Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-101)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2007. / "Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-186).

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-50). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Eng.), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1998. / Bibliography: leaves 86-97.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1999. / Bibliography: leaves 277-286.

Thesis (M.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2010. / Title from PDF title page; viewed on June 21, 2010. Major professor: Terry L. Vassey, Ph.D. "Presented to the faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo." "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree [of] Master of Science in Agriculture, Specialization in Environmental Horticulture Science ." "June 2010." Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-58).

Thesis (M.S. in chemical engineering)--Washington State University, August 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-101)

Orientador: Bernardino Ribeiro de Figueiredo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boin_ElisaAuroraSantanaFerreira_M.pdf: 3244830 bytes, checksum: a92b7a7798b0192e575c0b345bbd5a3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A exposição humana ao chumbo pode ser reduzida a partir de um controle de disponibilidade e mobilidade do mesmo por meio da aplicação de fertilizante fosfatado, induzindo a adsorção do chumbo e a formação de compostos insolúveis como a piromorfita. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram caracterizar, física, química e mineralogicamente, o solo e os materiais fosfatados para otimização do tratamento de remediação e, a partir destas caracterizações, avaliar um método de remediação de solo adaptado para a região do CIEM/CPRM, em Apiaí (SP), baseado na imobilização do chumbo por fosfato. Nos experimentos em bancada foram analisados dois tipos de material: fosfato diamônico (DAP), na razão molar (P:Pb) 1:5, e rocha fosfática, na razão molar (P:Pb) 3:5, além da granulometria dos materiais fosfatados (comercial e moída) e o tempo de tratamento (3, 6 e 9 meses) em solo com 3,5% de chumbo. Experimentos in situ fora realizados em 3 locais com diferentes concentrações de chumbo (1204 mg.kg-1, 94 mg.kg-1 e 5191 mg.kg-1) utilizando rocha fosfática na razão molar (P:Pb) 4:1 e analisados em em períodos de 3 e 6 meses. Foram realizadas análises de concentração de Pb, Zn, Cu, As e Cd na fração solúvel em solo e em extrato parcial mediante ataque com acetato de amônio 1M a pH 4,5. O DAP não se mostrou um bom imobilizador de Pb pois teve a eficácia diminuída com o tempo e induziu a redução do pH, liberando Pb e outros elementos-traço para as frações estudadas nesta pesquisa. A aplicação de rocha fosfática elevou o pH e reduziu da concentração de Pb e outros elementos-traço: 37% na fração solúvel em solo e 20% no extrato parcial de solo após 9 meses de tratamento. Além disso, não foram observadas alterações nas concentrações de outros elementos-traço. Nestes ensaios não houve diferenças expressivas nos resultados em relação à granulometria da rocha fosfática. Nos experimentos in situ a aplicação de rocha fosfática resultou na imobilização de até 99% do chumbo disponível na fração solúvel em solo e de até 81% do chumbo disponível em extrato parcial e reduziu a concentração de outros elementos-traço nestas frações. Foi observada a ocorrência de piromorfita no solo tratado, porém os principais processos de imobilização do chumbo foram a adsorção por minerais de argila, óxidos e na superfície da rocha fosfática. A utilização de rocha fosfática, como imobilizador de chumbo, se mostrou eficiente para remediação do solo do CIEM/CPRM em Apiaí, independente da concentração de Pb. É recomendado que o planejamento de remediação do local contemple as seguintes ações: remover e isolar a escória em cápsulas de concreto no subsolo e cobri-las com solo não contaminado; revolver o solo contaminado com rocha fosfática (4:1 - P:Pb), cobrindo esses locais com uma nova camada de solo não contaminado; cobrir toda a área com grama e plantas e monitorar a qualidade do solo e a da água, visto que há possibilidade de lixiviação de outros elementos-traço como As e Cd / Abstract: Human exposure to lead can be reduced with a control of availability and mobility of lead through application of phosphatic fertilizers, inducing adsorption of lead and formation of insoluble compounds like pyromorphite. The goals of this research were to characterize physically, chemically and mineralogically the soil and the phosphate materials to optimize the remediation treatment based on immobilization of lead by phosphate in order to adapt a soil remediation method to the region studied. In the laboratorial experiments two types of material were analyzed: diammonium phosphate (DAP) at 1:5 molar ratio (P:Pb) and phosphate rock at 3:5 molar ratio (P:Pb), in addition to phosphate materials particle size (ungrounded and grounded) and the time of treatment (3, 6 and 9 months) in soil with 3.5% of lead contamination. In-situ experiments were carried out in 3 locations with different concentrations of lead (1,204 mg.kg-1, 94 mg.kg-1and 5,191mg.kg-1) using phosphate rock at 4:1 molar ratio (P:Pb) and collecting data at 3 and 6 months. Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd concentration analyses were carried out in water soluble fraction and partial extract of ammonium acetate at pH 4.5 1M. DAP was not effective as lead immobilizer as diminished effectiveness over time and induces pH decrease, releasing Pb and other metals to the fractions here studied. Phosphate rock increased pH and reduced lead and other metal concentrations in the water soluble fraction (37% reduction of metal after 9 months of treatment) and partial extract (20% reduction after 9 months of treatment). Besides, it did not alter the concentrations of metals in this fraction and increased its performance over time. There were no expressive alterations in the results when comparing phosphate rock particle sizes. In the experiments in-situ the application of phosphate rock immobilized up to 99% of the lead available in soluble fraction and up to 81% of the lead available in partial extract. It also reduced other metals concentrations in these fractions. Although formation of pyromorphite took place, the main mechanism was lead adsorption by clay minerals, oxides and the surface of the phosphate rock. The use of phosphate rock as lead immobilizer showed to be efficient for soil remediation in the region studied independently of the lead concentration. It is recommended that the site remediation planning contemplate the following actions: removal and isolation of the slag in concrete capsules in the underground covering them with uncontaminated soil; mixing contaminated soil with phosphate rock (4:1 - P:Pb) and depositing a new layer of uncontaminated soil on these spots; replanting all the area with grass and plants and monitoring soil and water quality, seeing that there is a possibility of lixiviation of other trace elements such as As and Cd / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

The scarcity of housing has led more and more developers to turn to the conversion of former industrial areas into residential areas. Brownfield redevelopment involves the cleanup of contaminated soil to eliminate any health or environmental risk. The quantification of the amount of pollutant in soil is essential to carry out an efficient remediation. It involves sampling and analyzing the soil to determine the concentration of pollutant at a finite number of locations. It is therefore necessary to assess the pollutant amount at unknown locations to estimate the pollution for the whole site. The existing methods used by the depollution actors often lead to underestimation or overestimation of the contamination possibly creating environmental, economic and legal issues. This study aims to compare different methods to assess the mass of pollutant using data from a site contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The methods comprise currently used methods (Mean 1, Mean 2), simple interpolation methods (Thiessen Polygons, Natural Neighbor, Inverse Distance Weighting) and a method based on a complete geostatistical approach (Conditional Simulations). They are compared to determine the variability of the results obtained with a specific set of data depending on the chosen method. The deterministic methods, although easy to apply, will often underestimate the mass of pollutants contained in soil whereas the geostatistical approach can give a more realistic result, but is complex to implement.