Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Pennsylvania.

In this thesis we present some studies that were done in a trapped 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate using the thermodynamic global variables. We have measured the global sound velocity by studying the variation of the total number of trapped atoms as a function of temperature. This method allowed us to determine the contribution of thermal and BEC components at each temperature. In order to study the sound velocity in each component, we treated both fluids as they were completely independent and we found great similarity with a published work. In addition, we analyze theoretically the validity of the global variables by comparing this approach with other methods. The specific heat for an ideal gas was evaluated using the global variables and by using the usual statistical approach found in textbooks. After finding the same result for both methods, we used the simplicity to implement the interaction in the global approach, to study the variation in the specific heat when the interactions are taken into account. The last comparison was done between global variables and the local density approximation. We have obtained that, for the isothermal compressibility and a equation of state, both methods provide equivalent results. / Nesta tese descrevemos estudos que foram feitos em um Condensado de Bose-Einstein de 87Rb usando variáveis termodinâmicas globais. A velocidade do som foi medida através de variações do número de átomos aprisionados em função da temperatura. Com este método fomos capazes de determinar qual a contribuição da componente térmica e do condensado em cada temperatura. Com o objetivo de estudar a velocidade do som em cada componente, analisamos ambas componentes como se elas fossem totalmente independentes, e encontramos grande similaridade com outro trabalho publicado. Adicionalmente, um estudo teórico foi feito para analisar a validade das variáveis globais comparando com outros métodos. O calor específico para um gás ideal foi calculado usando as variáveis globais e também usando o tratamento estatístico convencional encontrado em livros-texto. Depois de encontrar os mesmos resultados com os dois métodos, usamos a facilidade que temos em considerar as interações entre os átomos usando as variáveis globais, e estudamos a variação no calor específico quando estas interações são consideradas. Em um último estudo, comparamos as variáveis globais com o método de aproximação da densidade local. Para a compressibilidade isotérmica e para uma equação de estado obtemos resultados equivalentes com os dois métodos.

In this thesis we present some studies that were done in a trapped 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate using the thermodynamic global variables. We have measured the global sound velocity by studying the variation of the total number of trapped atoms as a function of temperature. This method allowed us to determine the contribution of thermal and BEC components at each temperature. In order to study the sound velocity in each component, we treated both fluids as they were completely independent and we found great similarity with a published work. In addition, we analyze theoretically the validity of the global variables by comparing this approach with other methods. The specific heat for an ideal gas was evaluated using the global variables and by using the usual statistical approach found in textbooks. After finding the same result for both methods, we used the simplicity to implement the interaction in the global approach, to study the variation in the specific heat when the interactions are taken into account. The last comparison was done between global variables and the local density approximation. We have obtained that, for the isothermal compressibility and a equation of state, both methods provide equivalent results. / Nesta tese descrevemos estudos que foram feitos em um Condensado de Bose-Einstein de 87Rb usando variáveis termodinâmicas globais. A velocidade do som foi medida através de variações do número de átomos aprisionados em função da temperatura. Com este método fomos capazes de determinar qual a contribuição da componente térmica e do condensado em cada temperatura. Com o objetivo de estudar a velocidade do som em cada componente, analisamos ambas componentes como se elas fossem totalmente independentes, e encontramos grande similaridade com outro trabalho publicado. Adicionalmente, um estudo teórico foi feito para analisar a validade das variáveis globais comparando com outros métodos. O calor específico para um gás ideal foi calculado usando as variáveis globais e também usando o tratamento estatístico convencional encontrado em livros-texto. Depois de encontrar os mesmos resultados com os dois métodos, usamos a facilidade que temos em considerar as interações entre os átomos usando as variáveis globais, e estudamos a variação no calor específico quando estas interações são consideradas. Em um último estudo, comparamos as variáveis globais com o método de aproximação da densidade local. Para a compressibilidade isotérmica e para uma equação de estado obtemos resultados equivalentes com os dois métodos.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie die genaue Kenntnis der Sende- und Empfangsschallfelder eines Ultraschallwandlers zur Entwicklung neuer Meßverfahren genutzt werden kann. Insbesondere werden dargestellt: - ein neuartiges, nichtscannendes Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Krümmung eines Reflektors, basierend auf der Analyse der Wellenfrontkrümmung reflektierter Schallfelder - ein neuartiges, nichtinvasives Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Schallgeschwindigkeit in einer Flüssigkeit durch Auswertung der Echosignale von im Ausbreitungsmedium vorhandenen Streupartikeln und - ein Verfahren zur Wandlercharakterisierung durch Messungen in Fluiden mit Streupartikeln, sowie verschiedene Zuordnungen von Schallfeldmerkmalen zu spezifischen Eigenschaften eines Ultraschallwandlers. Im Zusammenspiel von Simulation und Experiment konnten die Funktionstüchtigkeit aller Meßverfahren nachgewiesen und vielversprechende innovative Ansätze für zukünftige Entwicklungen angeregt werden: 1. Das nichtscannende Verfahren zur Krümmungsmessung erlaubt bei guter Justage eine Krümmungsbestimmung von Reflektoren mit Radien zwischen 6 und 11 mm mit einer Unsicherheit von ungefähr 0,5 mm. In Kombination mit herkömmlichen scannenden Verfahren bietet es Ansätze zur präzisen Größenbestimmung von Fehlern in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. 2. Das Verfahren zur nichtinvasiven Schallgeschwindigkeitsmessung erlaubt eine Bestimmung von Schallgeschwindigkeiten mit einer statistischen Meßunsicherheit von 0,1 %. Mögliche Weiterentwicklungen zur Messung der Schallgeschwindigkeit mit örtlicher Auflösung und zur Gewinnung neuer Diagnosemöglichkeiten in Metallurgie (nichtinvasive Charakterisierung von Mischungsvorgängen) und Biomedizintechnik (nichtinvasive Temperaturmessung in Körpergewebe zur Überwachung der Hyperthermiebehandlung, Gewebecharakterisierung) werden erläutert. Aus verschiedenen bekannten sowie einem neuartigen, leicht anwendbaren Meßverfahren werden neue Schlüsse gezogen a) zur Bestimmung der akustisch effektiven Elementgröße von Wandlerelementen mittels Schallfeldmessungen, b) zur Qualitätssicherung im Hinblick auf Schallkopfasymmetrien und c) zur Verbesserung von Schallfeldsimulationen. / The current thesis explores how the precise knowledge of the sending and receiving sound fields of an ultrasonic transducer can contribute to the development of novel measuring techniques. Emphasis is placed on: - a novel, non-scanning method for the determination of the curvature radius of a spherical reflector, based on the analysis of the wave front curvature of the reflected sound field, - a novel non-invasive method for sound velocity measurements in fluids using the echo signals from scattering particles, and - novel conclusions on how to use well-known sound field measurement methods for transducer characterisation, as well as an introduction to a novel easy-to-use method for transducer characterisation exploiting the echo signals from scattering particles. Proof of concept is shown for all methods by simulation and measurement, and different promising improvements for further techniques are suggested: - The non-scanning method for curvature measurements makes it possible to determine reflector radii between 6 and 11 mm with an uncertainty of about 0.5 mm, provided that there is a good reflector alignment. In combination with conventional methods, a novel approach for the determination of the size of discontinuities in non-destructive testing is outlined. - The method for non-invasive sound velocity measurements allows the determination of sound velocity in homogeneous fluids with a statistical uncertainty of 0.1 %. Future improvements are suggested to allow sound velocity measurements with local resolution, which enables novel approaches for metallurgy (non-invasive characterisation of mixing processes) and biomedical engineering (non-invasive temperature control for hyperthermia treatment, tissue characterisation). - New conclusions are drawn based on well-established and a novel easy-to-implement measurement method regarding a) the determination of the acoustically effective element size of transducer elements, b) transducer asymmetries, thereby improving quality control, and c) the improvement of sound field simulations.

Aspen (Populus tremula L.) accounts for about 2% of the total wood stock in Sweden. Sawmills use only a small part (about 5,000 m³fub) of round wood aspen per year. Since there are no Swedish gradings and design values for aspen, no aspen is used for structural purposes. This also applies to other hardwood trees in Sweden. Aspen is mainly used for pulp and paper with a mass consumption of 800,000 m³fub per year of which about 50% is imported. Most imported aspen is from Russia and the Baltics. The other major use of aspen is in match industries. Consumption for matches amounts to approximately 30,000 m³fub per year in Sweden. The aim of the research work was to increase knowledge on the wood quality of aspen used in the production of matches. Aspen (Populus tremula L.) logs were collected from two different sites in Sweden and a non-destructive tools weas used to estimate the modulus of elasticity in logs. To measure the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn), Fakopp resonance log grader used. Other properties like density and moisture content were measure and were correlated with the MOEdyn values in order to identify the site that has a better log quality. Besides, horizontal and vertical variation of different wood properties were measured and compared within and between trees from two different sites in order to justify the variation of log quality. A total of 20 trees from Askaremåla and Vimmerby, Sweden were felled and used in this study. From each tree, 3 m long logs were sampled from each base, middle and top. After that, non-destructive evaluations were performed in those logs. Besides, 5 cm thick discs were collected in every tree height (base, middle and top) to measure horizontal and vertical variations. This study shows that there were differences in MOEdyn between and within trees. It was evident that trees collected from Vimmerby had a better log property than that in Askaremåla. Using non-destructive tools, it is possible to sort out quality logs for the production of Swedish matches.

Cette thèse expérimentale porte sur les ondes ultrasonores se propageant dans un milieu granulaire sec, sous contrainte. Dans une première partie, on s'intéresse à la propagation des ondes cohérentes de grande longueur d'onde. La mesure des vitesses de ces ondes en fonction de la contrainte et de la fréquence, montre que les propriétés élastiques du milieu résultent du contact de type Hertz-Mindlin, et que le milieu est non dispersif. La mesure d'atténuation indique un mécanisme dominant du type diffraction de Rayleigh. La propagation d'une onde de Biot à travers l'air dans un empilement sous gravité a été aussi mise en évidence. Dans une seconde partie, on s'est intéressé à la diffusion multiple d'onde acoustique. Nous avons déduit le coefficient de diffusion et le temps inélastique d'absorption en fonction de la contrainte et de la fréquence d'excitation. Le libre parcours moyen de transport a été déterminé en fonction du rapport de la longueur d'onde sur la taille de grains, montrant deux régimes distincts à basse et à haute fréquence. La dernière partie, porte sur le comportement non linéaire hystérétique d'un milieu granulaire, par méthode de résonance. Les modes fondamentaux d'ondes cohérentes ont été étudiés en fonction de l'amplitude d'excitation et de la contrainte de confinement. Un ramollissement élastique de 10%, pour l'onde longitudinale, et de 20%, pour l'onde transversale, sont observés, en bon accord avec un modèle de milieu effectif basé sur la théorie de Mindlin. Les effets d'interaction irréversible son-matière ont été examinés, tels que la compaction intermittente et le processus de cicatrisation. Enfin, on observe que l'atténuation de l'onde transversale dépend conjointement de l'amplitude d'excitation et de la fréquence / This experimental work deals with the ultrasound propagation in a dry granular medium under stress. The first chapter of the thesis concerns the coherent wave propagation in the long-wavelength limit. The measurement of sound velocity as a function of the applied stress and wave frequency confirm that the nonlinear elasticity of the medium originates from the Hertz-Mindlin contact and show that the medium is free of velocity-dispersion. On the other hand, the amplitude measurement reveals that the dominant mechanism of attenuation is due to the Rayleigh-like scattering. Additionally, the airborne Biot wave is observed and investigated. The second chapter is devoted to the diffusively scattered ultrasound. We particularly determine the diffusion coefficient and the inelastic absorption time as a function of stress and frequency. The mean transport free path was investigated versus the ratio of the wavelength to the grain size, which shows two distinct behaviours at low and high frequencies, respectively. The third and last chapter is focused on the hysteretic nonlinear behaviour studied by the resonance method. The fundamental modes of coherent waves are investigated as a function of the applied stress and excitation amplitude. The softening of elastic modulus is observed and can rises to 10% for the longitudinal wave and 20% for the transversal wave, which are in good agreement with the model prediction based on the Mindlin friction theory. Furthermore, the irreversible sound-matter interaction is examined; the intermittent compaction and the slow healing process are observed. Finally, the attenuation of transversal waves is shown to depend simultaneously on wave amplitude and frequency

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie die genaue Kenntnis der Sende- und Empfangsschallfelder eines Ultraschallwandlers zur Entwicklung neuer Meßverfahren genutzt werden kann. Insbesondere werden dargestellt: - ein neuartiges, nichtscannendes Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Krümmung eines Reflektors, basierend auf der Analyse der Wellenfrontkrümmung reflektierter Schallfelder - ein neuartiges, nichtinvasives Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Schallgeschwindigkeit in einer Flüssigkeit durch Auswertung der Echosignale von im Ausbreitungsmedium vorhandenen Streupartikeln und - ein Verfahren zur Wandlercharakterisierung durch Messungen in Fluiden mit Streupartikeln, sowie verschiedene Zuordnungen von Schallfeldmerkmalen zu spezifischen Eigenschaften eines Ultraschallwandlers. Im Zusammenspiel von Simulation und Experiment konnten die Funktionstüchtigkeit aller Meßverfahren nachgewiesen und vielversprechende innovative Ansätze für zukünftige Entwicklungen angeregt werden: 1. Das nichtscannende Verfahren zur Krümmungsmessung erlaubt bei guter Justage eine Krümmungsbestimmung von Reflektoren mit Radien zwischen 6 und 11 mm mit einer Unsicherheit von ungefähr 0,5 mm. In Kombination mit herkömmlichen scannenden Verfahren bietet es Ansätze zur präzisen Größenbestimmung von Fehlern in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. 2. Das Verfahren zur nichtinvasiven Schallgeschwindigkeitsmessung erlaubt eine Bestimmung von Schallgeschwindigkeiten mit einer statistischen Meßunsicherheit von 0,1 %. Mögliche Weiterentwicklungen zur Messung der Schallgeschwindigkeit mit örtlicher Auflösung und zur Gewinnung neuer Diagnosemöglichkeiten in Metallurgie (nichtinvasive Charakterisierung von Mischungsvorgängen) und Biomedizintechnik (nichtinvasive Temperaturmessung in Körpergewebe zur Überwachung der Hyperthermiebehandlung, Gewebecharakterisierung) werden erläutert. Aus verschiedenen bekannten sowie einem neuartigen, leicht anwendbaren Meßverfahren werden neue Schlüsse gezogen a) zur Bestimmung der akustisch effektiven Elementgröße von Wandlerelementen mittels Schallfeldmessungen, b) zur Qualitätssicherung im Hinblick auf Schallkopfasymmetrien und c) zur Verbesserung von Schallfeldsimulationen. / The current thesis explores how the precise knowledge of the sending and receiving sound fields of an ultrasonic transducer can contribute to the development of novel measuring techniques. Emphasis is placed on: - a novel, non-scanning method for the determination of the curvature radius of a spherical reflector, based on the analysis of the wave front curvature of the reflected sound field, - a novel non-invasive method for sound velocity measurements in fluids using the echo signals from scattering particles, and - novel conclusions on how to use well-known sound field measurement methods for transducer characterisation, as well as an introduction to a novel easy-to-use method for transducer characterisation exploiting the echo signals from scattering particles. Proof of concept is shown for all methods by simulation and measurement, and different promising improvements for further techniques are suggested: - The non-scanning method for curvature measurements makes it possible to determine reflector radii between 6 and 11 mm with an uncertainty of about 0.5 mm, provided that there is a good reflector alignment. In combination with conventional methods, a novel approach for the determination of the size of discontinuities in non-destructive testing is outlined. - The method for non-invasive sound velocity measurements allows the determination of sound velocity in homogeneous fluids with a statistical uncertainty of 0.1 %. Future improvements are suggested to allow sound velocity measurements with local resolution, which enables novel approaches for metallurgy (non-invasive characterisation of mixing processes) and biomedical engineering (non-invasive temperature control for hyperthermia treatment, tissue characterisation). - New conclusions are drawn based on well-established and a novel easy-to-implement measurement method regarding a) the determination of the acoustically effective element size of transducer elements, b) transducer asymmetries, thereby improving quality control, and c) the improvement of sound field simulations.