The electrification of the Swedish vehicle fleet is happening at a record pace and the proportion of rechargeable vehicles is increasing rapidly. An electric vehicle fleet will result in an extra demand of electrical power from an electricity grid that is already heavily strained. To achieve a successful electrification and enable a secure and stable power grid in the future, the design and development of the charging infrastructure must be carefully constructed. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how dynamic load balancing chargers and battery energy storage can be used to accomplish a sustainable charging infrastructure in parking garages. To achieve this, a simulation model has been generated in GNU Octave. Besides being applied in this project, the purpose of the model is also to be used further in upcoming projects to compare and evaluate the suitability of several power-reducing techniques. The simulations in this study are based on parking and charging behavior for two parking garages located in Gothenburg, where data over energy consumption, parking time and time of arrival have been used. The result indicates that charging with dynamic load balancing charger as well as battery energy storage can successfully be used to reduce the power demand in the buildings, where dynamic charging with prioritization proved to be the most beneficial technique. Results from the battery simulations concluded that only using the battery storage for peak shaving is not economically profitable. This could however be achieved when the battery also participates at the FCR-D upward market. Furthermore, the results from the battery simulations also demonstrate the importance of adjusting the technical settings regarding power limit for peak shaving and depth of discharge with respect to the consumption profile of the studied building. This to avoid occasions where peak shaving is desired but cannot be implemented due to capacity limitations in the battery.

This master thesis investigates the impact of battery energy storage utilization in the ancillary services market on a local electricity grid. Specifically, the study examines the technical impact of battery energy storage installations and how grid operators should handle these types of installations in the future. To achieve this goal, battery energy storage systems simulations using MatLab software based on historical frequency data have been conducted creating an operation scheme for the battery. The battery simulation was applied to the electrical systems consumption and production data, conducting a whole year power flow simulation investigating the effects on peak power demand both for the customer and local grid owner. The worst-case scenarios were also investigated to assure that the grid could withstand the change in production and consumption at any time. The results indicate that such an installation would increase the peak power demand for the local grid owner by a maximum of 12 kW for one week but in general, it would result in a smaller increment and some small decrement. For the customer, the maximum impact is greater both in absolute numbers and in proportion to the peak power demand before with an increment of 16 kW, but in general, there will not be any impact on the effect tariff at all. The results of the worst-case scenario simulations showed that during backup power supply at high load timestamps in combination with FCR-D down there would be contingencies in one cable connection between two nodes, causing the cable current to increase above the rated current. To allow such an installment the local grid owner would need to limit the battery capacity and increase their billings to the customer, expand the dimension of the system or even, increase their effect tariffs to always ensure a stable electricity supply and stable financial balance.