Digital fingerprinting is a method by which a copyright owner can uniquely embed a buyer-dependent, inconspicuous serial number (representing the fingerprint) into every copy of digital data that is legally sold. The buyer of a legal copy is then deterred from distributing further copies, because the unique fingerprint can be used to trace back the origin of the piracy. The major challenge in fingerprinting is collusion, an attack in which a coalition of pirates compare several of their uniquely fingerprinted copies for the purpose of detecting and removing the fingerprints. The objectives of this work are two-fold. First, we investigate the need for robustness against large coalitions of pirates by introducing the concept of a malicious distributor that has been overlooked in prior work. A novel fingerprinting code that has superior codeword length in comparison to existing work under this novel malicious distributor scenario is developed. In addition, ideas presented in the proposed fingerprinting design can easily be applied to existing fingerprinting schemes, making them more robust to collusion attacks. Second, a new framework termed Joint Source Fingerprinting that integrates the processes of watermarking and codebook design is introduced. The need for this new paradigm is motivated by the fact that existing fingerprinting methods result in a perceptually undistorted multimedia after collusion is applied. In contrast, the new paradigm equates the process of collusion amongst a coalition of pirates, to degrading the perceptual characteristics, and hence commercial value of the multimedia in question. Thus by enforcing that the process of collusion diminishes the commercial value of the content, the pirates are deterred from attacking the fingerprints. A fingerprinting algorithm for video as well as an efficient means of broadcasting or distributing fingerprinted video is also presented. Simulation results are provided to verify our theoretical and empirical observations.

As of 2010, there are approximately twenty one surface water locations classified as impaired for Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in the State of Arizona. Of note is the San Francisco River (SFR) which is currently listed on the US EPA 303d list of impaired waters due to E. coli bacteria present at higher concentrations than the US EPA standards for partial- and full-body contact. In 2010-2011 surface water samples were collected at sites within the impaired region to monitor E. coli and areas known for heavy recreational uses. Of 70 samples collected over 1 year, 81% were positive for universal Bacteroides marker (Allbac). Of the 57 Allbac-positive samples, 68% show contributions of the human-specific marker and 60% were positive for bovine-specific marker. While 28% of the total samples assayed showed elevated levels of E. coli (>235 MPN/100mL), there were minimal significant correlations between Bacteroides and generic E. coli across all samples. While this information is significant, past research has suggested that successfully distinguishing the sources of fecal contamination will not alone reduce or eliminate disease associated with contaminated water unless these investigations are coupled with public outreach and education. With this in mind a survey was developed to gather information about water quality perceptions, water use, peoples' attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors related to the water resources in Clifton, AZ. Survey questions consisted of multiple choice and Likert scales questions and were provided in both English and Spanish and were conducted during the summer of 2012 and winter of 2013. A total of 150 surveys were deployed with 38 surveys completed for a response rate of 25%. Our study findings indicate mixed attitudes on water quality with 80% reporting the SFR has poor water quality for drinking and 39% agree the SFR has poor water quality for swimming. Yet, 84% consider the river safe enough for picnics and activities near the water. Also, it was interesting to note participants' opinions regarding consequences of poor water quality with 66% of respondents indicating that they are concerned with poor water quality and their health. Clifton is a very tight knit community so it was not unexpected that the majority of the respondents (61%) get water quality information by having conversations with other people and 68% from newspapers, factsheets and brochures. Based on the survey responses, our team worked to develop two peer reviewed Extension publications entitled; Microbial Source Tracking: Watershed Characterization and Source Identification (Arizona Cooperative Extension, #AZ1547) and Water Quality, E. coli, and Your Health (#AZ1624). Publications have been developed in both English and Spanish and will be part of future outreach to this and other Arizona communities. It is our goal that these survey findings can be used to better tailor outputs appropriate for the targeted audience, namely the local Hispanic population. These results are important because they add to understanding perceptions of water quality and health risks in this rural community; and can lend towards enhanced outreach practices in other similar communities.

Orientador: Egle Novaes Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:59:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_Martina_M.pdf: 4672674 bytes, checksum: c4d84d90efd980d964de9f64b7831adc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Um dos grandes desafios da humanidade é como dispor a enorme quantidade de resíduo gerada diariamente. Se há algumas décadas este assunto era desprezado, hoje é um dos principais problemas a ser resolvido, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. No Brasil, observa-se a procura por suas soluções. Neste sentido, a minimização do resíduo, por meio de ações que visem à redução na fonte, à reutilização e à reciclagem de material desponta como uma das principais opções para a composição de uma solução. Neste trabalho, buscou-se implantar um Programa de Minimização de Resíduo Sólido Doméstico na Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo da UNICAMP. Assim, foram realizadas caracterizações do resíduo gerado, anterior e posterior à implantação do programa. Nas caracterizações foram identificados a composição do resíduo gerado na FEC, o potencial de minimização deste resíduo e a eficiência do programa de coleta seletiva, já existente. Após a implantação Programa de Minimização, este foi avaliado para proposição de medidas de otimização. Concluiu-se que, quanto à composição, o resíduo gerado na FEC é composto principalmente por ¿papel¿ (dentre todos os tipos analisados, destaca-se a geração de papel toalha); ¿varrição¿ e ¿patogênico¿. Na avaliação do potencial de minimização, concluiu-se que, para todos cenários analisados, o resíduo sólido gerado na FEC apresentou considerável potencial de minimização. Em relação ao programa de minimização, observou-se que, apesar da recente implantação, apresentou resultados efetivos, reais e práticos, principalmente em relação à redução na geração de resíduos passíveis de redução na fonte e de reutilização. Quanto à eficiência da coleta seletiva, identificou-se que esta teve os índices de erro de descarte reduzidos, o que possibilitou uma melhora no material que vai para o programa de reciclagem. Desta forma, espera-se que este programa possa ser utilizado como metodologia proposta para que as demais unidades de ensino da UNICAMP, através do Grupo de Gestão de Resíduos da UNICAMP ou da Câmara de Trabalho de Resíduos Domésticos (atualmente a sua implantação está em estudo), possam, também, passar a minimizar seu resíduo / Abstract: Currently, one of the greatest challenges of humanity is what to do with the huge quantity of solid waste generated daily. If it was not an appreciated subject, nowadays, it figures as one of the main issues to be solved, mainly in big cities. In Brazil, there is a search for a solution for the waste¿s issue. Then, the solid waste minimization, composed by reduction, reuse and recycling, is one of the main options to compose a solution. In this work, the goal was to establish a program of domestic waste minimization of the Faculdade de Engenharia Civil Arquitetura e Urbanismo (FEC) at UNICAMP. So, several analyses of the waste generated in the School were made, before and after the program¿s implementation. During these analyses there were identified the composition of the waste generated at FEC, the minimization potential and the efficiency of the waste segregation program, already in place. After the introduction of the Minimization Program, it was evaluated in order to create optimization solutions. It was concluded, regarding waste composition, that the waste generated at FEC is basically composed by ¿paper¿ (among all different types found, distinguish the paper towel generation); ¿sweep¿ and ¿pathogenic¿. In the minimization potential evaluation, the conclusion was that, among all different analyzed scenarios, the waste generated at FEC presented a considerable minimization potential. With relation to the minimization program, it was observed that, besides the reduced amount of time after the implementation, it achieved good results, mainly regarding the generation reduction of waste likely to be reduced in source and to be reused. Concerning the efficiency of the waste segregation program, it was possible to identify that its error rates were reduced, enabling improvements in the waste material destined to the recycling program. In this way, it is expected that this program could be used as a proposed methodology to the remaining education units at UNICAMP be able to reduce their waste, through the Waste Management Group da UNICAMP, already in place, or the Domestic Waste Group Work, which implantation is being studied. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil