Para a maioria dos municípios brasileiros, a instalação de um aterro sanitário é um desafio, sendo uma das dificuldades o custo elevado. Existem algumas formas de mitigar estes custos e uma delas é através do mercado de emissões. Com planejamento prévio suficiente, é possível queimar o metano gerado através da degradação do resíduo, podendo resultar em benefícios para o aterro tanto através do aproveitamento (geração de energia ou venda direta) quanto recebimento de algum tipo de certificado de emissões negociável. Incluído neste planejamento prévio suficiente está a realização da estimativa ex-ante de emissão de metano para saber previamente qual será o aproveitamento mais indicado e a eventual receita oriunda da queima. Quando analisados os projetos de MDL feitos em aterros sanitários, pode ser notado que estas estimativas são muitas vezes mal feitas, gerando valores estimados muito acima do realmente observado durante a operação. Este erro acarreta uma perda de credibilidade deste tipo de projeto, já que o número esperado é raramente alcançado. Existem alguns fatores que contribuem para esta discrepância de valores, sendo problemas operacionais (como exemplo podem ser citados deficiência no sistema de captura do biogás e problemas na captação e recirculação de lixiviado) e de modelagem (utilização de valores de entrada experimentais obtidos sob situações muito diferentes das encontradas nos aterros brasileiros, por exemplo) os possíveis principais vilões. Este trabalho visa apresentar e discutir os principais problemas na realização de estimativas prévias de emissão de metano em aterros sanitários utilizando projetos brasileiros de MDL registrados e que estejam atualmente emitindo créditos de carbono como base para analisar a qualidade das estimativas feitas atualmente. Além disto, busca-se também entrevistar profissionais da área para tentar obter diferentes pontos de vista sobre esta questão. Fica claro que os valores estimados, de um modo geral, são entre 40 e 50% superiores aos observados. Metade dos especialistas aponta problemas operacionais diversos como os principais contribuintes desta diferença, mas problemas na modelagem parecem influenciar decisivamente na realização das estimativas. A utilização de valores de entrada no modelo precisa ser criteriosamente analisada e devem ser utilizados números obtidos através de pesquisas que representem a realidade do aterro em questão. / Most of the Brazilian municipalities find the installation of a Solid Waste Disposal Site a challenge due to the high investment needed. There are some ways to mitigate these costs, including emissions trading. With previous planning, it is possible to burn the methane produced by the decomposition of the waste, resulting in benefits for the landfill by either the simple use of the gas (generating electricity or directly selling the gas) or the revenues from negotiations of emissions certificates. Included in previous planning is the ex-ante estimation of the methane produced by the landfill in order to know beforehand how to make the best use of the biogas and the amount of revenues that can be obtained from this use. When the CDM projects developed in landfills are analyzed, it can be noticed that these estimations generally are poorly made, resulting in estimated values far above the real methane production. This mistake results in a credibility loss by this type of project, since the expected number is rarely achieved. There are some factors that contribute to this difference in values, being operational problems (such as deficiency in the biogas capture and problems in the collection and recirculation of the leachate) and modeling problems (such as the use of input values obtained from experiments in laboratories under different situations from the ones found in Brazilian landfills) the major issues. The present work aims to present and discuss the main problems in estimating ex-ante the methane produced by landfills, using Brazilian CDM projects that are registered and issuing carbon credits as sources to analyze the quality of estimations currently being made. Additionally, experts in landfills and estimations are interviewed in order to obtain different points of view. It is clear that the estimated values, in general, are between 40 and 50% higher than observed during the operation of the landfill. Half of the experts point operational problems as the main contributors, however modeling problems seems to have a decisive influence in estimations. The use of input values must be carefully analyzed and must be used numbers obtained through researches that represent the reality of the landfill in question.

O presente trabalho se propôs a analisar um conjunto de empresas do setor metalmecânico, de maneira a verificar possíveis variações no cenário da disposição final dos Resíduos Sólidos Industriais (RSI) após a publicação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Foram entrevistadas 22 empresas do setor metalmecânico e 6 Aterros e Centrais de Disposição Final, todas com localização no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A seleção das empresas deu-se através do estabelecimento de alguns critérios, e estas foram subdividas em 3 amostras: Amostra A (empresas do setor metalmecânico que deixaram de enviar RSI para disposição final antes de 2010), Amostra B (empresas do setor metalmecânico que deixaram de enviar RSI para disposição final no período entre os anos de 2010 e 2014, ou que ainda continuam destinando resíduos para disposição final até a data da pesquisa) e Amostra C (aterros e centrais de disposição final). O procedimento metodológico consistiu na aplicação de um instrumento de coleta de dados através de entrevistas presenciais ou por telefone com profissionais da área ambiental de cada empresa. Os dados foram coletados entre os meses de outubro/2014 a abril/2015 e limitaram-se ao período entre os anos de 2010 a 2014. Os resultados estão apresentados em dois capítulos, sendo que o primeiro refere-se a uma análise global segmentado por amostra de empresa, e o segundo é dedicado às empresas da Amostra B. Os principais resultados encontrados nas empresas da Amostra B apontam reduções no envio dos RSI para disposição final, principalmente dos resíduos classe I, e pode-se verificar um aumento de envio dos classe II. Na Amostra C foi possível verificar uma expressiva diminuição no recebimento dos resíduos classe I e por outro lado, aumento dos resíduos classe II, até o ano de 2013. Os principais fatos que justificam este cenário de disposição final no Estado, referem-se a publicações legais, como a Portaria nº 16 da FEPAM/RS que proíbe o envio de resíduos com características de inflamabilidade para disposição final e também a preocupação com a não geração de passivos ambientais. / The purpose of this study was to analyze the possible variations on the of Industrial Solid Waste (ISW) disposal scenario from metal-mechanic companies after the publication of the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP). 22 companies from metal-mechanic sector and 6 landfills/final disposal plants were interviewed, all those in the state of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. Criteria were established for companies selection in which have been subdivided into three samples: Sample A (metal-mechanic companies that stopped sending ISW before 2010), Sample B (metal-mechanic companies stopped sending ISW in the period between 2010 and 2014, or that are still sending waste for disposal until the date of the survey) and Sample C (landfills and final disposal plants). The used methodology was the application of a survey instrument through professional interviews or by telephone in the environmental departments of each company. Data were collected between the months of 2014, October to 2015, April and limited to the period of 2010 to 2014. The presented results are in two chapters. The first relates to a comprehensive analysis segmented by each company of the sample, and the second is dedicated to the Sample B companies. The main results in Sample B companies indicate ISW shipping reductions for disposal, mainly of the hazardous waste, and there is a increasing shipment of non-hazardous waste. In the Sample C was verified a significant decreasing in the receipt of hazardous waste and, in the other hand, a increasing of non-hazardous waste by the year 2013. The main facts which justify this disposal scenario in the state, refers to the legal publications, like FEPAM/RS no 16 Administrative Rule that prohibits the flammability waste disposal as well the concern about environmental liabilities non generation.

O presente trabalho se propôs a analisar um conjunto de empresas do setor metalmecânico, de maneira a verificar possíveis variações no cenário da disposição final dos Resíduos Sólidos Industriais (RSI) após a publicação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Foram entrevistadas 22 empresas do setor metalmecânico e 6 Aterros e Centrais de Disposição Final, todas com localização no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A seleção das empresas deu-se através do estabelecimento de alguns critérios, e estas foram subdividas em 3 amostras: Amostra A (empresas do setor metalmecânico que deixaram de enviar RSI para disposição final antes de 2010), Amostra B (empresas do setor metalmecânico que deixaram de enviar RSI para disposição final no período entre os anos de 2010 e 2014, ou que ainda continuam destinando resíduos para disposição final até a data da pesquisa) e Amostra C (aterros e centrais de disposição final). O procedimento metodológico consistiu na aplicação de um instrumento de coleta de dados através de entrevistas presenciais ou por telefone com profissionais da área ambiental de cada empresa. Os dados foram coletados entre os meses de outubro/2014 a abril/2015 e limitaram-se ao período entre os anos de 2010 a 2014. Os resultados estão apresentados em dois capítulos, sendo que o primeiro refere-se a uma análise global segmentado por amostra de empresa, e o segundo é dedicado às empresas da Amostra B. Os principais resultados encontrados nas empresas da Amostra B apontam reduções no envio dos RSI para disposição final, principalmente dos resíduos classe I, e pode-se verificar um aumento de envio dos classe II. Na Amostra C foi possível verificar uma expressiva diminuição no recebimento dos resíduos classe I e por outro lado, aumento dos resíduos classe II, até o ano de 2013. Os principais fatos que justificam este cenário de disposição final no Estado, referem-se a publicações legais, como a Portaria nº 16 da FEPAM/RS que proíbe o envio de resíduos com características de inflamabilidade para disposição final e também a preocupação com a não geração de passivos ambientais. / The purpose of this study was to analyze the possible variations on the of Industrial Solid Waste (ISW) disposal scenario from metal-mechanic companies after the publication of the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP). 22 companies from metal-mechanic sector and 6 landfills/final disposal plants were interviewed, all those in the state of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. Criteria were established for companies selection in which have been subdivided into three samples: Sample A (metal-mechanic companies that stopped sending ISW before 2010), Sample B (metal-mechanic companies stopped sending ISW in the period between 2010 and 2014, or that are still sending waste for disposal until the date of the survey) and Sample C (landfills and final disposal plants). The used methodology was the application of a survey instrument through professional interviews or by telephone in the environmental departments of each company. Data were collected between the months of 2014, October to 2015, April and limited to the period of 2010 to 2014. The presented results are in two chapters. The first relates to a comprehensive analysis segmented by each company of the sample, and the second is dedicated to the Sample B companies. The main results in Sample B companies indicate ISW shipping reductions for disposal, mainly of the hazardous waste, and there is a increasing shipment of non-hazardous waste. In the Sample C was verified a significant decreasing in the receipt of hazardous waste and, in the other hand, a increasing of non-hazardous waste by the year 2013. The main facts which justify this disposal scenario in the state, refers to the legal publications, like FEPAM/RS no 16 Administrative Rule that prohibits the flammability waste disposal as well the concern about environmental liabilities non generation.

O presente estudo visou ao desenvolvimento de um estudo epidemiológico do tipo transversal para a avaliação do risco para a saúde da população residente próxima a uma área de disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado no bairro de Perus, na cidade de São Paulo, SP, vizinho ao aterro sanitário Bandeirantes. O aterro Bandeirantes recebe diariamente cerca de 6.000 toneladas de resíduos sólidos do tipo Classe II e III. O aterro ocupa uma área total de 1.400.000 m2, contendo aproximadamente 33 milhões de toneladas de resíduos dispostos. Os riscos para a saúde pública foram avaliados junto à população de estudo, 972 crianças na faixa etária de 1 a 5 anos incompletos, residente próxima ao aterro Bandeirantes. A área de estudo foi dividida em faixas distantes de 500 m do limite do aterro, para a definição das condições de exposição. Os indicadores de saúde utilizados foram: as prevalências de enfermidades diarréicas e parasitárias e os índices antropométricos. Na área de estudo, foi realizado um levantamento da qualidade ambiental, com intuito de relacionar os impactos ambientais, ocasionados pela prática de disposição final considerada, aos indicadores de saúde empregados. Os resultados obtidos, pela realização deste estudo, permitiram concluir que há relações estatisticamente significativas entre as exposições pesquisadas e os indicadores de saúde empregados. / This work had the objective to develop an epidemiological study, using a transversal design, to evaluate the health risk to people who lives near a municipal solid waste disposal site. The study was accomplished at bairro de Perus, in the city of São Paulo - SP, Brazil, near to the Bandeirantes landfill site. The Bandeirantes landfill receives daily around 6,000 tons of Class II and III solid waste types. The landfill occupies a total area of 1,400,000 m2, containing around 33 millions of tons of disposed waste. The public health risks were evaluated among 972 children, of one to five years old, who live near the Bandeirantes landfill. The studied area was divided in distant lines of 500 meter from the landfill limit to define the exposure conditions. The used health indicators were: diarrhoeal, intestinal parasite prevalence and nutritional status. In the studied area, an environmental quality survey was accomplished with the intentions of relating the environmental impacts occasioned by the solid waste disposal to the used health indicators. The obtained results made it clear to conclude that the there are statistical associations between the researches environmental exposures and the used health indicators.

Text in English / The study focused on the characterisation and management of non-formal solid waste disposal sites in Harare, the capital city of the Republic of Zimbabwe. In many developing countries, increasing urbanisation surpasses the development of urban infrastructure and this has led to the proliferation of informal settlements, illegal dumping sites and uncontrolled vending in cities like Harare. The researcher investigated the prevalence of non-formal dumping sites in Harare, including the composition, locational attributes and internal linkages of solid waste. Practices regarding the management of non-formal solid waste disposal sites were examined and areas of good practice and conformity to international standards were complemented while recommendations and suggestions were made on areas that were found wanting. An integrated management system was recommended for the sustainable management of solid waste. To support this recommendation, management window of responsibilities (EMWR) model was created so that the Harare City Council can enhance stakeholder participation. The research results show that most residents used non-conventional ways to store waste, like mealie-meal bags and sacks, and this posed a danger to human health. It also emerged that the city of Harare has not updated some of its by-laws, some of which were enacted about 33 years ago while others remained drafts for decades. This made it difficult for the city to effectively implement them. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Management)

Text in English / The study focused on the characterisation and management of non-formal solid waste disposal sites in Harare, the capital city of the Republic of Zimbabwe. In many developing countries, increasing urbanisation surpasses the development of urban infrastructure and this has led to the proliferation of informal settlements, illegal dumping sites and uncontrolled vending in cities like Harare. The researcher investigated the prevalence of non-formal dumping sites in Harare, including the composition, locational attributes and internal linkages of solid waste. Practices regarding the management of non-formal solid waste disposal sites were examined and areas of good practice and conformity to international standards were complemented while recommendations and suggestions were made on areas that were found wanting. An integrated management system was recommended for the sustainable management of solid waste. To support this recommendation, management window of responsibilities (EMWR) model was created so that the Harare City Council can enhance stakeholder participation. The research results show that most residents used non-conventional ways to store waste, like mealie-meal bags and sacks, and this posed a danger to human health. It also emerged that the city of Harare has not updated some of its by-laws, some of which were enacted about 33 years ago while others remained drafts for decades. This made it difficult for the city to effectively implement them. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Management)

The absence or unavailability of solid waste disposal facilities and service in rural areas of the UThukela District Municipality (UTDM) compelled residents to adopt many disposal practices. This included open burning of waste, which leaves residues in the form of waste ashes. Some heavy metal and hazardous substances remain active in these waste ashes. In this study, the impact of Solid Waste Disposal Practices (SWDP) on the environment was investigated by evaluating the effect of waste ashes on plant growth. The research was directed towards the evaluation of the environmental impact of solid waste disposal practices by households in these rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), on the growth of Zea Mays (Maize) plants. Rural maize farmers dominate the district of UTDM because it is a good agricultural area with great potential for high rainfall in summer, moderate temperatures, good soil and moderate slopes. The method selected to achieve research objectives was the evaluation of the influence of waste ashes, as by-products of SWDP, on plant growth. This was achieved by, determining soil fertility; collecting household solid waste from different rural families to determine the composition (including already burnt ash, plastic ash and wood ash; analysing the chemical composition of traditional ashes collected from sites where it was burnt (waste ashes); applying the evaporation pan test; mixing waste ashes and other additives with soil in planting pots in equal parts; planting Zea Mays in winter and summer; and lastly, monitoring and measuring agronomic parameters of plant growth on a regular basis. The selected additives to the in situ soil were fertilizer, compost, waste ash, plastic ash and wood ash. Pots with soil only (no additive added) served as control. The findings revealed that plants exposed to wood, waste and plastic ash struggled to grow when compared to plants grown with fertilizer, compost and soil only. The impact of all waste ashes on plant growth was negative in both seasons and some of the agronomic parameters were unable to sprout during the course of plant growth. The chemicals found after analysing the waste ashes included some of the heavy metals that remained active after burning. These were left behind in the environment. Consequently, it was concluded that household solid waste disposal practices in rural areas should be reviewed urgently, as they affect plant growth negatively. Recommendations were provided. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T17:28:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roberta Vieira Nunes Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 3792860 bytes, checksum: 7c88e98986a260c816ea80a305ce962a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T15:48:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roberta Vieira Nunes Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 3792860 bytes, checksum: 7c88e98986a260c816ea80a305ce962a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T15:48:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roberta Vieira Nunes Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 3792860 bytes, checksum: 7c88e98986a260c816ea80a305ce962a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Vulnerability models are important tools in the study of water contamination by different soil usage activities. The goal of this research is to evaluate the risk of contamination by the presence of an urban solid waste disposal site (UWDS) within the surface water catchment basins (SWCB) used in the State of Goiás public water supply. An identification and characterization of the SWCBs and UWDSs has been carried out in a geographical identification system using the QGis 2.12.0 – Lyon software. Afterwards the overlapping of this information allowed the identification of all SWCBs which had an UWDS within its limits. A Susceptibility Index (SI) was applied to these SWCBs. The SI was formed by intrinsic characteristics such as the depth of a non-saturated zone, net recharge, aquifer material and topography. Also contributing to the SI was an extrinsic characteristic, soil usage. The comparison and identification of the dominant classes of the SI was done through the calculation of the average vulnerability of each SWCB. The SWCBs, which had the highest risk of water contamination were selected and had the UWDSs in its areas analyzed by six technical parameters: type of UWDS, estimate of waste generation, surface area, slope, SI of the UWDS and its distance to the nearest body of water. Each parameter was classified according to its risk to water contamination and given a scale from 1 to 7. The given values were correlated evaluating the interdependence of the parameters. The use of this method led to the identification of 204 catchment points and its SWCBs and 228 UWDS, out of which 93% were irregular dumping sites. The SI for each of the 43 SWCBs identified in the State in which there was the presence of 69 UWDSs, was then calculated. The average vulnerability for each SWCB allowed the selection of the 9 most vulnerable ones. These were distributed in the high-to-moderate and moderate-to-low classes (SI > 50), which had 18 UWDSs within its limits. A Spearman analysis was done using the coefficients attributed to each parameter of the UWDSs. The analysis permitted the identification of only 2 parameter with significant correlation (surface area and estimate of waste generation). This confirmed the interdependence of the selected characteristics. It also allowed for a risk calculation through the addition of the parameters, which ranged from 15 to 27. These were distributed into three classes (low, medium and high). The high risk UWDS identified were in the cities of: Bom Jesus de Goiás, Itumbiara, Jataí e Rio Verde. The surface area, waste generation and slope were the parameter which most influenced this classification. In conclusion, the vulnerability evaluation proved effective, and of great relevance in the identification of the SWCBs most susceptible to water contamination. It can also be applied to other study areas. In Goiás, the analysis allowed the existing risk calculation for each of the 18 UWDSs out of which 4 were classified as high risk. These were considered priority adequate and remediation sites. / Modelos de vulnerabilidade são importantes ferramentas no estudo de contaminação da qualidade das águas por diferentes atividades de uso do solo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o risco de contaminação pela presença de disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos (DRS) em bacias de captação superficial de água (BCS) para abastecimento público no estado de Goiás. Foi realizada a identificação e caracterização das BCS e das DRS em um sistema de informações geográficas utilizando o software QGis 2.12.0 - Lyon. Posteriormente essas informações foram sobrepostas permitindo identificar as BCS com DRS em suas delimitações. Para esse grupo foi aplicado o Índice de Susceptibilidade (IS), composto por características intrínsecas das BCS (profundidade da zona não saturada, recarga, material do aquífero e topografia) e por uma extrínseca, o uso e ocupação do solo. A realização do comparativo e a identificação das classes predominantes do IS foi realizado pelo cálculo da vulnerabilidade média de cada BCS. Desta forma, foram selecionadas as BCS com maior risco de contaminação de suas águas e as DRS presentes em suas áreas, que foram analisadas por seis parâmetros técnicos: tipo de DRS, estimativa de geração de resíduos, área superficial, declividade, IS da DRS e distância da DRS até o corpo d’água. Cada parâmetro foi classificado, de acordo com o risco de contaminação das águas, e valorado em uma escala de um a sete. Posteriormente, os valores atribuídos foram correlacionados avaliando a interdependência dos parâmetros. A aplicação desse método permitiu a identificação de 204 pontos de captação com suas respectivas BCS e de 228 DRS, sendo 93% classificadas como lixões. Foi calculado o IS para as 43 BCS identificadas no Estado com presença de DRS (69) em suas áreas. A vulnerabilidade média calculada para cada BCS permitiu a seleção das nove BCS mais vulneráveis, estando distribuídas nas classes moderada a alta e moderada a baixa (IS>50), e possuindo 18 DRS em suas delimitações. Foi realizada uma análise de componentes principais de Spearman com os coeficientes atribuídos para cada parâmetro das DRS o que permitiu a identificação de apenas dois parâmetros com correlação significativa (área superficial e estimativa de geração de resíduos), confirmando a interdependência das características selecionadas. Desta forma foi possível o cálculo do risco, pelo somatório dos parâmetros, que variou de 15 a 27 e foi discretizado em três classes (baixo, médio e alto). As DRS de risco alto foram as dos municípios de Bom Jesus de Goiás, Itumbiara, Jataí e Rio Verde sendo que a área superficial, geração de resíduos e declividade foram os parâmetros que mais influenciaram nessa classificação. Conclui-se que a avaliação da vulnerabilidade mostrou-se eficaz e de grande relevância para a identificação das BCS mais susceptíveis à contaminação de suas águas podendo ser aplicado em outras áreas de estudo. Em Goiás, a análise permitiu o cálculo do risco existente em cada uma das 18 DRS, onde quatro DRS foram classificadas como de risco alto, sendo consideradas prioritárias para adequação ou remediação.

世界各國面對垃圾量隨時間而逐漸上升的情形，原本皆視為必然趨勢，因此不斷地提供垃圾服務的供給來滿足家戶需求，以求達到均衡，這可說是「需求創造供給」。但是，一旦供給不足，在缺乏價格機能調節下，均衡將不復存在，於是降低家戶對垃圾服務需求的政策始被提出並被採行。另有一些研究則是瞭解人對環境的認知、態度與行為之間的關連性，許多研究發現其間關係為對環境知識瞭解愈詳細並傾向於新生態典範者，其行為表現就愈環保且較有積極的垃圾減量的行為，此為除了實施降低家戶對垃圾服務需求政策外另可同時進行的方向。 台灣目前已採用隨水量徵收垃圾清除處理費來反應各縣市政府在處理垃圾時的成本，不過因為此收費方式不是依垃圾量的多寡來收取，且家戶通常在繳交水費時無特別察覺到此筆費用，因此不會有付了清除費的感受，所以台灣近年來有幾個都市採行了減少家戶對垃圾服務需求方面的政策。此類政策大多分為兩種，一為行政命令式的強制回收；另一則是隨垃圾量收取垃圾費。台中市自民國88年7月1日首先實施「強制垃圾分類」，台北市則於民國89年7月1日實施「垃圾費隨袋徵收」制度，而今年1月1日，高雄市也採行了與台中市相同的政策，藉此來提高資源回收量、降低垃圾量。 本研究以一代表性家戶追求最大化效用，但受限於居住地的垃圾管理政策之條件，用比較靜態方式來分析在「無任何降低家戶對垃圾服務需求的政策」、「強制垃圾分類」、「垃圾費隨袋徵收」相異制度下，對家戶的垃圾源頭減量行為及垃圾丟棄量、非法傾倒量、資源回收量的影響。結果只有「隨袋徵收」具源頭減量效果，但是非法傾倒量也最多。若家戶只能以非法傾倒或合法丟棄兩種方式來處理垃圾時，那麼台中市、高雄市不會有非法傾倒的情形，但是台北市一定會有。而如果家戶只能在非法傾倒、從事回收間做抉擇，則台中市、高雄市會比台北市願意多做分類工作。至於若只有合法丟棄與回收間兩種可能性時，則要視其分類不完善的預期罰金與垃圾袋費用孰高來決定兩種制度下何者的回收量較高。 實證分析則得到對環境及垃圾管理認知、態度與日常環保行為愈正向者，其家戶會多花點兒心力於垃圾分類且垃圾量也較少。實施「強制垃圾分類」與「隨袋徵收」的地區，回收時間有顯著性地增加。但是對於減少垃圾容量，「隨袋徵收」才有顯著性的效果。本研究純粹探討制度不同對家戶減量行為的效果，而無分析不同政策的成本面，因此，環保單位應就欲達目的擇一適合的垃圾管理政策。 / The amount of household solid waste that is constantly rising with time has been an inevitable trend. In order to reach the equilibrium, the governments all over the world initially supply the solid waste disposal services freely to fulfill the demand. However, once the cost of supply has grown to such an extent that supply falls short, the equilibrium will be impossible to reach. Thus, many governments have changed the policy of providing free disposal service and developed alternative approaches to lower household’s demand for the service. In the meantime, some researches have studied the links between human perceptions, value, attitude and behavior toward the environment. Much of the research points to the fact that, the more detailed knowledge of the environment people hold, the more of New Environment Paradigm (NEP) they are, the more likely they are to actively reduce their waste and promote green behavior. This is one other route we can take to reduce household demand of solid waste services. The waste disposal fee is charged according to the amount of water used by the household to cover the cost of waste collection and disposal in Taiwan. However, this charge scheme doesn’t relate the fee paid by a household to the amount of waste the household discard, and most households are thereby indifferent to the payment of waste fee. In recent years, several cities have undertaken alternative policy schemes to reduce the household demands for waste disposal service. These schemes mainly come in two ways：one is to charge fees according to the quantity of waste generated; the other is to enforce the mandatory recycling law. Since July 1st, 1999, Tai-Chung City has required households to separate the waste into recyclable and disposable while Taipei City had chosen the latter fashion - waste fee per bag since July 1st, 2000. Kaohsiung City, on the other hand, has performed the same scheme as Tai-Chung City beginning January 1st, 2001. This study first develops a theoretical model of household disposal decision under different waste management policies：“no policy”, “required waste separation and recycling”, and “fee per-bag”. The household can choose among various options, including waste reduction, recycling, regular garbage collection and illegal dumping (or burning). The model shows that the “fee per-bag” is the only effective solution to source reduction; however, it induces the most illegal garbage dumping among the three schemes. In fact, the incidents of illegal dumping did not take place in Tai-Chung or Kaohsiung cities but was found in Taipei City. When households can only choose between recycling and illegal dumping, then Tai-Chung and Kaohsiung city dwellers are more likely to do more separation and recycling work than Taipei’s. As for when only regular garbage collection and waste separation and recycling are available as in Tai-Chung and Kaohsiung cities, the households’ likelihood to recycle depends on the expected fines of incomplete separation. Empirical result shows that when people have more knowledge about the environment and waste management policy, greener attitude towards environment, they tend to put more effort into waste separation and recycling, and their waste generated will be less than other households. The time people spend to separate waste increases significantly in those areas that apply “required waste separation” and “fee per-bag” programs. “Fee per-bag” has resulted in the largest decreases in the volume of the garbage.