<p>Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla och normera ett logopediskt stavningstest för vuxna., då det idag saknas ett sådant test. Det framtagna testet bestod till en början av en orddel som innehöll 80 ord i varierande svårighetsgrad, utvalda för att representera svenskans olika stavningskombinationer. Vidare fanns en del med 80 nonord, konstruerade för att följa svenskans ljudmässiga uppbyggnad. 146 deltagare från 18 – 94 år deltog i normeringen av testet. Urvalet stratifierades efter kön, ålder och utbildningsnivå så att inverkan av dessa olika faktorer på stavningsförmågan kunde undersökas. Resultaten visade att utbildningsnivå påverkade stavningsförmågan på så sätt att personer med eftergymnasial utbildning klarade stavning av både ord och nonord bättre än personer med förgymnasial/gymnasial utbildning. Vidare uppvisade kvinnor bättre resultat på stavning av ord jämfört med män, men ingen signifikant skillnad i stavningsförmåga av nonord uppmättes. Vid stavning av ord framkom ingen skillnad i förhållande till ålder, men vid stavning av nonord uppvisade äldre personer ett sämre resultat, troligen p.g.a. nedsatt hörsel. De vanligaste typerna av stavfel bland deltagarna var på orddelen enkel-/dubbelteckning och på nonorddelen utbyte av bokstav. Stavfelens placering förekom främst medialt i orden, medan de i nonorden fanns både initialt och medialt. Studien utmynnade i STAVUX, ett test med 45 ord och 45 nonord, utvalda från det ursprungliga testet. STAVUX deltest har en hög intern reliabilitet. Testet har normerats och är tänkt att användas vid utredning av vuxna med stavningssvårigheter.</p> / <p>Because a comprehensive clinical spelling test for adults does not exist today, the aim of this study was to develop and standardize such a test. The originally developed test consisted of one part containing 80 words of varying difficulty, chosen to represent the different spelling combinations of the Swedish language. Furthermore, the test had a part containing 80 pseudo-words, constructed to follow the Swedish sound system. 146 participants between the age of 18 to 94 participated in the standardization of the test. The selection was stratified by sex, age and level of education, in order to examine the influence of these variables on spelling ability. The results indicated that the level of education affected the spelling ability, so that participants with high education spelled both words and pseudo-words better than participants with low education. Moreover women had better results on the spelling of words than men, whereas no significant sex differences was found on pseudo-word spelling. Age did not influence word spelling, but elderly participants had significantly lower results on the pseudo-words, likely because of impaired hearing. The most common type of word misspelling was single/double spelling of consonants. On pseudo-words, grapheme substitutions were the most common error. Misspellings were most frequent medially in words and initially and medially in pseudo-words. The study resulted in STAVUX, a test consisting of 45 words and 45 pseudo words, selected from the original version. The different parts of STAVUX thus have high internal reliability. The test has been standardized and is intended to be a part of the assessment of adults with spelling difficulties.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla och normera ett logopediskt stavningstest för vuxna., då det idag saknas ett sådant test. Det framtagna testet bestod till en början av en orddel som innehöll 80 ord i varierande svårighetsgrad, utvalda för att representera svenskans olika stavningskombinationer. Vidare fanns en del med 80 nonord, konstruerade för att följa svenskans ljudmässiga uppbyggnad. 146 deltagare från 18 – 94 år deltog i normeringen av testet. Urvalet stratifierades efter kön, ålder och utbildningsnivå så att inverkan av dessa olika faktorer på stavningsförmågan kunde undersökas. Resultaten visade att utbildningsnivå påverkade stavningsförmågan på så sätt att personer med eftergymnasial utbildning klarade stavning av både ord och nonord bättre än personer med förgymnasial/gymnasial utbildning. Vidare uppvisade kvinnor bättre resultat på stavning av ord jämfört med män, men ingen signifikant skillnad i stavningsförmåga av nonord uppmättes. Vid stavning av ord framkom ingen skillnad i förhållande till ålder, men vid stavning av nonord uppvisade äldre personer ett sämre resultat, troligen p.g.a. nedsatt hörsel. De vanligaste typerna av stavfel bland deltagarna var på orddelen enkel-/dubbelteckning och på nonorddelen utbyte av bokstav. Stavfelens placering förekom främst medialt i orden, medan de i nonorden fanns både initialt och medialt. Studien utmynnade i STAVUX, ett test med 45 ord och 45 nonord, utvalda från det ursprungliga testet. STAVUX deltest har en hög intern reliabilitet. Testet har normerats och är tänkt att användas vid utredning av vuxna med stavningssvårigheter. / Because a comprehensive clinical spelling test for adults does not exist today, the aim of this study was to develop and standardize such a test. The originally developed test consisted of one part containing 80 words of varying difficulty, chosen to represent the different spelling combinations of the Swedish language. Furthermore, the test had a part containing 80 pseudo-words, constructed to follow the Swedish sound system. 146 participants between the age of 18 to 94 participated in the standardization of the test. The selection was stratified by sex, age and level of education, in order to examine the influence of these variables on spelling ability. The results indicated that the level of education affected the spelling ability, so that participants with high education spelled both words and pseudo-words better than participants with low education. Moreover women had better results on the spelling of words than men, whereas no significant sex differences was found on pseudo-word spelling. Age did not influence word spelling, but elderly participants had significantly lower results on the pseudo-words, likely because of impaired hearing. The most common type of word misspelling was single/double spelling of consonants. On pseudo-words, grapheme substitutions were the most common error. Misspellings were most frequent medially in words and initially and medially in pseudo-words. The study resulted in STAVUX, a test consisting of 45 words and 45 pseudo words, selected from the original version. The different parts of STAVUX thus have high internal reliability. The test has been standardized and is intended to be a part of the assessment of adults with spelling difficulties.

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på om STAVUX (stavningstest för vuxna) och Kasttranskription är lämpliga test att använda vid dyslexiutredningar av vuxna, då det idag saknas sådana test som är normerade på personer över 18 år. STAVUX är ett stavningstest som framtogs av Nilsson och Pettersson (2009) och som består av 45 ord och 45 nonord av varierande svårighetsgrad. Orden är utvalda för att representera svenskans olika stavningskombinationer och nonorden är konstruerade för att följa svenskans ljudmässiga uppbyggnad. En mellangruppsdesign användes för att ta reda på om STAVUX är ett lämpligt test att använda vid utredning av stavningssvårigheter i samband med dyslexiutredningar. Testet validerades på 23 personer med dyslexi i åldrarna 18-64 år. Dyslexigruppens resultat testades mot en kontrollgrupp på 23 personer i åldrarna 18-62 år. I denna studie undersöktes även om det fanns något samband mellan stavningsförmåga och allografisk. Deltagarna fick utföra en kasttranskriptionsuppgift, som innebar att de, på tid, skulle konvertera gemener till versaler och versaler till gemener. Testet heter Kasttranskription och utformades av Hansson och Häägg (2008). Resultaten av denna studie visar att framförallt orddelen i STAVUX kan bidra till prediktionen av dyslexi. Dyslexigruppen presterade signifikant sämre än kontrollgruppen på båda deltesten (orddelen och nonorddelen). Båda grupper följde samma mönster vad gäller typ av stavfel. Flertalet deltagare i respektive grupp utförde Kasttranskription korrekt. Det fanns däremot en signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna i hur lång tid det tog att utföra Kasttranskription. Dyslexigruppen presterade signifikant sämre tidsmässigt jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Deltesten i STAVUX och Kasttranskription var starkt korrelerade med varandra. / The aim of this study was to determine if STAVUX (spelling test for adults) and Kasttranskription are suitable tests to use in the assessment of adults with spelling difficulties. At present, there are no such tests with norms for people older than 18 years. STAVUX was developed by Nilsson and Pettersson (2009) and consists of 45 words and 45 pseudo words of varying difficulty. The words are chosen to represent the different spelling patterns of the Swedish language and the pseudo words to represent the Swedish phonetic structure. A between group’s design was used to find out if STAVUX is a suitable test to use in the assessment of spelling difficulties. STAVUX was validated on 23 persons with dyslexia, aged 18-64 years, and the results were compared to a control group of 23 persons, aged 18-62 years. In this study it was also investigated if there was any correlation between spelling ability and allographic ability. The participants performed a case transcription task, where the participants were supposed to convert lower to upper case letters and upper to lower case letters, while time was measured. The test is named Kasttranskription and was designed by Hansson and Häägg (2008). The results of this study show that particularly the word part of STAVUX, contributes to the prediction of dyslexia. The dyslexic group performed significantly lower than the control group on both subtests (words and pseudo words). Both groups followed the same pattern in type of spelling errors. The majority of the participants in each group managed to perform Kasttranskription correctly. There was a significant difference in time of performance of Kasttranskription. The dyslexic group performed significantly worse in terms of time compared to the control group. The subtests of STAXUX and Kasttranskription were highly correlated with each other.

The literature on spelling and spelling development suggests there is a strong relationship between spelling and phonology (Bruck &amp; Treiman, 1990; Caravolas, Hulme &amp; Snowling, 2001; Craig, 2006; Gindri, Keske-Soares &amp; Mota, 2007). Spelling, however, is considerably less researched than reading (Caravolas, Humle &amp; Snowling, 2001). Spelling difficulties are known to be more persistent in people with reading and writing disabilities, even when their reading has become acceptable (Høien &amp; Lundberg, 1999) but more research is needed in this area. Assessment and detailed knowledge of the difficulties is of great importance in order to provide the appropriate help for children with reading and writing disabilities (Frisk, 2010; Magnusson, Nauclér, &amp; Reuterskiöld, 2008). The purpose of the present study was to develop and try out a phonologically based spelling test for children, with focus on medial phonemes. The study contained 150 pupils in grade 1 and 2 as well as pupils in remedial teaching due to reading and spelling difficulties in the same grades. In addition to spelling, all pupils were tested for reading ability, phonological awareness, nonverbal intelligence and auditory discrimination. Misspellings were analysed with three quantitative and one qualitative classification methods. Results showed that the spelling test based on analyse of medial phonemes captured misspellings to the same extent as the other quantitative classification method.  Pupils in grade 2 received significant higher results in the spelling test than pupils in grade 1. The group of typically developed pupils had significantly better results than the pupils with reading and writing disabilities. Results also showed that real words were significantly easier to spell than non-words. Moreover, significant correlations between spelling and reading ability, and spelling and phonological awareness, were found. The strong correlation between spelling ability and phonological awareness, and the fact that children with reading and writing disabilities performed poorly on spelling of non-words, lead to the conclusion that spelling and phonology are closely related, which is supported by the literature (Bruck &amp; Treiman, 1990; Caravolas, Hulme &amp; Snowling, 2001; Craig, 2006; Gindri, Keske-Soares &amp; Mota, 2007).

Word prediction has been offered as support for children with spelling difficulties. The literature however has shown wide-ranging results, as the use of word prediction is at the cost of time and fatigue due to increased visual-cognitive demands. Spelling support with word prediction is through word completion, keystroke reduction and the interactive process between spelling and reading. The research project was a cross-over within-subject design using 80 Grade 4 – 6 children with spelling difficulties in a school for special needs. The research task took the form of entering 30 words through an on-screen keyboard, with and without the use of word prediction software. The subjects were divided into four groups, who completed the research task in combinations of one of two equivalent wordlists and the presentation order of the typing method used. The Graded Word Spelling Test, administered before the study began, served to investigate whether there was a relationship between the children’s current spelling knowledge and word prediction efficacy. The results indicated an increase in spelling accuracy with the use of word prediction, but at the cost of time and the tendency to use word approximations, which decreased as grade and age increased. Children’s current spelling knowledge could not serve as an indicator of who would be most likely to benefit from word prediction use. The cross-over design counter-balanced the effects of the inequalities in the two wordlists and the effects of practice and fatigue noted in the presentation order. Further research into the impact that more extensive training and practice would have on word prediction efficacy and the usefulness of word prediction in more functional writing is necessary. / Dissertation (M (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted