principal component analysis. In total, 60 genera were identified; they ranged between 10-46 environments. Identified nematodes, 39.39% are plant parasites, 24.59% bacteriophages ... / Doutor