Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-116). Also available on the World Wide Web.

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Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. (= P. recondita Rob. Ex Desmaz. f. sp. tritici), is the most widespread disease of wheat worldwide and causes average annual yield losses of 5 to 25%. The emergence of a new predominant race of leaf rust, TDBG, in the 2004 Canadian virulence survey led to the identification of a second leaf rust resistance gene segregating in the Thatcher-Lr1 near-isogenic differential line, RL6003, which produced an unusual mesothetic infection type. This gene was subsequently isolated in a Thatcher background and temporarily designated as LrCen (Tc-LrCen). A cross was made with a susceptible parent (Tc-LrCen/ Sumai3-lr34) and a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population was generated from the hybrids. Parental lines and 180 double haploid (DH) individuals were phenotyped with race TDBG and a 1:1 ratio was observed in the DH population. Parental lines and 94 DH individuals were genotyped with the Illumina Infinium assay using a custom iSelect 90K wheat SNP array. Two-point linkage between the phenotype and polymorphic SNP markers identified linked markers. A BLAST search of linked SNP sequences was performed against the Wheat Survey Sequence providing a putative chromosomal location of 7AL. Subsequent mapping with microsatellite markers confirmed LrCen was located on the long arm of chromosome 7A flanked by gwm344 (9.5 cM) and cfa2240 (0.6 cM) as well as a group of co-segregating SNPs also at a genetic distance of 0.6 cM. When the SNP sequences were converted to the kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers they were found to be dominant, making them less useful for marker assisted selection in populations with heterozygotes. LrCen mapped distal to Lr20; the only other Lr gene previously identified on chromosome 7AL. / October 2016

Thesis (MS)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2009. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Richard E. Engel. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-89).

The balance of improving hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell) yield while maintaining grain protein concentration continues to be a challenge in agriculture. The objective of the field research was to evaluate N fertilizer types, additives, rates, and application timing to find N management strategies that improved the efficiency of the applied N with regards to both grain protein and yield. Another aspect of this study was to determine if ground-based active sensor data can predict grain yield and/or protein content. Fertilizer treatments consisted of 2 application timings, 3 sources of N, 3 rates of N, and 2 additive types. Spring applications improved grain protein and yield compared to fall applications. Polymer coated urea shows promise in improving grain protein over urea alone. However, profitability is dependent on environmental factors that may influence N availability, as well as prices at the time that the grain is marketed. / Minnesota Wheat and Promotion Council

Each genotype was exposed to controlled PHS conditions for evaluation of susceptibility or tolerance to sprouting, falling number, kernel color, test weight, and yield. The 24 genotypes were grown in replicated trials at three locations over three years, all data subjected to an analysis of variance. Over three years the genotypes were rated for visual PHS using a 1 to 9 scale, with 1 equivalent to no visual PHS and 9 equivalent to maximum visual PHS. The red genotypes exhibited a higher tolerance to PHS than white genotypes with a mean PHS score of 4.46 compared with 5.16 for white genotypes. Not all the white genotypes were equally susceptible to PHS or more susceptible than the red genotypes, suggesting that not all seed dormancy is linked to the kernel color genes.

Environmental hazards and health problems due to the application of chemical pesticides in agricultural sectors incite huge public concerns. Therefore, one of the better solutions is through introduction of biological control means to manage the outbreaks of plant diseases. To date, only small numbers of beneficial microorganisms - belonging to the category of hyperparasitic or mycoparasitic fungi have proven to keep plants or protect crops from plant pathogen infection. The objective of this study was to characterize a group of <i>Fusarium</i>-associated melanosporaceous biotrophic mycoparasitic fungal isolates, which were identified and pre-selected by Dr. Vladimir Vujanovic and deposited in the Saskatchewan Microbial Collection and Database (SMCD). Particular objectives were to examine spore germination of a biotrophic mycoparasite, to test effects of this fungus on seed germinations, to study interactions between the mycoparasite and Fusarium hosts, and to investigate relationships between the mycoparasite-the <i>Fusarium</i> host-wheat root under controlled conditions in the university Phytotron facilities.<p> Information related to this group of fungi is relatively limited. In order to characterize potential biotrophic mycoparasitic fungal isolate(s), molecular and microscopy methods were performed to accomplish taxonomical, phylogenetical and morphological studies. Since, spore germination is a very crucial stage in fungal life cycle and growth, ascospores (sexual spores) of the biotrophic mycoparasite were isolated from a fungal colony. These spores were inoculated on media supplemented with different <i>Fusarium</i>-filtrates or suspended in different <i>Fusarium</i>-filtrates to examine spore germination rates and growth patterns. Together with other mycoparasitic fungi, this biotrophic mycoparasite was inoculated on spring wheat seeds, to test effects of these fungal inoculants on seedlings growth using <i>in vitro</i> assays. Dual-culture, slide culture, and microscopy approaches were carried out to elucidate intimate and special relationship between the biotrophic mycoparasite and <i>Fusarium</i>-hosts. In order to study tritrophic interactions (biotrophic mycoparasite-<i>Fusarium</i> host-wheat root), spring wheat was grown in the phytotron with different treatments of fungal inoculations. Wheat roots were then subjected to genus-specific quantitative real-time PCR analyses.<p> One melanosporaceous biotrophic mycoparasitic strain was identified as a new species in the genus <i>Sphaerodes</i>. This biotrophic mycoparasite was isolated from <i>Fusarium</i>-infected fields in Saskatchewan and Quebec, and named <i>Sphaerodes mycoparasitica</i>. Germination of <i>S. mycoparasitica</i> sexual spores was improved when treated with filtrates or extracellular extracts from the <i>Fusarium</i>-host as compared to <i>Fusarium</i>-non-host filtrates. No pathogenic effects on wheat seeds were observed when inoculated with <i>S. mycoparasitica</i>. Furthermore, seedlings growth was enhanced with this biotrophic mycoparasite compared to other mycoparasitic fungi. Later, this biotrophic mycoparasitic strain was found to establish biotrophic fusion and haustorial contact relations with <i>F. avenaceum, F. oxysporum</i>, and two F. graminearum chemotypes. Since, 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol-producing <i>F. graminearum</i> is one of the most highly toxigenic and aggressive wheat pathogens in Saskatchewan and North America, therefore, this pathogen strain was chosen for tritrophic interaction study. Under controlled conditions in the phytotron, <i>S. mycoparasitica</i> improved seedlings growth when these were challenged with <i>F. graminearum</i> as compared to seedlings only inoculated with the <i>Fusarium</i> pathogen. In conclusion, S. mycoparasitica could be a potential candidate for biological control of <i>Fusarium</i> diseases in wheat.

Environmental hazards and health problems due to the application of chemical pesticides in agricultural sectors incite huge public concerns. Therefore, one of the better solutions is through introduction of biological control means to manage the outbreaks of plant diseases. To date, only small numbers of beneficial microorganisms - belonging to the category of hyperparasitic or mycoparasitic fungi have proven to keep plants or protect crops from plant pathogen infection. The objective of this study was to characterize a group of <i>Fusarium</i>-associated melanosporaceous biotrophic mycoparasitic fungal isolates, which were identified and pre-selected by Dr. Vladimir Vujanovic and deposited in the Saskatchewan Microbial Collection and Database (SMCD). Particular objectives were to examine spore germination of a biotrophic mycoparasite, to test effects of this fungus on seed germinations, to study interactions between the mycoparasite and Fusarium hosts, and to investigate relationships between the mycoparasite-the <i>Fusarium</i> host-wheat root under controlled conditions in the university Phytotron facilities.<p> Information related to this group of fungi is relatively limited. In order to characterize potential biotrophic mycoparasitic fungal isolate(s), molecular and microscopy methods were performed to accomplish taxonomical, phylogenetical and morphological studies. Since, spore germination is a very crucial stage in fungal life cycle and growth, ascospores (sexual spores) of the biotrophic mycoparasite were isolated from a fungal colony. These spores were inoculated on media supplemented with different <i>Fusarium</i>-filtrates or suspended in different <i>Fusarium</i>-filtrates to examine spore germination rates and growth patterns. Together with other mycoparasitic fungi, this biotrophic mycoparasite was inoculated on spring wheat seeds, to test effects of these fungal inoculants on seedlings growth using <i>in vitro</i> assays. Dual-culture, slide culture, and microscopy approaches were carried out to elucidate intimate and special relationship between the biotrophic mycoparasite and <i>Fusarium</i>-hosts. In order to study tritrophic interactions (biotrophic mycoparasite-<i>Fusarium</i> host-wheat root), spring wheat was grown in the phytotron with different treatments of fungal inoculations. Wheat roots were then subjected to genus-specific quantitative real-time PCR analyses.<p> One melanosporaceous biotrophic mycoparasitic strain was identified as a new species in the genus <i>Sphaerodes</i>. This biotrophic mycoparasite was isolated from <i>Fusarium</i>-infected fields in Saskatchewan and Quebec, and named <i>Sphaerodes mycoparasitica</i>. Germination of <i>S. mycoparasitica</i> sexual spores was improved when treated with filtrates or extracellular extracts from the <i>Fusarium</i>-host as compared to <i>Fusarium</i>-non-host filtrates. No pathogenic effects on wheat seeds were observed when inoculated with <i>S. mycoparasitica</i>. Furthermore, seedlings growth was enhanced with this biotrophic mycoparasite compared to other mycoparasitic fungi. Later, this biotrophic mycoparasitic strain was found to establish biotrophic fusion and haustorial contact relations with <i>F. avenaceum, F. oxysporum</i>, and two F. graminearum chemotypes. Since, 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol-producing <i>F. graminearum</i> is one of the most highly toxigenic and aggressive wheat pathogens in Saskatchewan and North America, therefore, this pathogen strain was chosen for tritrophic interaction study. Under controlled conditions in the phytotron, <i>S. mycoparasitica</i> improved seedlings growth when these were challenged with <i>F. graminearum</i> as compared to seedlings only inoculated with the <i>Fusarium</i> pathogen. In conclusion, S. mycoparasitica could be a potential candidate for biological control of <i>Fusarium</i> diseases in wheat.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami 2013 metų vasarinių kviečių veislių, sėtų po skirtingų priešsėlių, derlingumo ir sėklų kokybės rodiklių duomenys ir atliktas priešsėlių poveikio veislėms įvertinimas. Darbo objektas - vasariniai kviečiai 'Triso' ir 'Hamlet', sėti po skirtingų priešsėlių (vasarinių miežių ir vasarinių rapsų). Darbo metodai ir vieta. Tyrimai vykdyti 2013 m. Vilmos Žliobienės ūkyje, Antušavos kaime, Kėdainių rajone. Eksperimento įrengimo vietoje dirvožemis karbonatingas glėjiškas rudžemis (RDg4-k2). Buvo nustatytas grūdų derlingumas, derliaus struktūros komponentai (produktyvių stiebų skaičius, vidutinis grūdų skaičius varpoje, 1000 grūdų masė, varpos produktyvumas). Grūdų kokybės rodikliai (baltymų, šlapiojo glitimo, krakmolo kiekis, sedimentacijos rodiklis ir kiti) nustatyti AB :Linas agro" laboratorijoje. Darbo rezultatai. Esmingai didžiausias derlingumas (5,9 t ha-1) ir 1000 grūdų masė (43,84 g) nustatyti `Hamlet` veislės vasariniams kviečiams po vasarinių rapsų priešsėlio. Patikimai didžiausias produktyvių stiebų skaičius (432,8 vnt. m-2) ir vidutinis grūdų skaičius varpoje (34,8 vnt.) buvo `Triso` veislės augalų. Genotipo (veislės) savybės ir 1000 grūdų masė turėjo didesnę įtaką grūdų derlingumui ir esmingai padidino ‘Hamlet` veislės derlingumą. Esmingai didžiausias vasarinių kviečių grūdų baltymų (14,9 proc.) ir sedimentacijos rodiklis (71 proc.) nustatytas ‘Triso‘ veislės grūduose po vasarinių rapsų priešsėlio. Esmingai didžiausias... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In Master's thesis is a submitted spring wheat variety of 2013, which were sown under different preceding crops, yield and seed quality indicators in data and performed assessment of preceding crop varieties impact. The object. Spring wheat 'Triso' and 'Hamlet', which were sown after different preceding crops (spring barley spring oilseed rape). Working methods and location. Research was carried out in 2013 at Vilmos Žliobienės farm in the Antušavos village in the Kėdainių area. The soil is endohypogleyic cambisol (RDg4-k2) at installation site of the experiment. It was established grain yield, harvest structure components (the number of productive stems, average number of wheat-ear, 1000 grain weight, productivity of wheat-ear). Grain quality indicators (protein, wet gluten, starch content sedimentation rate and others) were determined at AB Linas Agro laboratory. Results. Essentially the highest grain yield (5.9 t ha-1) and 1000 grain weight (43.84 g) were obtained in the fields of `Hamlet` variety, which were sown after spring oilseed rape. Reliably largest number of productive tillers number (432.8 units. m-2) and the average number of grains per ear (34.8 pc) was the variety of `Triso` compared to the variety of `Hamlet`, which was investigated in the same influence of forecrop. But a variety of properties and weight of 1,000 grain had a greater impact on grain yield and substantially increased varieties of 'Hamlet `yield. Substantially the largest spring wheat grain... [to full text]

Magistratūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami skirtingų ekologinių trąšų poveikio vasariniams kviečiams tyrimai. Tyrimų objektas – paprastojo kviečio (Triticum aestivum L.) vasarinės veislės ‘Triso‘ agrocenozė. Tyrimų tikslas – nustatyti ekologinių azoto trąšų poveikį vasarinių kviečių agrocenozei. Tyrimų metodai: Vasarinių kviečių derlius nustatytas svoriniu metodu, perskaičiuojant į 15 % drėgmės derlių. Kviečių augalų, produktyvių stiebų ir piktžolių skaičius bei masė nustatyti kiekviename laukelyje 4 vietose 0,25 m2 dydžio ploteliuose. Dirvožemio ėminiai mineralinio azoto koncentracijos nustatymui buvo imti du kartus iš visų variantų laukelių 0–30 ir 30–60 cm sluoksnio: pirmą kartą pavasarį prieš pagrindinį augalų tręšimą azoto trąšomis, antrą kartą rudenį. Tyrimų rezultatai. Kviečių produktyvių stiebų skaičius, 2010 m. patikimai didžiausias buvo laukeliuose tręštuose kaulų miltais, kaulų miltais ir žaliąja trąša bei Biofer ir žaliąja trąša, 2011 ir 2012 m. – Biofer ir kaulų miltais tręštuose laukeliuose. 2010 ir 2012 m. nustatyta, kad visuose tręštuose laukeliuose, išskyrus 2012 metais tręšiant Biofer trąšomis, piktžolių skaičius buvo esmingai mažesnis, negu netręšiant. Nustatyta piktžolių orasausės masės mažėjimo tendencija, pasėlius tręšiant įvairiomis azoto trąšomis. Vasarinių kviečių derlius 2010–2012 m. buvo patikimai didesnis azotu tręštuose laukeliuose, lyginant su netręštais. Vertinant dirvožemį, 0–30 ir 30–60 cm sluoksniuose, auginant vasarinius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this thesis of master degree studies research of the influence of different ecologic fertilizer on spring wheat is made. The object of the research – spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Triso’ agrocenosis. Aim of the research – to research the influence of different ecologic fertilizer on spring wheat. Research methods: yield of spring wheat is measured by weight with 15 percent of moisture. Wheat plants, productive stems, mass and number of weed is measured in 4 sectors of 0,25 m2. Examples of soil for measurements of mineral nitrogen first time was taken in spring before the main fertilization second time in autumn, from 0–30 cm. and 30–60 cm. layer. The results of research. The number of productive stems in the year of 2010 was reliably the greatest in the fields that bone meal, green manure and Biofer fertilizer were applied. In the year of 2011 and 2012 – in fields fertilized with Biofer and bone meal. In year 2010 and 2012 was researched that the number of weed significantly decreased in fertilized fields except the year 2012 when Biofer fertilizer were applied. Number of weed in fertilized fields was significantly smaller than in unfertilized fields. The decrease of air dry mass of weed is detected while fertilizing crop with nitrogen. Yield of spring wheat in year 2010 – 2012 was significantly greater in fertilized fields in comparison with unfertilized fields. Quality of soil in layer of 0–30 and 30–60 cm where spring wheat were grown was significantly... [to full text]