With the rise of peer-to-peer software like Napster, many predicted that the digitalisation, sharing and dematerialisation of music would bring a radical transformation within the recording industry. This opened up a period of controversy and uncertainty in which competing visions were articulated of technology-induced change, markedly polarised between utopian and dystopian accounts with no clear view of ways forwards. A series of moves followed as various players sought to valorise music on the digital music networks, culminating in an emergence of successful streaming services. This thesis examines why there was a mismatch between initial predictions and what has actually happened in the market. It offers a detailed examination of the innovation processes through which digital technology was implemented and domesticated in the recording industry. This reveals a complex, contradictory and constantly evolving landscape in which the development of digital music distribution was far removed from the smooth development trajectories envisaged by those who saw these developments as following a simple trajectory shaped by technical or economic determinants. The research is based upon qualitative data analysis of fifty five interviews with a wide range of entrepreneurs and innovators, focusing on two successful innovation cases with different points of insertion within the digital recording industry; (1) Spotify: currently the world’s most popular digital music streaming service; and (2) INgrooves: an independent digital music distribution service provider whose system is also used by Universal Music Group. The thesis applies perspectives from the Social Shaping of Technology (“SST”) and its extension into Social Learning in Technological Innovation. It explores the widely dispersed processes of innovation through which the complex set of interactions amongst heterogeneous players who have conflicting interests and differing commitments involved in the digital music networks guided diverging choices in relation to particular market conditions and user requirements. The thesis makes three major contributions to understanding digital disruption in the recording industry. (1) In contrast to prevailing approaches which take P2P distribution as the single point of focus, the study investigates the multiplicity of actors and sites of innovation in the digital recording industry. It demonstrates that the dematerialisation of music did not lead to a simple, e.g. technologically-driven transformation of the industry. Instead a diverse array of realignments had to take place across the music sector to develop digital music valorisation networks. (2) By examining the detailed processes involved in the evolution of digital music services, it highlights the ways in which business models are shaped through a learning process of matching and finding constantly changing digital music users’ needs. Based on the observation that business models must be discovered in the course of making technologies work in the market, a new framework of ‘social shaping of business models’ is proposed in order to conceptualise business models as an emergent process in which firms refine their strategies in the light of emerging circumstances. (3) Drawing upon the concepts of musical networks (Leyshon 2001) and mediation (Hennion 1989), the thesis investigates the interaction of the diverse actors across the circuit of the recording business – production, distribution, valorisation, and consumption. The comprehensive analysis of the intricate interplay between innovation actors and their interactions in the economic, cultural, legal and institutional context highlights the need to develop a more sophisticated and nuanced understanding of the recording industry.

<p>I denna uppsats diskuteras företagens self-service technology (SST) vilket innebär att kunderna själva får utföra sina tjänster med hjälp av företagens SST. Genom att låta kunderna göra detta kan företagen exempelvis spara pengar på att omorganisera personal eller rent av minska arbetsstyrkan eftersom mindre kunder kommer att kräva hjälp av personalen.</p><p>I denna uppsats har resebranschen och dess SST att studeras. Uppsatsens frågeställning lyder: ”Hur upplever resebranschens kunder bokningar över</p><p>Internet” där syfte är ”att undersöka och få förståelse för varför resebranschens kunder använder sig av SST när det finns andra möjligheter”.</p><p>En kvalitativ metod har genomförts där sex kunder har lagt grunden till uppsatsens resultat. De huvudteorier som använts i denna uppsats är SST, customer value och technology readiness, och Davis TAM modellen samt Sheths value teori har legat till grund för analysen i uppsatsen.</p><p>Teorin bakom SST är att det inte bara gynnar företagen utan även gynnar kunderna, då SST kan höja kundnyttan. Några exempel är att kunderna sparar tid, pengar och de får kontroll över sitt eget handlande vid användning av SST.</p><p>Ett problem som uppsatsen belyser är huruvida kunder är teknologiskt redo för att använda sig av tekniken.</p><p>Resultatet i denna studie visar att den primära orsaken till att kunder använder sig av SST är att det blir billigare, de kan göra det när som helst samt att kunderna i sin egen takt hitta den bästa resan utan att behöva förlita sig på reseföretagets försäljare. Kunderna upplever resebranschens SST som enkel att använda och ju säkrare de blir, dess mer använder de sig av den även om de anser att tekniken bör utvecklas.</p>

I denna uppsats diskuteras företagens self-service technology (SST) vilket innebär att kunderna själva får utföra sina tjänster med hjälp av företagens SST. Genom att låta kunderna göra detta kan företagen exempelvis spara pengar på att omorganisera personal eller rent av minska arbetsstyrkan eftersom mindre kunder kommer att kräva hjälp av personalen. I denna uppsats har resebranschen och dess SST att studeras. Uppsatsens frågeställning lyder: ”Hur upplever resebranschens kunder bokningar över Internet” där syfte är ”att undersöka och få förståelse för varför resebranschens kunder använder sig av SST när det finns andra möjligheter”. En kvalitativ metod har genomförts där sex kunder har lagt grunden till uppsatsens resultat. De huvudteorier som använts i denna uppsats är SST, customer value och technology readiness, och Davis TAM modellen samt Sheths value teori har legat till grund för analysen i uppsatsen. Teorin bakom SST är att det inte bara gynnar företagen utan även gynnar kunderna, då SST kan höja kundnyttan. Några exempel är att kunderna sparar tid, pengar och de får kontroll över sitt eget handlande vid användning av SST. Ett problem som uppsatsen belyser är huruvida kunder är teknologiskt redo för att använda sig av tekniken. Resultatet i denna studie visar att den primära orsaken till att kunder använder sig av SST är att det blir billigare, de kan göra det när som helst samt att kunderna i sin egen takt hitta den bästa resan utan att behöva förlita sig på reseföretagets försäljare. Kunderna upplever resebranschens SST som enkel att använda och ju säkrare de blir, dess mer använder de sig av den även om de anser att tekniken bör utvecklas.

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important oceanic parameter which can be accessed easily and vastly by satellite remote sensing. Recent hydrographic observations suggested that the water temperature near Dongsha Atoll were affected by internal waves of South China Sea (SCS). This study hypothesizes that the SST variations near Dongsha Atoll and continental shelf cab be observed by satellite data. To test the hypothesis, MODIS SST data during January 2005 to December 2009 were collected and analyzed using harmonic and EOF analyses. The results show that there can be a 1 ¢XC temperature drop, near Dongsha Atoll during the passage of internal waves, based on a longitudinal section cut for a typical SST image. The SST patterns in northern SCS are distributed lower in the east and higher in the west. The temperature showed an average of 0.5¢XC lower near Dongsha Atoll. Especially, the pattern of lower temperature near Dongsha is significant during neap tide in summer season. EOF analysis showed that the spatial distribution of SST aligned well with the bottom topography of the continental shelf. This result suggests that internal tide may be important to the vertical mixing in this region. The total variation of mode 1 in EOF accounted for 97.7% and is dominated by seasonal changes. For the long term and large area SST statistics, the internal wave induced variation is insignificant, as comparing the Dongsha region with shelf region and Kuroshio region.

Computations and experiments were run to study adiabatic effectiveness and thermal field contours for a simulated turbine blade leading edge. The RKE and SST k-[omega] turbulence models were used for the computational simulations. Predictions of RKE model for laterally averaged adiabatic effectiveness matched the experimental values. The computational simulations showed different flowfield for the coolant exiting the stagnation line row of holes. Both the experiments and SST k-[omega] simulations predicted coolant separation at the stagnation plane. Also, the downstream spreading of the coolant exiting the stagnation row of exit holes was better predicted by the SST k-[omega] model. At the stagnation plane, experimental thermal field measurements showed greater diffusion of the coolant into the mainstream than predicted by both turbulence models. Reasons for increased diffusion were examined. Thermal field comparison downstream of the offstagnation row of exit holes showed that the computational simulations and the experiments had the same general shape for the offstagnation coolant jet. But the computational simulations predicted greater diffusion of coolant in the direction normal to the surface than seen in the experiments. / text

This study focuses on the Alberta environmental site assessment process for salt contamination resulting from pipeline failures in the boreal forest of Alberta. A complex saltwater spill site is used as a case study to determine the effects of various parameters of interest, including electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio. This study reviews the practical efficacy of the Alberta environmental site assessment process to ensure sites meet the legislated requirement for remediation closure in a timely and environmentally sound manner. The study includes a comparison of various parameters of interest on a case study site collected over a three-year period and reviews available remediation alternatives. The study provides a summary interpretation of how the existing regulatory process affects decisions to ensure site decontamination and sustainability of the boreal forest ecosystem where the upstream oil and gas industry operate, and includes recommendations for policy improvement.

The SST bias in the tropical Atlantic exists in the early to latest generation of coupled general circulation models. The maximum bias is not on the equator but at 16°S, the cause of which has not been thoroughly studied. Newly released CMIP5 models provide a useful tool to investigate the contributions of different physical processes to the SST bias in this area in the coupled system. We tested three existing mechanisms and found that: 1) there is no significant relationship between the SST bias and surface heat flux bias; 2) deficient coastal upwelling is a contributing but not the sole source of the bias; and 3) the SST bias is correlated with temperature biases in the upstream equatorial region. The Angola-Benguela front is displaced southward by more than 10° in latitude in many CIMP5 models. Due to the huge temperature contrasts on two sides of the front, such a frontal displacement generates a very strong SST bias. The correlation between the SST bias and frontal location error in this region is significant at the 99% level, demonstrating that the SST bias in coupled GCMs is attributable to the models’ inability to reproduce a realistic position of the front and the consequent erroneous advection by the southward Angola current. This is due to both errors in the simulated surface wind field and systematic errors in ocean models. Ocean reanalysis datasets and a high-resolution regional model simulation suffer a similar pattern of SST biases. Although they produce a more realistic ocean circulation than coarser resolution simulations and alleviate some of the severe SST bias near the front, a warm bias overlies on a northward current to the south of the front, which actually comes from the north of the front through a subsurface passage. We identify a strong subsurface temperature bias caused by a too-deep and diffused simulated thermocline along the coast of Angola, originating from the equatorial thermocline, advected by the Angola Current and an undercurrent beneath the Benguela current, and then brought to the surface by the coastal upwelling along the Benguela coast, contributing to the warm SST bias south of the front.

abstract: This thesis provides a cost to benefit analysis of the proposed next generation of distribution systems- the Future Renewable Electric Energy Distribution Management (FREEDM) system. With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources onto the grid, it becomes necessary to have an infrastructure that allows for easy integration of these resources coupled with features like enhanced reliability of the system and fast pro-tection from faults. The Solid State Transformer (SST) and the Fault Isolation Device (FID) make for the core of the FREEDM system and have huge investment costs. Some key features of the FREEDM system include improved power flow control, compact design and unity power factor operation. Customers may observe a reduction in the electricity bill by a certain fraction for using renewable sources of generation. There is also a possibility of huge subsidies given to encourage use of renewable energy. This thesis is an attempt to quantify the benefits offered by the FREEDM system in monetary terms and to calculate the time in years required to gain a return on investments made. The elevated cost of FIDs needs to be justified by the advantages they offer. The result of different rates of interest and how they influence the payback period is also studied. The payback periods calculated are observed for viability. A comparison is made between the active power losses on a certain distribution feeder that makes use of distribution level magnetic transformers versus one that makes use of SSTs. The reduction in the annual active power losses in the case of the feeder using SSTs is translated onto annual savings in terms of cost when compared to the conventional case with magnetic transformers. Since the FREEDM system encourages operation at unity power factor, the need for installing capacitor banks for improving the power factor is eliminated and this re-flects in savings in terms of cost. The FREEDM system offers enhanced reliability when compared to a conventional system. The payback periods observed support the concept of introducing the FREEDM system. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2015

Denna uppsats undersöker om konsumentens ålder påverkar det värde som upplevs efteranvändning av självscanningkassor i matvarubutiker. Med bakgrund i tidigare studier somtyder på att ålder har en påverkan på inställningen till att använda "self-service technologies",har en enkätundersökning genomförts för att utreda om detta samband även gäller för ålderoch det upplevda värdet efter användning. Enkätundersökningen genomfördes under en dagvid en matvarubutik i centrala Stockholm, där 226 respondenter svarade på enkäten.Påståendena presenterade i enkäten utformades utifrån fem attribut; Tid, Enkelhet, Pålitlighet,Kontroll och Nöje, där samtliga attribut påverkar det totala upplevda värdet. Resultatet avundersökningen visade att ålder har en betydelse gällande tre attribut: Tid, Enkelhet och Nöje.Sambandet mellan ålder och de resterande två attributen, Pålitlighet och Kontroll, visadeingen korrelation. Vidare visade vårt resultat att ålder hade en signifikant men låg påverkan pådet upplevda värdet. Med detta resultat kunde slutsatsen dras att ålder delvis påverkar detupplevda värdet efter användning av självscanningskassor.

An aircraft may experience inlight ice accretion and corresponding reductions in performance and control when the vehicle encounters clouds of super-cooled water droplets. In order to study anti-icing coatings, the EADS-IW Surface Engineering Group is building a refrigerated wind tunnel. Several variations of droplet delivery systems were explored to determine the most effective way to introduce mono-dispersed droplets into the wind tunnel. To investigate this flow, timeurate, unsteady viscous flow simulations were performed using the Loci/CHEM flow solver with a multi-scale hybrid RANS/LES turbulence model. A Lagrangian droplet model was employed to simulate the movement of water droplets in the wind tunnel. It was determined that the droplet delivery system required pressure relief to properly orient the flow inside the droplet delivery tube. Additionally, a streamlined drop tube cross-section was demonstrated to reduce turbulence in the wake and decrease the variability in droplet trajectories in the test section.