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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Variable Specific Discharge and Its Influence on Mass Export of Carbon, Sulphur, Calcium and Magnesium in a Boreal Forest Catchment / Variabel specifik avrinning och dess påverkan på exporten av kol, svavel, kalcium och magnesium från ett avrinningområde i barrskogsbältet

Gärtner, Isabell January 2016 (has links)
Considerable research efforts are made in order to understand the global carbon cycle and how it will affect future climate change and vice versa. To be able to calculate the export of carbon from a certain area, discharge is one of the most important variables together with stream concentrations. Measuring discharge in every catchment would be impossible, as it is both time consuming and expensive. To come around these obstacles, the majority of studies on element export use known discharge data from gauging stations at a single catchment outlet and assumes the same discharge per unit area from nearby catchments, known as the assumption of uniform specific discharge. A few studies in recent years, have come to the conclusion that this questionable assumption can lead to large errors in estimated discharge volumes and it should therefore be reconsidered.This study aims to analyse how the export of elements changes if actual measured variable discharge is applied in comparison to uniform specific discharge. The results of this study shows that the assumption of uniform discharge leads to an overestimation of the export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulphur, calcium and magnesium from forest-dominated catchments by up to 30%. At the same time this assumption leads to an underestimation of export from wetland-dominated catchments by up to 26% over a five year period. / Mycket av forskningen de senaste åren har handlat om framtida klimatförändringar och det globala kolkretsloppet och hur de båda påverkar varandra. För att göra tillförlitliga beräkningar av hur mycket kol ett område, i det här fallet ett barrskogsområde i norra Sverige, tillför vattendragen i närheten under en viss tid skulle det behöva göras vattenståndsmätningar och vattenanalyser vid varje vattendrag, men det skulle vara omöjligt eftersom det är för kostsamt och tidskrävande. För att ändå kunna göra uppskattningar av hur mycket kol, spårämnen och metaller som kommer från ett område, använder de flesta studier information om vattenstånd och ämneskoncentrationen i vattnet från mätningsstationer vid avrinningsområdets utlopp. Samma uppgifter används för att göra beräkningar för det stora området, som för mindre delområden i det. Under de senaste åren har ett antal studier kommit fram till att användandet av data som inte har tagits i direkt anslutning till ett avrinningsområde kan leda till stora fel och kanske borde undvikas.Den här uppsatsen har som syfte att analysera vilka skillnader som uppstår när avrinningsdata från olika delområden används istället för samma data för alla områden. Resultatet av denna studie visar att om man använder samma data för alla områden leder det till att exporten av kol, svavel, kalcium och magnesium från huvudsakligen skogsklädda områden överskattas med upp till 30% och underskattas från områden med mycket våtmarker med upp till 26%.
2

Development of Metal Nanoparticle-Doped Polyanilino-Graphene Oxide High Performance Supercapacitor Cells

Dywili, Nomxolisi Ruth January 2018 (has links)
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Chemistry) / Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, are considered one of the most important subjects concerning electricity or energy storage which has proven to be problematic for South Africa. In this work, graphene oxide (GO) was supported with platinum, silver and copper nanoparticles anchored with dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (DBSA) doped polyaniline (PANI) to form nanocomposites. Their properties were investigated with different characterization techniques. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed GO's nanosheets to be light, flat, transparent and appeared to be larger than 1.5 ?m in thickness. This was also confirmed by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) with smooth surfaces and wrinkled edges observed with the energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirming the presence of the functional groups such as carbon and oxygen. The HRTEM analysis of decorated GO with platinum, silver and copper nanoparticles (NPs) revealed small and uniformly dispersed NPs on the surface of GO with mean particle sizes of 2.3 ± 0.2 nm, 2.6 ± 0.3 nm and 3.5 ± 0.5 nm respectively and the surface of GO showed increasing roughness as observed in HRSEM micrographs. The X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XRF) and EDX confirmed the presence of the nanoparticles on the surface of GO as platinum, silver and copper which appeared in abundance in each spectra. Anchoring the GO with DBSA doped PANI revealed that single GO sheets were embedded into the polymer latex, which caused the DBSA-PANI particles to become adsorbed on their surfaces. This process then appeared as dark regions in the HRTEM images. Morphological studies by HRSEM also supported that single GO sheets were embedded into the polymer latex as composite formation appeared aggregated and as bounded particles with smooth and toothed edges.

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