The history that H. Rider Haggard writes about in his imperial adventure romance fiction is neither collusive nor consensual with the Zulu who are often the focus of his novels. He writes a complex colonial narrative that characterises the Zulu as a proud and mythic, yet ultimately doomed, race. His early twentieth century trilogy, Zikali, is unique in that he uses the three books, Marie, Child of Storm and Finished, to narrate three pivotal events in the nineteenth century history of the Zulu Kingdom. In Zikali, he simultaneously propounds the legitimacy of the colonial endeavour, so effectively that he rewrites history, to ensure the primacy of the Englishman in nineteenth century Southern Africa historiography, whilst aggrandising the Zulu kingdom. This reframing of the colonial narrative—to suit the Western interloper—would be evidence of what is a standard trope within imperial adventure romance fiction, were it not for the fact that Haggard is ambivalent in his imperialism. He is both recorder and creator of imperial history, bewailing the demise of the Zulu Kingdom whilst validating the importance of the role of the colonial white Englishman; he senselessly kills hundreds of natives within his books, yet privileges the Zulu. Referencing one of the primary motivational sources in Haggard's own colonial experience, Theophilus Shepstone, I propose to show Haggard's sublimation of Shepstone's ideas into his own African Arcadian romances, and his creation of a Zulu historiography, which would go on to be lauded by the early South African National Native Congress as being one of the foundations of early twentieth century native socio-political self-fashioning. Haggard's work provides a fragmentary and elusive insight into nineteenth century southern African history and offers an abstruse glimpse into colonial culture rarely found in other imperial adventure romance fiction.

A inserção internacional de Moçambique é um processo que ocorreu em fases, tendo se iniciado com os esforços empreendidos na década de 1960 pelo Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, Primeiro Presidente da Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO). Visando criar o isolamento internacional do regime colonial Português e obter o apoio necessário para a causa da independência de Moçambique, Mondlane estabeleceu contatos com governos de vários Estados do mundo incluindo países ocidentais, países progressistas africanos e países socialistas, projetando, deste modo, a imagem de Moçambique no mundo. Iniciada com as decisões tomadas no Segundo Congresso da FRELIMO realizado em 1968, a política externa de Moçambique tinha em vista “criar mais amigos e poucos inimigos”, num contexto de bipolaridade ideológica que caracterizava a guerra-fria. O novo contexto internacional emergente no período após o fim da guerra-fria viria a originar uma redefiniçao desta política que passou a ser definida como de “criar mais amigos e mais parceiras”. A nível da região da África Austral a FRELIMO considerou sempre que a independência de Moçambique só seria completa com a libertação de todos os países da região que ainda se encontravam sob a dominação de regimes coloniais e minoritários tendo dado o seu apoio incondicional à luta de libertação do Zimbábue, África do Sul e Namíbia, para além do seu grande empenho no processo de cooperação e integração regional. É neste contexto que se pode enquadrar esta tese cujo tema é “a política externa de Moçambique e sua inserção na região da África Austral” a qual procura, através de uma vasta revisão bibliográfica, analisar os contornos que estiveram à volta da afirmação de Moçambique como Estado reconhecido no concerto das nações tanto a nível regional como internacional. / The international insertion of Mozambique is a process that took place in phases, starting with the efforts made in the 1960s by Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, First President of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO). In order to create the international isolation of the Portuguese colonial regime and obtain the necessary support for the cause of Mozambique's independence, Mondlane established contacts with governments in several states of the world including Western countries, progressive African countries and socialist countries, thus projecting the image of Mozambique in the world. Initiated by the decisions taken at the Second FRELIMO’s Congress held in 1968, Mozambique's foreign policy aimed to "create more friends and few enemies" in a context of ideological bipolarity that characterized the Cold War. The new emerging international context in the period after the end of the Cold War would lead to a redefinition of this policy, which was defined as "creating more friends and more partners". At the level of the southern African region FRELIMO always considered that Mozambique's independence would only be complete with the liberation of all the countries of the region that were still under the domination of colonial and minority regimes and gave its unconditional support to the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia, in addition to its strong commitment to regional cooperation and integration. It is in this context that one can frame this thesis whose theme is "the foreign policy of Mozambique and its insertion in the region of Southern Africa" which seeks, through a vast bibliographical review, to analyze the contours that were around the affirmation of Mozambique as State recognized in the concert of nations at both regional and international levels.

A inserção internacional de Moçambique é um processo que ocorreu em fases, tendo se iniciado com os esforços empreendidos na década de 1960 pelo Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, Primeiro Presidente da Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO). Visando criar o isolamento internacional do regime colonial Português e obter o apoio necessário para a causa da independência de Moçambique, Mondlane estabeleceu contatos com governos de vários Estados do mundo incluindo países ocidentais, países progressistas africanos e países socialistas, projetando, deste modo, a imagem de Moçambique no mundo. Iniciada com as decisões tomadas no Segundo Congresso da FRELIMO realizado em 1968, a política externa de Moçambique tinha em vista “criar mais amigos e poucos inimigos”, num contexto de bipolaridade ideológica que caracterizava a guerra-fria. O novo contexto internacional emergente no período após o fim da guerra-fria viria a originar uma redefiniçao desta política que passou a ser definida como de “criar mais amigos e mais parceiras”. A nível da região da África Austral a FRELIMO considerou sempre que a independência de Moçambique só seria completa com a libertação de todos os países da região que ainda se encontravam sob a dominação de regimes coloniais e minoritários tendo dado o seu apoio incondicional à luta de libertação do Zimbábue, África do Sul e Namíbia, para além do seu grande empenho no processo de cooperação e integração regional. É neste contexto que se pode enquadrar esta tese cujo tema é “a política externa de Moçambique e sua inserção na região da África Austral” a qual procura, através de uma vasta revisão bibliográfica, analisar os contornos que estiveram à volta da afirmação de Moçambique como Estado reconhecido no concerto das nações tanto a nível regional como internacional. / The international insertion of Mozambique is a process that took place in phases, starting with the efforts made in the 1960s by Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, First President of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO). In order to create the international isolation of the Portuguese colonial regime and obtain the necessary support for the cause of Mozambique's independence, Mondlane established contacts with governments in several states of the world including Western countries, progressive African countries and socialist countries, thus projecting the image of Mozambique in the world. Initiated by the decisions taken at the Second FRELIMO’s Congress held in 1968, Mozambique's foreign policy aimed to "create more friends and few enemies" in a context of ideological bipolarity that characterized the Cold War. The new emerging international context in the period after the end of the Cold War would lead to a redefinition of this policy, which was defined as "creating more friends and more partners". At the level of the southern African region FRELIMO always considered that Mozambique's independence would only be complete with the liberation of all the countries of the region that were still under the domination of colonial and minority regimes and gave its unconditional support to the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia, in addition to its strong commitment to regional cooperation and integration. It is in this context that one can frame this thesis whose theme is "the foreign policy of Mozambique and its insertion in the region of Southern Africa" which seeks, through a vast bibliographical review, to analyze the contours that were around the affirmation of Mozambique as State recognized in the concert of nations at both regional and international levels.

Thesis (DTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008 / The research explores an evaluation of cross-border electricity trading among countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Understanding this trading achieve through an analysis of various global electricity markets. The research disclose that in the electricity markets in Europe, North America, South America and Asia analysed in this thesis, none managed to successful eliminate power shortages. Their situation, however, is different from that of the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP). The apparent poor design of the SAPP as a regional power pool impacts negatively on power trading within its region. A strategic public management model was used to analyse the organisational dynamics of the electricity companies of the three countries selected for this research (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa and Zimbabwe). A Strength Weakness Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis carried out on these markets indicated that there are problems among different electricity companies, each requiring a solution. Each country's evaluation highlighted a need for an accountable government to implement a goal-directed policy to militate against any dysfunctional operations by the electricity companies. The quantitative and qualitative data analyses of the fieldwork results showed the SAPP had struggled hard to increase the capacity of members' power trading. The study indicated internal problems in terms of increasing trading volumes. The time series analysis showed power trading in the short-term electricity market had decreased annually. Linear regression analysis also indicated a decline in the capacity of the SAPP. A number of factors could explain the reduction of capacity in the SAPP, but the research results suggested a strong probability that electricity capacity would decrease further, as the countries, trading in the power pool have experienced decreased electricity volume annually because of internal demand. In addition to a number of. recommendations, the research proposes a normative model that could be used by nations to manage and assess the electricity market. An understanding of the input as adapted from Easton inpuUoutput normative 11 transformational systems model, in terms of different governments, should assist policy-makers to transform the power trading generating distribution industry. Global experience shows the need to establish a normative transformation of the electricity industry in the SADC region. It is clear from the results of this study that the SADC electricity markets have been poorly transformed in terms of a particular normative guideline. The situation has also disadvantaged the SAPP, which, in recent times, had less electricity capacity with which to trade. Implementation of the normative model in the context of this study sought to analyse all aspects that might influence the transformation of the electricity sector, and to grow a currently dysfunctional state to that of functionality and reliability. While each country faced its own reality in terms of the transformation of its public enterprises, the study recommends the normative model be implemented in the same way in each selected country.

M.Comm.

PhD. (Environmental Management) / This research investigates associations between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases and the occurrence of an unusual atmospheric transport patterns over southern Africa, observed during the SAFARI 2000 field campaign. This transport pattern manifested itself as a smoke and hazeladen flow, originating from the sub-equatorial tropical regions over northern Angola and western Zambia, and traversing the subcontinent with exit off the south-east coast over southern Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal into the Indian Ocean. This pattern has been dubbed The River of Smoke. This pattern is distinctly different from the continental re-circulation pattern associated with continental high-pressure systems over the subtropical sub-region, which is the prevalent system according to current literature. The period during which the SAFARI 2000 campaign was conducted happened to be at the height of the strong 1999/2000 La Niña episode, associated with excessively wet conditions over the sub-continent. In contrast, during an earlier field campaign, SAFARI’92, the continental re-circulation transport mode, termed the gyre, was observed to prevail over the subtropical sub-region. SAFARI’92 coincided with the 1991/1992 El Niño episode that resulted in drought conditions over much of southern Africa. These observations triggered the current investigation of the causal associations and frequencies of the River of Smoke flow with phases of the ENSO. This study has employed conventional and modeled methods of meteorological analysis to investigate the influence of ENSO on atmospheric transport and synoptic coupling mechanisms, Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) forward trajectory computations supported by an enhanced method of cluster analysis were used to determine and characterize the mean atmospheric transport modes over the subcontinent. Trajectories were calculated originating at two source points, representative of the tropical and subtropical subregions respectively (Mongu, Zambia; and Tshane, Botswana). Three study years were selected, corresponding to three distinct phases of ENSO: an El Niño episode during 1991/1992, a neutral ENSO episode during 1996/1997, and a La Niña episode during 1999/2000. The National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Reanalysis model is employed to reproduce mean composite synoptic circulation fields over southern Africa during the three periods. Findings show that for airflows originating over tropical southern Africa, the Indian Ocean fast exit pathway is unique to the neutral ENSO phase, while the continental re-circulation transport mode exhibits zero occurrences during the neutral phase. A continental re-circulation transport mode in the lower troposphere was observed during the El Niño and La Niña extremes, but with low annual frequencies (less than 30%). The direct Atlantic Ocean, the north-west and the Indian Ocean slow exit pathways are common to all three ENSO phases. For airflows originating over the subtropical sub-region, the continental re-circulation transport mode has the highest vi frequencies during all three ENSO phases, more especially during the El Niño episode, with more than 50% annual frequency, as observed during SAFARI’92. The north-west, Indian Ocean slow and Indian Ocean fast pathways are observed during all the three ENSO phases, with lower overall frequencies. The anticyclonic circulation flows are driven by the strengthened high-pressure systems over southern Africa: the semi-permanent subtropical high-pressure systems over the adjacent oceans (Atlantic Ocean High and Indian Ocean High) and the transient cut-off continental high-pressure systems. Airflows exiting toward the Indian Ocean have been described previously. In this work, a novel distinction is made between the Indian Ocean fast and the Indian Ocean slow exit pathways. The Indian Ocean slow corresponds to the conventional off-coast flow, such as observed during SAFARI’92. The Indian Ocean fast exit pathway is a newly described transport mode, which results from strong coupling between the subtropical circulation systems and the mid-latitude westerly flows. This strong-coupling induced transport mechanism provides favourable conditions for transport of mass fluxes, such as fire emissions originating from the tropical sub-region, towards the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean fast exit transport mode is characterized by higher speeds while exiting off the south-east coast, and extends further into the temperate latitudes towards Australia. When coupled with tropical sub-region, this flow mode is responsible for the occurrence of the River of Smoke phenomenon identified during SAFARI 2000. This Indian Ocean fast transport mode is intermittent in nature, and couples to the tropical sub-region only during the neutral ENSO episode, during which it exhibits low monthly frequencies, mainly during the dry season July through October. The intermittent nature, dependent on ENSO phases, and the associated low frequencies, may explain why it was observed in SAFARI 2000, but escaped observation and comment during previous studies, such as SAFARI’92.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The aim of this study was to determine which strategy would be most appropriate to enhance regional trade integration in COMESA so that it can provide to its member states the benefits they expect to have from it. / South Africa

Magister Artium - MA / The researcher has been working for CIAT, as a community development facilitator and research assistant for past five years (2001-2006). CIAT has been involved in testing tools and methods for promoting participation and tracking changes at community level under different pilot projects in Eastern and Central Africa in partnership with national research organizations of respective countries. One of CIAT’s areas of research is developing participatory monitoring and evaluation systems that are appropriate for rural communities. The researcher has been involved in designing and setting up community-driven participatory monitoring and evaluation systems on a pilot basis with communities in Eastern and Southern Africa. / South Africa

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The problem that will be investigated in this research project may be formulated in the following way: Which tendencies may be identified in the mission programmes of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa during the period from 1980 to 2000? This thesis will provide a critical historical overview of missionary tendencies in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa from 1980 to 2000 with particular emphasis on the Journey to a New Land Convocation held in 1995. From 2000, the Methodist Church of Southern Africa had begun to reconsider the changes implemented following the Journey to a New Land Convocation. It will investigate such tendencies in the light of the emerging ecumenical paradigm of Christian mission as postulated by David Bosch. I will argue that three phases may be identified in the focus of the mission of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa during this period, namely 1) a period of ecumenical involvement from 1980-1993, 2) the introduction of the process called a “Journey to a New Land” from 1993 to 1995 and 3) the impact of this process on the mission of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa from 1995 to 2000. The thesis will provide an overview and critical analysis of these phases in order to assess whether the emerging ecumenical paradigm of Christian mission as postulated by David Bosch is reflected in each of these phases. A literary review indicates that the missionary focus of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa does not reflect the emerging postmodern paradigm of working towards togetherness. Nor does it proclaim a vision of unity but shows a tendency towards denominational needs. It does not embrace a diversity thereby enriching its missionary focus to give substance to the emerging ecumenical paradigm but shows more divergence than integration. There is also clear evidence that it opted for a holistic rather than a pluralistic approach to defining its missionary focus.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Frankia is one of two partners in the globally distributed N2-fixing actinorhizal symbiosis between this filamentous soil-dwelling actinomycete and almost 300 species of host plants from eight diverse angiosperm families. The actinorhizal symbiosis is a major contributor to nitrogen reservoirs in terrestrial ecosystems, and allows actinorhizal plants to perform the role of pioneers in newly formed and nitrogen-poor soils. Frankia are differentiated into four main host-infection groups (1: Alnus/Comptonia/Myrica-infective, 2: Rosaceae/Datisca/Coriaria-infective, 3: Elaeagnaceae/Gymnostoma-infective and 4: Casuarina-infective), and there is a large degree of phylogenetic clustering within these HIGs. Of these host lineages, species from the genus Morella, from the family Myricaceae, are notable as they have the ability to establish effective partnerships with Frankia from more than one host-infection group. Africa houses 16 of the world’s 33 currently accepted Morella species, and Morella is the continents only genus containing endemic actinorhizal species. Despite this, the diversity of Frankia in symbiosis with African Morella has never been explored. To address this lack of knowledge I investigated Frankia in root nodules of six Morella species from the Cape flora of Southern Africa, as well as in rhizosphere soils from selected hosts. Partial nif H gene fragments recovered from 202 root nodules yielded 26 unique sequences, which phylogenetic analysis assigned to Frankia Cluster I (the Alnus host infection group) and Frankia Cluster III (the Elaeagnus host infection group)1. Nineteen nif H sequences were assigned to three sub-clusters within Frankia Cluster III (CC-3, CC-4 and CC-5), and the remaining seven sequences to two sub-clusters within Cluster I (CC-1 and CC-2), one of which (CC-1) is novel to the current study. Identical sequences were recovered from nodules collected at geographically distant locations, suggesting a cosmopolitan distribution within the region for some subgroups from both clusters, but more localized distribution (or tighter host-specificity) for others. Soil pH correlated with strain presence in nodules, with Cluster I sequences being associated with hosts growing in acidic soils exclusively. Furthermore, three Morella species from the Cape flora of southern Africa are promiscuous in their natural habitats, with host infection group influenced by habitat edaphic conditions. In order to explore the correlation between soil characteristics and Frankia presence in nodules, nif H soil libraries were created from selected host rhizospheres. While Cluster III sequences from these libraries corresponded closely to sequences found in nodules from the same sites, the dominant Cape Cluster I group (CC-1) was absent from all six libraries, even when present in nodules recovered from the same soils. Whether this was due to low abundance of -but strong selection for- these strains by hosts under particular conditions, or due to the absence in soil of hyphal forms of these strains could not be determined. Cluster III strains are known to be better able to persist saprophytically than their relatives from other host-infection groups. A second group of Cluster I strains, detected at only one sampling site, was present in that site's corresponding soil library. An Alnus-infective subgroup, cluster AI, which has been detected in soils collected on five continents, was also detected in the of the Cape soil libraries but never in nodules, raising questions as to this group’s ability to persist in soil in the absence of known suitable hosts. Ten Frankia strains representing all three of the numerically dominant subgroups (CC-1, CC-3 and CC-4, found in 186 of 202 root nodules) were isolated from four Morella species. These isolates represent six of the most abundant unique nodular nif H sequences found in the field survey, and display morphological and cultural characteristics typical of Frankia. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed their identity as Frankia, and multilocus analysis revealed that the isolates belong to three genospecies. Two of these genospecies fall into existing groups within the Elaeagnus-infective Cluster III, while the remaining genospecies is a novel addition to the otherwise well-described Alnus-infective Cluster I. Whole genome sequencing of a representative from each of the Cape genospecies allowed for basic annotation and genome descriptions, which agreed in each case with what has been previously found for strains from the Elaeagnus and Alnus host-infection groups, respectively. Similarly, the organization of nitrogenase gene clusters in each of the sequenced strains mirrors that found in other strains from their respective host-infection groups, indicating that this gene cluster is highly conserved in different Frankia lineages. For the first time the diversity of Frankia nodulating endemic African Morella, and present in root-associated soils of these species, has been explored. This is also the first study to report isolation and description of Frankia strains from actinorhizal plants endemic to Africa.