Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-99).

Memoria para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento hasta diciembre de 2015 / La espirulina (Arthrospira platensis), es una microalga cuyos estudios han demostrado que posee actividad antioxidante, antiviral, antihistamínica, antiinflamatoria e inmunoestimulante, además de presentar efectos antianémicos, anticancerígenos, anticoagulantes, antigenotóxicos, antihepatotóxicos, antiparasitarios, hipoglicemiantes e hipolipidémicos. Dentro de los estudios de la actividad antinflamatoria de esta microalga, no se encontró ningún antecedente que demuestre su efecto inhibitorio sobre la 15-lipoxigenasa. En esta memoria se realizó un estudio comparativo entre distintos cultivos de A. platensis utilizando dos fuentes de CO2 en distintas concentraciones. Las variables comparadas fueron: crecimiento y producción de biomasa de los cultivos, rendimiento y perfil cromatográfico por cromatografía en capa fina y por CLAE-DAD de los diferentes extractos, contenido total de fenoles, así como también la actividad inhibitoria de la 15-lipoxigenasa de soya de los extractos etanólicos que fueron los que presentaron una mayor cantidad de compuestos fenólicos. El crecimiento y producción de biomasa resultó mayor para los cultivos a los que se le adicionaron CO2, ya sea proveniente de Indura o de la viña Miguel Torres, respecto a los cultivos controles, que no recibieron aporte extra de CO2. El rendimiento de los extractos etanólicos de los cultivos que recibieron aporte de CO2 fueron los que alcanzaron un mayor valor. El CO2 produjo un cambio en la cantidad de compuestos fenólicos, los cuales aumentaron hasta un 50%, lo cual se evidenció mediante el ensayo de Folin-Ciocalteau. Se comprobó la ausencia de ácido gálico, ácido cafeico y ácido ferúlico por CLAE-DAD, utilizando los patrones correspondientes. Dos extractos etanólicos Bv y Cv (obtenidos desde la biomasa cultivada con 2,5 y 5,0 % de CO2 provenientes del gas de fermentación de la viña Miguel Torres) presentaron un porcentaje significativo de inhibición de la 15-lipoxigenasa de soya de un 29,5 ± 6,2 y un 48,5 ± 1,1 μg/mL respectivamente. Dichos porcentajes de inhibición son menores a los obtenidos con el compuesto de referencia (ácido cafeico) / Spiruline (Arthrospira platensis), is a microalgae whose studies shows that it has antioxydant, antiviral, antihistaminic, antiinflammatory and inmunoestimulant activity, further, effects such as antianemic, anticancerous, anticoagulant, antigenotoxic, antihepatotoxic, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic were also reported. Within the studies of the antiinflammatory activity of this microalgae, there are no antecedents of it’s inhibitory effect on 15-lipoxigenase. On this work, a comparative study from distinct cultures of A. platensis using two sources of CO2 in several concentrations was performed. The compared variables were: growth and production of biomass of the cultures, yield and cromatography profile by thin layer cromatography and for HPLC-DAD of the different extracts, total content of phenols, and inhibitory activity of soy 15-lipoxigenase of the ethanolic extracts that presented a higher content of phenolic compounds. The cultures that presented a higher cellular growth rate and a higher production of biomass were the cultures with addition of CO2, either from Indura or Miguel Torres vineyard, in regard of the control cultures that does not received additional CO2. The yield of the ethanolic extracts of the cultures that received additional CO2 showed the highest value. CO2 addition produced a change in the amount of phenolic compounds, increasing it’s concentration in 50%, which was evidenced through Folin-Ciocalteau test. The absence of gallic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid was proved by HPLC-DAD, using the corresponding patterns. Two ethanolic extracts, Bv and Cv (extracted from biomass cultivated with 2,5 and 5,0 % of CO2 from fermentation gas from Miguel Torres vineyard) exhibit a significant inhibition percentage of soy 15-lipoxigenase of 29,5 ± 6,2 and 48,5 ± 1,1 μg/mL respectively. These percentages of inhibition are smaller compared with the reference compound (caffeic acid) / Proyecto FIA

Memoria para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico / La espirulina (Arthrospira platensis), es una microalga cuyos estudios han demostrado que posee actividad antioxidante, antiviral, antihistamínica, antiinflamatoria e inmunoestimulante, además de presentar efectos antianémicos, anticancerígenos, anticoagulantes, antigenotóxicos, antihepatotóxicos, antiparasitarios, hipoglicemiantes e hipolipidémicos. Dentro de los estudios de la actividad antinflamatoria de esta microalga, no se encontró ningún antecedente que demuestre su efecto inhibitorio sobre la 15-lipoxigenasa. En esta memoria se realizó un estudio comparativo entre distintos cultivos de A. platensis utilizando dos fuentes de CO2 en distintas concentraciones. Las variables comparadas fueron: crecimiento y producción de biomasa de los cultivos, rendimiento y perfil cromatográfico por cromatografía en capa fina y por CLAE-DAD de los diferentes extractos, contenido total de fenoles, así como también la actividad inhibitoria de la 15-lipoxigenasa de soya de los extractos etanólicos que fueron los que presentaron una mayor cantidad de compuestos fenólicos. El crecimiento y producción de biomasa resultó mayor para los cultivos a los que se le adicionaron CO2, ya sea proveniente de Indura o de la viña Miguel Torres, respecto a los cultivos controles, que no recibieron aporte extra de CO2. El rendimiento de los extractos etanólicos de los cultivos que recibieron aporte de CO2 fueron los que alcanzaron un mayor valor. El CO2 produjo un cambio en la cantidad de compuestos fenólicos, los cuales aumentaron hasta un 50%, lo cual se evidenció mediante el ensayo de Folin-Ciocalteau. Se comprobó la ausencia de ácido gálico, ácido cafeico y ácido ferúlico por CLAE-DAD, utilizando los patrones correspondientes. Dos extractos etanólicos Bv y Cv (obtenidos desde la biomasa cultivada con 2,5 y 5,0 % de CO2 provenientes del gas de fermentación de la viña Miguel Torres) presentaron un porcentaje significativo de inhibición de la 15-lipoxigenasa de soya de un 29,5 ± 6,2 y un 48,5 ± 1,1 μg/mL respectivamente. Dichos porcentajes de inhibición son menores a los obtenidos con el compuesto de referencia (ácido cafeico) / Spiruline (Arthrospira platensis), is a microalgae whose studies shows that it has antioxydant, antiviral, antihistaminic, antiinflammatory and inmunoestimulant activity, further, effects such as antianemic, anticancerous, anticoagulant, antigenotoxic, antihepatotoxic, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic were also reported. Within the studies of the antiinflammatory activity of this microalgae, there are no antecedents of it’s inhibitory effect on 15-lipoxigenase. On this work, a comparative study from distinct cultures of A. platensis using two sources of CO2 in several concentrations was performed. The compared variables were: growth and production of biomass of the cultures, yield and cromatography profile by thin layer cromatography and for HPLC-DAD of the different extracts, total content of phenols, and inhibitory activity of soy 15-lipoxigenase of the ethanolic extracts that presented a higher content of phenolic compounds. The cultures that presented a higher cellular growth rate and a higher production of biomass were the cultures with addition of CO2, either from Indura or Miguel Torres vineyard, in regard of the control cultures that does not received additional CO2. The yield of the ethanolic extracts of the cultures that received additional CO2 showed the highest value. CO2 addition produced a change in the amount of phenolic compounds, increasing it’s concentration in 50%, which was evidenced through Folin-Ciocalteau test. The absence of gallic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid was proved by HPLC-DAD, using the corresponding patterns. Two ethanolic extracts, Bv and Cv (extracted from biomass cultivated with 2,5 and 5,0 % of CO2 from fermentation gas from Miguel Torres vineyard) exhibit a significant inhibition percentage of soy 15-lipoxigenase of 29,5 ± 6,2 and 48,5 ± 1,1 μg/mL respectively. These percentages of inhibition are smaller compared with the reference compound (caffeic acid)

published_or_final_version / Botany / Master / Master of Philosophy

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Química. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto, Université Claude Bernard. 2009

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciencias Agrarias / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T22:05:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T17:28:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 87325.pdf: 1688674 bytes, checksum: 107984c82cbf4e1ff3cd32855e277470 (MD5) / Foram realizadas sessenta culturas de Spirulina máxima em meios de crescimento alternativos constituídos de cinza de carvão vegetal e de palha de arroz. Em todos os experimentos, houve crescimento de Spirulina. O melhor rendimento de biomassa foi obtido em meio semi-natural a base de cinza de carvão vegetal, que alcançou 108,9% no sistema descontínuo em relação ao meio controle. A produtividade conseguida foi 0,30 mg/l/h. Foi determinada a composição química dos meios propostos. O melhor meio de cultura alternativo conseguido foi o meio semi-natural, constituído a base de cinza de carvão vegetal e nitrato de potássio.

Orientador: Ranulfo Monte Alegre / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T16:06:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Macedo_RicardoVertheinTavaresDe_D.pdf: 10392498 bytes, checksum: d4815c57dd57ddc68dbcf402f55040c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Heavy metal contamination from mining and other industrial operations is becoming an increasing problem with regards to the depleting water resources in South Africa. This study involved the investigation of the use of an algal biomass as a possible alternative to the traditional chemical means of removing these metals. When the toxic effects of metals were investigated, Spirulina was found to have a threshold level of about 30 μM for copper, zinc and lead. Copper and zinc appeared to have a direct effect on the photosynthetic pathway, thereby causing a rapid decline in cell growth. Lead on the other hand seemed to affect surface properties and hence took longer to cause deterioration in growth. Although relatively low concentrations of metal may have a toxic effect on the cyanobacterium, Spirulina may have potential as a precipitation agent. The role of Spirulina in the precipitation of heavy metals appears to be through its ability to maintain a high pH in the surrounding medium, possibly through the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Subsequent studies therefore focused on the assay and isolation of this enzyme. Two different radiotracer assays, in which carbonic anhydrase converts radiolabelled bicarbonate to carbon dioxide, were investigated, but were found to have several problems. Results were insensitive and could not be reproduced. The standard Wilbur-Anderson method subsequently investigated also proved to be insensitive with a tremendous degree of variability. Although not quantitative, SDS-PAGE proved to be the most reliable method of detection, and was therefore used in subsequent procedures. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the subject of initial enzyme isolation studies as these procedures are well documented. Although the published protocols proved unsuccessful, affinity chromatography of a membrane stock solution from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii yielded two relatively pure protein bands. These bands were presumed to represent two subunits of carbonic anhydrase, although Western blot analysis would be required to confirm their identity. Purification of carbonic anhydrase from Spirulina, however, proved unsuccessful and results obtained were very inconclusive. Hence, further analysis of Spirulina is required. The possibility of cloning CA from a genomic library was also considered, but suitable primers could not be designed from the aligned sequences.

Objetivo: revisar sistematicamente os efeitos da Spirulina platensis em marcadores inflamatórios em humanos. Métodos: foi realizada busca por ensaios clínicos randomizados, realizados em humanos adultos com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da Spirulina Platensis sob marcadores inflamatórios. A busca foi efetuada até outubro de 2015 nas bases de dados Medline via Pubmed, Cochrane Central, Clinical Trials, Scielo, LILACS, banco de teses da CAPES, assim como em bancos de grey literature. Resultados: Identificados vinte e oito estudos dos quais foram elegíveis três ensaios clínicos randomizados. A amostra foi constituída de 34 a 78 participantes, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 18 a 87 anos. Os marcadores inflamatórios avaliados foram: IL-2, IL-6, e TNF- e a intervenção foi feita com cápsulas de Spirulina platensis versus placebo. A IL-2 foi avaliada em dois estudos porém, não foi possível realizar a metanálise, pois um dos artigos não descrevia os valores encontrados em seu grupo controle. A IL-6 ao ser analisada em conjunto, não demonstrou diferença significativa com o uso da Spirulina platensis [-0,36 (IC95%: -0,90 a 0,18), com I2=0%]. Quanto ao TNF- não houve diferença significativa com o uso da Spirulina platensis [-0,03 (IC95%: -0,42 a 0,37)] com teste de inconsistência mostrando moderada heterogeneidade e insignificância estatística [I2= 31%, P= 0,23]. Conclusão: A informação disponível sobre o tema proposto é escassa e o efeito da Spirulina platensis sobre os marcadores inflamatórios se mostrou inconsistente. Ensaios clínicos randomizados adicionais com maior número de participantes e melhores avaliações dos marcadores são necessários para verificar o real papel anti-inflamatório da Spirulina platensis. / Objective: Perform a systematic review on the anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina platensis in humans. Methods: A search was conducted in Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Central and Clinical Trials until October 2015 and dissertations published in CAPES, and gray literature banks for randomized controlled trials performed in adults to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina platensis. Results: The search identified twenty eight articles. Only three randomized clinical trials were elegible for this study. The sample ranged between 34 and 78 participants, both genders, with the age ranged from 18 to 78 years. The measurements of inflammatory outcome were assessed through IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-. The intervention was capsules of Spirulina platensis versus placebo. The IL-2 was evaluated in two studies but it was not possible to evaluate the results together through meta-analysis because one of the articles did not describe the values in the control group. IL-6, when analyzed together, showed no significant difference between Spirulina platensis and placebo [-0.36 (95% CI: -0.90 to 0.18), with I2 = 0%]. Regarding the TNF- no significant difference was found [-0.03 (95% CI: -0.42 to 0.37)]. The inconsistency test showed moderate heterogeneity and no statistical significance [I2 = 31%, P = 0.23]. Conclusion: The available information on anti-inflammatory effects of S. platensis is scarce. Spirulina platensis presented no significant effect on the inflammatory markers. Additional randomized clinical trials, with more participants and better markers assessments are needed to verify the real anti-inflammatory role of Spirulina platensis.

Objetivo: revisar sistematicamente os efeitos da Spirulina platensis em marcadores inflamatórios em humanos. Métodos: foi realizada busca por ensaios clínicos randomizados, realizados em humanos adultos com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da Spirulina Platensis sob marcadores inflamatórios. A busca foi efetuada até outubro de 2015 nas bases de dados Medline via Pubmed, Cochrane Central, Clinical Trials, Scielo, LILACS, banco de teses da CAPES, assim como em bancos de grey literature. Resultados: Identificados vinte e oito estudos dos quais foram elegíveis três ensaios clínicos randomizados. A amostra foi constituída de 34 a 78 participantes, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 18 a 87 anos. Os marcadores inflamatórios avaliados foram: IL-2, IL-6, e TNF- e a intervenção foi feita com cápsulas de Spirulina platensis versus placebo. A IL-2 foi avaliada em dois estudos porém, não foi possível realizar a metanálise, pois um dos artigos não descrevia os valores encontrados em seu grupo controle. A IL-6 ao ser analisada em conjunto, não demonstrou diferença significativa com o uso da Spirulina platensis [-0,36 (IC95%: -0,90 a 0,18), com I2=0%]. Quanto ao TNF- não houve diferença significativa com o uso da Spirulina platensis [-0,03 (IC95%: -0,42 a 0,37)] com teste de inconsistência mostrando moderada heterogeneidade e insignificância estatística [I2= 31%, P= 0,23]. Conclusão: A informação disponível sobre o tema proposto é escassa e o efeito da Spirulina platensis sobre os marcadores inflamatórios se mostrou inconsistente. Ensaios clínicos randomizados adicionais com maior número de participantes e melhores avaliações dos marcadores são necessários para verificar o real papel anti-inflamatório da Spirulina platensis. / Objective: Perform a systematic review on the anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina platensis in humans. Methods: A search was conducted in Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Central and Clinical Trials until October 2015 and dissertations published in CAPES, and gray literature banks for randomized controlled trials performed in adults to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina platensis. Results: The search identified twenty eight articles. Only three randomized clinical trials were elegible for this study. The sample ranged between 34 and 78 participants, both genders, with the age ranged from 18 to 78 years. The measurements of inflammatory outcome were assessed through IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-. The intervention was capsules of Spirulina platensis versus placebo. The IL-2 was evaluated in two studies but it was not possible to evaluate the results together through meta-analysis because one of the articles did not describe the values in the control group. IL-6, when analyzed together, showed no significant difference between Spirulina platensis and placebo [-0.36 (95% CI: -0.90 to 0.18), with I2 = 0%]. Regarding the TNF- no significant difference was found [-0.03 (95% CI: -0.42 to 0.37)]. The inconsistency test showed moderate heterogeneity and no statistical significance [I2 = 31%, P = 0.23]. Conclusion: The available information on anti-inflammatory effects of S. platensis is scarce. Spirulina platensis presented no significant effect on the inflammatory markers. Additional randomized clinical trials, with more participants and better markers assessments are needed to verify the real anti-inflammatory role of Spirulina platensis.