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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Deletions of Fstl3 and/or Fst Isoforms 303 and 315 Results in Hepatic Steatosis

Ungerleider, Nathan A 01 January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
TGFβ ligands, activin and myostatin have been shown to stimulate insulin production and secretion. Antagonists, Follistatin (FST) and Follistatin like 3 (FSTL3) were partially and fully ablated, respectively, creating hyperinsulinemic mice with fatty liver. Much research has surfaced on the connection between hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. We present two different models, each with a different mechanism behind the development of fatty liver. FST288-only mice have increased synthesis of mRNA and proteins responsible for hepatic triglyceride (TG) uptake, while our double mutants have increased synthesis of mRNA and proteins responsible for TG synthesis. This alteration was likely independent of hepatic insulin resistance as livers from both mouse lines were insulin sensitive. Experiments conducted in this study to realize the causal factor of hepatic steatosis can be performed on adipose and muscle tissues in the future to better characterize the phenotype.
2

Regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Chen, Liang 23 September 2016 (has links)
The key transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) plays a central role in milk fat synthesis. SREBP1 stimulates the transcription of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes. The overall objective of these studies was to investigate the mechanisms of SREBP1 regulation by nutrients. In the first study, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) accompanied with deep-sequencing was employed to investigate the potential sterol regulatory elements (SRE) in the promoter of SREBP1-target genes. The SRE in three known SREBP1-target genes SREBP1, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) were first validated in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MacT) and in bovine mammary tissues. At least one or two SRE binding sites in 24 selected lipogenic genes were identified within 50,000 base pair to the 5'-transcription start site through ChIP-seq. The genes closest to the highest enriched peaks were involved in cell integrity, defense or signal transduction whereas lipogenic genes were not among the top enrichment leading to the questions about the success of the ChIP. The second study was conducted to determine the effect of t10, c12-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on insulin induced gene-1 (Insig1), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that anchors SREBP1 and prevents proteolytic activation of SREBP1. MacT cells were treated with increasing levels of t10, c12-CLA. High concentration of t10, c12-CLA inhibited Insig1 degradation therefore decreased SREBP1 maturation. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation (IP) confirmed that t10, c12-CLA reduced Insig1 proteasomal degradation by disrupting the interaction between Insig1 and UBX domain-containing protein 8 (Ubxd8), which is part of a degradation complex that removes Insig1 from the ER. In the third study, three potential regulators of SREBP1 activation and their pathways were investigated in insulin, t10, c12-CLA or glucose treated MacT cells. Insulin-induced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling stimulated lipogenesis via activation of SREBP1 and the stimulatory effect was based on the regulation on cAMP response element binding protein coactivator 2 (CRTC2) phosphorylation, Lipin1 translocation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)-dependent proteasomal degradation. t10, c12-CLA inhibited SREBP1 through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, a key protein kinase in energy homeostasis. Glucose stabilized the SREBP1 chaperone protein SCAP and facilitated SREBP1 activation. Overall, SREBP1 activation is under specific regulation of t10, c12-CLA and interacts with multiple major cellular signaling pathways in response to hormonal stimulation and nutrient availability. / Ph. D.
3

Influência de etossulfato de fenazina na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos, gestação e na expressão gênica da via do metabolismo do triacilglicerol / Influence of phenazine ethosulphate on in vitro production of bovine embryos, pregnancy and gene expression of triacylglycerol metabolism pathway

Vaquero, Camila Gabriela Pereira 26 June 2015 (has links)
A produção in vitro (PIV) de embriões tem sido utilizada amplamente no Brasil como ferramenta para acelerar o melhoramento genético do rebanho. Quando associada à criopreservação, a PIV permite maior flexibilidade da biotecnologia e possibilita estabelecer um banco de embriões. Há a possibilidade que a alta sensibilidade à criopreservação dos embriões bovinos seja influenciada principalmente pela grande quantidade de lipídeos intracitoplasmáticos, sendo isso relacionado especialmente às condições de cultivo in vitro. O Etossulfato de Fenazina (PES) consiste em um regulador do metabolismo de lipídeos. Através da oxidação de NADPH, estimula a via da pentose-fosfato e assim inibe a síntese de ácidos graxos, podendo levar a efeitos benéficos na criopreservação de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro. O Fator de transcrição denominado proteína de ligação do elemento regulatório de esterol (SREBP-1c), regula preferencialmente a transcrição de genes da síntese de triacilglicerol e fosfolipídios e, a enzima Estearoil Co-A desaturase (SCD1) promove a síntese de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, conferindo fluidez às membranas celulares. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a suplementação de diferentes concentrações do etossulfato de fenazina (PES) no meio de cultivo, durante a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos, e verificar o efeito do PES na taxa de gestação, buscando melhorar a qualidade do embrião para a criopreservação através da redução do acúmulo de lipídeos. Foram avaliadas as taxas de desenvolvimento inicial de embriões produzidos in vitro provenientes de ovários de abatedouro, e as taxas de gestação com o uso de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro a partir da Aspiração folicular de vacas Holandesas e vitrificados. A análise da expressão de genes relacionados com biossíntese de triacilglicerol, SCD1 e SREBP-1c, teve como finalidade auxiliar nos conhecimentos básicos dos mecanismos de ação do Etossulfato de Fenazina, e foi realizada através de PCR quantitativo em Tempo Real, utilizando pools de cinco embriões para cada grupo. Para a análise estatística, foi realizada ANOVA seguida de teste de médias, e o teste qui-quadrado para as taxas de gestação. Não houve diferença estatística na taxa de clivagem e blastocisto entre o grupo controle e os grupos tratados com 0,2µM; 0,3µM; 0,5µM de PES no meio de cultivo in vitro. A taxa de gestação, utilizando-se embriões criopreservados, transferidos para receptoras, não foi alterada pelo uso de PES. A expressão tanto do SREBP-1c, quanto da SCD1 manteve níveis similares na presença ou ausência de PES durante o cultivo in vitro. Sendo assim faz-se necessário novos estudos para investigar mais detalhadamente o mecanismo de ação do PES nos genes da via de biossíntese de lipídeos e se é viável sua utilização a campo. / The in vitro production (IVP) of embryos has been widely used in Brazil as a tool to accelerate the genetic breeding. When combined with cryopreservation, the IVP allows greater flexibility of biotechnology and enable to establish a bank of embryos. There is a possibility that the greater sensitivity to cryopreservation of bovine embryos is influenced mainly by the large amount of intracytoplasmic lipids, and that is especially related to in vitro culture conditions. The phenazine ethosulfate (PES) consists of a lipid metabolism regulator. By NADPH oxidation, stimulates the pentose-phosphate pathway and thus inhibits the fatty acids synthesis, leading to beneficial effects on cryopreservation of bovine embryos in vitro produced. The transcription factor called sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP-1c), preferably regulates the gene transcription of phospholipids and triacylglycerol synthesis and the stearoyl-Co A desaturase (SCD1) enzyme promotes the monounsaturated fatty acids synthesis, giving fluidity to cell membranes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of different concentrations of phenazine ethosulfate (PES) in the culture medium during in vitro production of bovine embryos, and determine the effect of PES in the pregnancy rate, aiming to improve the the embryo quality to cryopreservation by reducing the lipids accumulation. We evaluated the early development rates of in vitro produced embryos and pregnancy rates after inovulation of vitrified in vitro produced embryos derived from the Ovum Pick Up of Holstein cows. Expression analysis of triacylglycerol biosynthesis related genes, SCD1 and SREBP-1c, had the purpose to increase the basic knowledge on phenazine ethosulfate mechanisms of action, and was performed by Quantitative Real-Time PCR using pools of five embryos for each group. For statistical analysis, was performed ANOVA followed by mean test, and the chi-square test for pregnancy rates. There was no statistical difference in the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate between the control group and the groups treated with 0,2µM; 0,3µM; 0,5µM of PES in the medium in vitro culture. The pregnancy rate, using cryopreserved embryos transferred to recipient was not altered by the use of PES. The expression of the SREBP-1c as well as SCD1 remained similar in the presence or absence of the PES during in vitro cultivation. Therefore it is necessary further studies to investigate in more details the PES mechanism of action in the genes of lipid biosynthesis pathway and whether it is feasible to use the field.
4

Influência de etossulfato de fenazina na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos, gestação e na expressão gênica da via do metabolismo do triacilglicerol / Influence of phenazine ethosulphate on in vitro production of bovine embryos, pregnancy and gene expression of triacylglycerol metabolism pathway

Camila Gabriela Pereira Vaquero 26 June 2015 (has links)
A produção in vitro (PIV) de embriões tem sido utilizada amplamente no Brasil como ferramenta para acelerar o melhoramento genético do rebanho. Quando associada à criopreservação, a PIV permite maior flexibilidade da biotecnologia e possibilita estabelecer um banco de embriões. Há a possibilidade que a alta sensibilidade à criopreservação dos embriões bovinos seja influenciada principalmente pela grande quantidade de lipídeos intracitoplasmáticos, sendo isso relacionado especialmente às condições de cultivo in vitro. O Etossulfato de Fenazina (PES) consiste em um regulador do metabolismo de lipídeos. Através da oxidação de NADPH, estimula a via da pentose-fosfato e assim inibe a síntese de ácidos graxos, podendo levar a efeitos benéficos na criopreservação de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro. O Fator de transcrição denominado proteína de ligação do elemento regulatório de esterol (SREBP-1c), regula preferencialmente a transcrição de genes da síntese de triacilglicerol e fosfolipídios e, a enzima Estearoil Co-A desaturase (SCD1) promove a síntese de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, conferindo fluidez às membranas celulares. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a suplementação de diferentes concentrações do etossulfato de fenazina (PES) no meio de cultivo, durante a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos, e verificar o efeito do PES na taxa de gestação, buscando melhorar a qualidade do embrião para a criopreservação através da redução do acúmulo de lipídeos. Foram avaliadas as taxas de desenvolvimento inicial de embriões produzidos in vitro provenientes de ovários de abatedouro, e as taxas de gestação com o uso de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro a partir da Aspiração folicular de vacas Holandesas e vitrificados. A análise da expressão de genes relacionados com biossíntese de triacilglicerol, SCD1 e SREBP-1c, teve como finalidade auxiliar nos conhecimentos básicos dos mecanismos de ação do Etossulfato de Fenazina, e foi realizada através de PCR quantitativo em Tempo Real, utilizando pools de cinco embriões para cada grupo. Para a análise estatística, foi realizada ANOVA seguida de teste de médias, e o teste qui-quadrado para as taxas de gestação. Não houve diferença estatística na taxa de clivagem e blastocisto entre o grupo controle e os grupos tratados com 0,2µM; 0,3µM; 0,5µM de PES no meio de cultivo in vitro. A taxa de gestação, utilizando-se embriões criopreservados, transferidos para receptoras, não foi alterada pelo uso de PES. A expressão tanto do SREBP-1c, quanto da SCD1 manteve níveis similares na presença ou ausência de PES durante o cultivo in vitro. Sendo assim faz-se necessário novos estudos para investigar mais detalhadamente o mecanismo de ação do PES nos genes da via de biossíntese de lipídeos e se é viável sua utilização a campo. / The in vitro production (IVP) of embryos has been widely used in Brazil as a tool to accelerate the genetic breeding. When combined with cryopreservation, the IVP allows greater flexibility of biotechnology and enable to establish a bank of embryos. There is a possibility that the greater sensitivity to cryopreservation of bovine embryos is influenced mainly by the large amount of intracytoplasmic lipids, and that is especially related to in vitro culture conditions. The phenazine ethosulfate (PES) consists of a lipid metabolism regulator. By NADPH oxidation, stimulates the pentose-phosphate pathway and thus inhibits the fatty acids synthesis, leading to beneficial effects on cryopreservation of bovine embryos in vitro produced. The transcription factor called sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP-1c), preferably regulates the gene transcription of phospholipids and triacylglycerol synthesis and the stearoyl-Co A desaturase (SCD1) enzyme promotes the monounsaturated fatty acids synthesis, giving fluidity to cell membranes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of different concentrations of phenazine ethosulfate (PES) in the culture medium during in vitro production of bovine embryos, and determine the effect of PES in the pregnancy rate, aiming to improve the the embryo quality to cryopreservation by reducing the lipids accumulation. We evaluated the early development rates of in vitro produced embryos and pregnancy rates after inovulation of vitrified in vitro produced embryos derived from the Ovum Pick Up of Holstein cows. Expression analysis of triacylglycerol biosynthesis related genes, SCD1 and SREBP-1c, had the purpose to increase the basic knowledge on phenazine ethosulfate mechanisms of action, and was performed by Quantitative Real-Time PCR using pools of five embryos for each group. For statistical analysis, was performed ANOVA followed by mean test, and the chi-square test for pregnancy rates. There was no statistical difference in the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate between the control group and the groups treated with 0,2µM; 0,3µM; 0,5µM of PES in the medium in vitro culture. The pregnancy rate, using cryopreserved embryos transferred to recipient was not altered by the use of PES. The expression of the SREBP-1c as well as SCD1 remained similar in the presence or absence of the PES during in vitro cultivation. Therefore it is necessary further studies to investigate in more details the PES mechanism of action in the genes of lipid biosynthesis pathway and whether it is feasible to use the field.
5

Regulação gênica das enzimas envolvidas na síntese lipídica no tecido mamário e adiposo ao longo da lactação em ovelhas lactantes / Genic regulation of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis in mammary and adipose tissue throughout lactation in lactating ewes

Cardoso, Grégory Joaquim 13 July 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-09T14:47:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA16MA201.pdf: 1020205 bytes, checksum: d956db0f093e7d366bba8bbcc7198546 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T14:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA16MA201.pdf: 1020205 bytes, checksum: d956db0f093e7d366bba8bbcc7198546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-13 / UNIEDU / FUMDES / The biosynthesis of lipids is dependent of a coordinated action of several lipogenic enzymes, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-α) and fatty acid synthase (FASN), in different tissues. This study evaluated the gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-α) transcripts tissue-specific expressed from promoters I, II and III (PI, PII and PIII), fatty acid synthase (FASN), leptin and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) in mammary gland and adipose tissues of lactating ewes at three different stages of lactation. Eight crossbred Lacaune/Texel ewes weighing 62 ± 1.8 kg (mean ± SE), with mean parity number of 3.1 ± 0.23 and producing 0.94 ± 0.12 kg milk/d were used in three different stages of lactation (days in milk-DIM): a) Early, (15 DIM), b) Mid, (70 DIM) and; c) Late (120 DIM). Biopsies were taken after the morning milking, the total RNA was extracted, complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized and qRT-PCR analysis carried out. The gene expression data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using the geometric mean of two housekeeping genes, ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18) and beta actin (β-ACT), as a covariate. In mammary tissue, PII transcripts were reduced 82, 93 and 59% between early and mid, early and late and mid and late stages of lactation. PIII transcripts were decreased 73, 89 and 59% between early and mid, early and late and mid and late, respectively. Gene expression of FASN was reduced respectively, 54 and 83% in mid and late stages compared to early lactation. In mammary tissue SREBP1 was decreased 33 and 42% between early and late and mid to late lactation. In adipose tissue, the expression of PI transcripts was increased more than 30 fold between early and mid lactation. There is an adaptation for fatty acid synthesis in adipose and mammary tissues to meet the demands of lactation is associated with changes in gene expression of the transcription factor and codifying genes involved in fat synthesis in both tissues / A biossíntese de lipídeos é dependente de uma ação coordenada de várias enzimas lipogênicas, como a acetil-CoA carboxilase alfa (ACC-α) e a ácido graxo sintase (FASN) em diferentes tecidos. Este estudo mensurou a expressão gênica dos transcritos tecido-específicos oriundos de diferentes regiões promotoras I, II e III (PI, PII e PIII) do gene da ACC-α e transcritos da FASN, leptina e da SREBP1 na glândula mamária e no tecido adiposo de ovelhas lactantes em três diferentes estágios de lactação. Oito ovelhas mestiças Lacaune/Texel pesando 62 ± 1,8 kg (média ± SE), com média de parições de 3,1 ± 0,23 e produzindo 0,94 ± 0,12 kg leite/d foram utilizadas em três diferentes estágios de lactação (Dias em lactação - DEL): a) Inicial (15 DEL), b) Intermediário (70 DEL) e c) Final (120 DEL). As biópsias da glândula mamária e do tecido adiposo foram coletadas após a ordenha da manhã, o RNA total foi extraído, o DNA complementar (cDNA) foi sintetizado e análises de qRT-PCR foram realizadas. A expressão gênica foi analisada utilizando o procedimento MIXED do SAS usando a média geométrica de dois housekeeping genes, proteína ribossomal S18 (RPS18) e beta-actina (β-ACT), como covariável. No tecido mamário os transcritos do PII reduziram 82% entre os períodos inicial e intermediário, 93% inicial e final e 59% entre o período intermediário e final. Os transcritos do PIII decresceram respectivamente 73, 89 e 59% entre os períodos inicial e intermediário, inicial e final e intermediário e final. A expressão gênica da FASN na glândula mamária reduziu respectivamente 54 e 83% quando o período inicial foi comparado com os períodos intermédiario e final. No tecido mamário a expressão da SREBP1 decresceu 33 e 42% entre o período inicial e final e entre o intermediário e final. No tecido adiposo a expressão do transcrito PI aumentou mais de 30 vezes entre os períodos inicial e intermediário. Há uma adaptação para a síntese de ácidos graxos nos tecido adiposo e mamário a fim de suprir as demandas fisiológicas da lactação, associada à mudanças na expressão gênica dos fatores de transcrição e genes envolvidos na síntese de lipídeos em ambos os tecidos

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