Since 1975 McCarthy and Low have conducted a program of Michelson spatial interferometry at infrared wavelengths, measuring a large number of evolved stars and protostellar objects. This dissertation discusses the development of an infrared speckle interferometer which was used to extend those observations. This instrument uses a modified version of the technique pioneered by Sibille, Chelli, and Lena. The secondary mirror is used to scan the image across a narrow slit. Each scan is fourier transformed, and the modulii squared of many such transforms are coadded. Both the object of interest and a point source are observed. The square root of the ratio of their power spectra is the visibility as defined by Michelson. This system was assembled for the most part with existing equipment and the design should be readily adaptable to other observatories. Initial tests were made with the 154 cm telescope of the University of Arizona since it had a preexisting mechanism for scanning the secondary. However most of the observations were carried out with the University's 229 cm telescope. A new linear servo was added to the existing hard-stop chopper for this telescope's f/45 secondary. Three detector systems were used to provide wavelength coverage from 2 to 12 microns. An N₂ cooled InSb and a He cooled bolometer were available from the Michelson program. In addition a high sensitivity He cooled InSb detector from the Steward Observatory FTS was used. Slits with an angular size of λ/2D, where D is the telescope diameter were placed at the focal plane in the dewar. The narrow slit results in diffraction losses when used with conventional dewar optics. The loss could be eliminated with optics optimized for this application. However even with the loss, a large number of objects could be observed. Test results at 2 microns were obtained for a double star, the asteroids Vesta and Ceres, and the Galilean satellites Ganymede and Callisto, The protostellar objects W3 IRS 5, S140, and Mon R2 IRS 3 were resolved. The separation, orientation, and relative brightness of the two components IRS 5 were measured at 5 microns. The separation is 1.26" ±0.06 and the position angle is 37° ±5. The brightness ratio is approximately 0.59. S140 and Mon R2 IRS 3 were observed at 2 microns. S140 shows some indication of an extended region of greater than 1" contributing half the flux. IRS 3 has a size of approximately 1" but the data is too noisy for an exact fit. Upper size limits were determined for BN, GL 490, GL 2591, and NGC 2264 IRS. A large number of evolved stars were observed. The size of the shell around Alpha Ori was found to be ∼4" at 11 microns. Observations were obtained for IRC + 10216 at 2, 5, 8, and 11 microns which further define the asymmetrical shape of this object. Observations were also obtained for VY CMa. Upper size limits were established for Omicron Ceti, IRC + 10011, RX Boo, R Hyd, W Hyd, and CIT 6.

Freehand 3-D ultrasound (US) using a 2-D US probe has the advantage over conventional 3-D probes of being able to collect arbitrary 3-D volumes at a lower cost. Traditionally, generating a volume requires external tracking to record the US probe position. An alternative means of tracking the US probe position is through speckle tracking. Ultrasound imaging has the advantage that the speckle inherent in all images contains relative position information due to the decorrelation of speckle over distance. However, tracking the position of US images using speckle information alone suffers from drifts caused by tissue inconsistencies and overall lack of accuracy. This thesis presents two novel methods of improving the accuracy of speckle-tracked 3-D US through the use of sensor fusion. The first method fuses the speckle-tracked US positions with those measured by an electromagnetic (EM) tracker. Measurements are combined using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The fusion is able to reduce drift errors as well as to eliminate high-frequency jitter noise from the EM tracker positions. Such fusion produces a smooth and accurate 3-D reconstruction superior to those using the EM tracker alone. The second method involves the registration of speckle-tracked 3-D US volumes to preoperative CT volumes. We regard registration combined with speckle tracking as a form of sensor fusion. In this case, speckle tracking is used in the registration to generate an initial position for each US image. To improve the accuracy of the US-to-CT registration, the US volume is registered to the CT volume by creating individual US "sub-volumes", each consisting of a small section of the entire US volume. The registration proceeds from the beginning of the US volume to the end, registering every sub-volume. The work is validated through spine phantoms created from clinical patient CT data as well as an animal study using a lamb cadaver. Using this technique, we are able to successfully register a speckle-tracked US volume to a CT volume with excellent accuracy. As a by-product of accurate registration, any drift from the speckle tracking is eliminated and the freehand 3-D US volume is improved. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-10-19 00:10:25.717

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 1992.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2000. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-104). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9957568.

Kassel, Univ., Diss., 2007

This thesis deals with techniques for the displacement measurement of fast transient phenomena using ESPI. Four main contributions are presented. First, a computer model for speckle noise and ESPI fringe generation is proposed. An assessment methodology for speckle noise reduction algorithms is then derived using the computer model. Then the noise in the ESPI fringe patterns is analysed using computer generated speckle and several solutions for its reduction are proposed and assessed. Finally, a fast electro-optical system is presented as a solution to the unambiguous phase extraction problem from a single interferogram. With this novel system, whole field transient displacements occurring in time intervals as short as 20ns can be successfully registered and retrieved.

Esse trabalho apresenta o método de correlação angular de speckle. Esse método foi melhorado para ser aplicado na medição de rugosidade na faixa de 30 m a 0,1 m. Um programa de computador foi desenvolvido para processar imagens e calcular a correlação angular, e novas fórmulas matemáticas foram deduzidas. / This work presents the speckle pattem angular correlation method. This method was improving to be applicable in the roughness measuring in the range of 0,1 m to 30 m. A software was developed to process image and to calculate the angular correlation, and new mathematical equations were formulating.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T00:01:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8600_Dissertacao Mestrado - Vinicius M Sperandio - Um novo conceito de interrogacao por padroes speckles20160919-143411.pdf: 8100791 bytes, checksum: 6244bd8ff843f04999f8c691a4283fcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-20 / Equipamentos elétricos instalados em áreas classificadas necessitam ser protegidos de alguma forma, para que eles não iniciem uma explosão devido a curto-circuito ou mesmo por provocar alta temperatura, devendo atender normas nacionais e internacionais. Um dos sensores mais utilizados em processos na indústria é o de pressão, que também pode ser utilizado para inferir nível, vazão e temperatura. Nesse contexto, a utilização da fibra óptica com uso de laser de baixa potência se torna bastante atrativa para leitura de pressão. A fibra óptica associada a utilização de laser de baixa potência, pode reduzir os riscos de explosão em áreas classificadas sem necessidade de proteção requerida em norma. Para realizar a medida de pressão com fibra óptica nesse trabalho, um laser de baixa potência (da ordem de mW) foi acoplado através de uma fibra óptica polimérica (POF) em substituição ao ponteiro de um manômetro de Bourdon convencional. A luz é propagada através da fibra e refletida na área rugosa, que gera padrões speckles que contém as informações do ângulo de giro. O speckle é uma imagem de aspecto granular que se forma quando um feixe de luz coerente atravessa um meio (nesse caso, a fibra multimodo) que possui algumas centenas de modos de propagação e apresenta variações no índice de refração. A imagem de saída da fibra multimodo acoplada ao manômetro é capturada a fim de medir o deslocamento angular da área observada, que deve ser substituída pelo ponteiro. O estudo e interpretação dos padrões speckles gerados experimentalmente foram feitos por software, correlacionando as imagens com os valores do manômetro de referência. Uma rotina de filtro morfológico eliminou previamente os ruídos da imagem, devido a vibrações produzidas pelo próprio meio onde o protótipo foi instalado. Com isto, a imagem sofreu menor variação do meio para então ser processada de duas formas: primeiro foi aplicada a técnica de Wiener-Khintchine, adquirindo os picos da correlação cruzada entre as imagens do vídeo produzido. Após a aplicação dessa técnica, também foi desenvolvida uma rede neural com valores de erro quadrático médio tais que viabilizaram a sua aplicação prática. Os resultados obtidos através da técnica de Wiener-Khintchine com a aplicação da transformada rápida de fourier foram suficientes para mostrar a dependência com a variação de pressão, mas as leituras realizadas ainda foram inviáveis para a aplicação do modelo em campo. Os valores lidos não tinham produzido resolução suficiente, pois foram de 18 graus com variação de 3; 2%. Após o desenvolvimento da rede neural, utilizando algoritmo feed-forward backpropagation (AFFWBP) multicamada, foi possível atingir resolução para aplicação em campo, com erros menores que 3 graus.

Orientador: Jaime Frejlich / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T17:37:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MosqueraLeiva_LuisAlberto_D.pdf: 1261565 bytes, checksum: d091c718deb41cc832c5b5b8c2cf1a6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Neste trabalho mostramos o uso de técnicas ópticas não-holográficas e holográficas para a caracterização de materiais fotorrefrativos com ênfase no cristal Bi12TiO20 da familia das sillenitas e estudamos o uso destes materiais para a medida de vibrações mecânicas. Em termos de estudo de materiais, realizamos um trabalho inédito de caracterização de materiais que apresentam efeitos não-lineares na absorção e na fotocondutividade, utilizando técnicas ópticas holográficas e não-holográficas combinadas com medidas elétricas clássicas e com auxilio de um modelo teórico adequado. Em termos de aplicações, desenvolvemos uma montagem experimental e um modelo teórico que permite efetivamente utilizar a técnica de Foto-Fem como instrumento prático e simples para a medida de vibrações transversais / Abstract: In this work we report the use of non-holographic and holographic optical techniques for the characterization of photorefractive materials, with special attention to the sillenite family crystal Bi12TiO20, we also use these materials for the measurement of mechanical vibrations. In the field of materiais characterization we report original results concerning the use of optical thecniques associated with classical electric ones as applied to the materials exhibiting nonlinear absorption and fotoconductivity effects. These data were analyzed using an appropriate theoretical model. In the field of applications we report an experimental setup and a theoretical model that will allow the actual use of photo-FEM technique as a practical and simple tool for the measurement of transverse mechanical vibrations / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências