The main objective of this dissertation was to evaluate long-term fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of Engraulis anchoita eggs and larvae in the Southeastern Brazilian Bight (SBB). Engraulis anchoita is a fish species that is ecologically and economically important. We analyzed samples and abiotic data from eighteen oceanographic cruises conducted during austral late spring and early summer from 1974 to 2010. Two different stocks were detected in the SBB based on egg size, with the predominant stock in the area having smaller eggs than the stock in the region further south. Using indicative kriging, we identified occasional (e.g. Florianópolis - 27°S and off Santos Bay) and avoided (e.g. off São Sebastião Island and off Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System) spawning sites. Through zero-inflated models, spatial factors (different areas and the local depth) were related to the probability of sampling false zeros and temporal and oceanographic conditions (different years and temperature) with egg and larvae abundance. We also described faster and more accurate methodology to identify E. anchoita eggs, and compared the mesh-size efficiency to sample eggs and analyzed how egg size varied seasonally. Our results may support future studies and may assist a future fishery management of E. anchoita, a species not yet exploited in the SBB. / O principal objetivo dessa tese foi analisar as flutuações de longo-prazo na distribuição e abundância de ovos e larvas de Engraulias anchoita, uma espécie de peixe de importância econômica e ecológica, na Plataforma Continental Sudeste do Brasil (PCSE). Nós analisamos amostras e dados abióticos de dezoito cruzeiros oceanográficos realizados durante o fim da primavera e o começo do verão de 1974 a 2010. Dois estoques distintos foram identificados com base no tamanho dos ovos, um predominante e com menor tamanho e outro de maior tamanho ao sul da PCSE. Através de \"krigagem\" indicativa, foram identificadas áreas de desova ocasional (como ao norte de Florianópolis e a área ao largo da baía de Santos) e áreas em que a desova foi evitada (como em frente à Ilha de São Sebastião e ao Sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape). Usando modelos inflacionados de zeros, os fatores espaciais (diferentes áreas e profundidades amostradas) foram relacionados com a probabilidade de se amostrar falso zero, enquanto os fatores temporais e oceanográficos (diferentes anos e temperatura) foram relacionados com a abundância de ovos e larvas. Apresentamos também uma metodologia mais rápida e mais eficiente para identificar os ovos de E. anchoita, comparamos as amostragens realizadas com duas malhagens diferentes e analisamos variações sazonais do tamanho dos ovos capturados. Assim, nossos resultados poderão auxiliar estudos futuros e também no manejo pesqueiro da espécie em questão, ainda não explorada comercialmente na área de estudo.

The main objective of this dissertation was to evaluate long-term fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of Engraulis anchoita eggs and larvae in the Southeastern Brazilian Bight (SBB). Engraulis anchoita is a fish species that is ecologically and economically important. We analyzed samples and abiotic data from eighteen oceanographic cruises conducted during austral late spring and early summer from 1974 to 2010. Two different stocks were detected in the SBB based on egg size, with the predominant stock in the area having smaller eggs than the stock in the region further south. Using indicative kriging, we identified occasional (e.g. Florianópolis - 27°S and off Santos Bay) and avoided (e.g. off São Sebastião Island and off Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System) spawning sites. Through zero-inflated models, spatial factors (different areas and the local depth) were related to the probability of sampling false zeros and temporal and oceanographic conditions (different years and temperature) with egg and larvae abundance. We also described faster and more accurate methodology to identify E. anchoita eggs, and compared the mesh-size efficiency to sample eggs and analyzed how egg size varied seasonally. Our results may support future studies and may assist a future fishery management of E. anchoita, a species not yet exploited in the SBB. / O principal objetivo dessa tese foi analisar as flutuações de longo-prazo na distribuição e abundância de ovos e larvas de Engraulias anchoita, uma espécie de peixe de importância econômica e ecológica, na Plataforma Continental Sudeste do Brasil (PCSE). Nós analisamos amostras e dados abióticos de dezoito cruzeiros oceanográficos realizados durante o fim da primavera e o começo do verão de 1974 a 2010. Dois estoques distintos foram identificados com base no tamanho dos ovos, um predominante e com menor tamanho e outro de maior tamanho ao sul da PCSE. Através de \"krigagem\" indicativa, foram identificadas áreas de desova ocasional (como ao norte de Florianópolis e a área ao largo da baía de Santos) e áreas em que a desova foi evitada (como em frente à Ilha de São Sebastião e ao Sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape). Usando modelos inflacionados de zeros, os fatores espaciais (diferentes áreas e profundidades amostradas) foram relacionados com a probabilidade de se amostrar falso zero, enquanto os fatores temporais e oceanográficos (diferentes anos e temperatura) foram relacionados com a abundância de ovos e larvas. Apresentamos também uma metodologia mais rápida e mais eficiente para identificar os ovos de E. anchoita, comparamos as amostragens realizadas com duas malhagens diferentes e analisamos variações sazonais do tamanho dos ovos capturados. Assim, nossos resultados poderão auxiliar estudos futuros e também no manejo pesqueiro da espécie em questão, ainda não explorada comercialmente na área de estudo.

Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) is an important species, both economically and ecologically in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands (BSAI). However, little is known about its spawning dynamics. To address this knowledge gap, I developed a gross anatomical maturity key for Pacific cod to assess temporal and spatial patterns of reproductive maturity. Gross anatomical maturity keys estimate reproductive maturity by categorizing changes that occur in appearance of ovaries during maturation. Because maturity keys are based on characteristics that change on a continuum, stage assignment can be subjective particularly for ovaries in transition (displaying characteristics of more than one stage). Histological processing is often used to verify maturity key staging by estimating the maturity of individual oocytes from within assessed ovaries. I compared individual oocyte development through histological processing with gross anatomical stage assignments to evaluate the accuracy of Pacific cod maturity key using two approaches. First, assumptions made in delineating advancing characteristics between stages during the development of the key were analyzed by comparing oocyte development from ovaries assigned to key maturity stages by the researchers who designed the key. Secondly, the consistency in the use of the maturity key was addressed by comparing stage assignments to oocyte development for multiple data collectors employing the maturity key in the field. Misclassification rates for the key designers were 22% and field samplers using the key resulted in misclassification rates of 43%. While the misclassification rates are high, the mismatch between histological assessments and gross maturity was very narrow and most often assigned correctly to an adjacent stage. Misclassifications occur most often in the vitellogenin stages where criteria for delineating between stages both histologically and through the use maturity key are based on relative changes in size and color of the ovaries. By using morphological changes to track ovarian maturation, gross anatomical maturity keys provide an easily applied and inexpensive method for the collection of large quantities of data. Maturity data collected by observers aboard commercial fishing vessels in the BSAI were used to construct maps showing spawning sites along the continental shelves of the BSAI between the 100 and 200m isobaths. Spawning stage data for days where a high percentage of spawning was observed ("hot days") were mapped to show areas of high intensity spawning ("hot spots"). Hot spots were identified north of Unimak Island, in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands, at the shelf break near Zhemchug Canyon, and adjacent to the central and western Aleutian Islands. Further analysis of spawning and spent stage data suggests spawning phenology was consistent during the three study years with varying climate conditions, though variation was seen in the duration of the spawning season among years and regions within years. While the processes determining the timing and location of spawning are poorly understood, knowledge of the above patterns allows further examination of how Pacific cod spawning correspond with environmental conditions throughout the season and between years of varying climate patterns. This work provides an initial description of the distribution and phenology of Pacific cod spawning along with a generalized description of oceanographic features observed at hot spot locations during the spawning season. / Graduation date: 2013