1 Abstract Aim of the present study was to test antipredatory function of fulguration (or flash display), which means sudden exposition of conspicous body part on otherwise cryptic animal during escape. Adult squash bugs (Coreus marginatus; Heteroptera) were used as model prey, while as model predator served two species of passerine birds - blue tit (Cyanistes caerulus) and great tit (Parus major). Three approaches were undertaken. Test of palatability should have assessed the efficiency of squash bug chemical defence against bird predators. Experiment was carried out in experimental cage without interference of experimenter and without occurrence of fulguration. The results show that chemical defense of squash bug is less efficient than defense of other species of true bugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Graphosoma lineatum) and that the efficiency differs between two generations of squash bugs. In the test of efficiency of fulguration, the prey was forced by experimenter to fly in response to bird attack. Blue tits attacked the immobile prey more often than the flying and fulgurating one, but the same relation wasn't significant with great tits. The latencies of birds' returns to the bugs that landed after fulguration wasn't influenced by colour of the bugs' abdomen. Third experiment consisted of computer...

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-12T18:08:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Julia Dias Villas Boas.pdf: 1378660 bytes, checksum: 2a1537e1b92056b0327c8e50b73feb34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T18:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Julia Dias Villas Boas.pdf: 1378660 bytes, checksum: 2a1537e1b92056b0327c8e50b73feb34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The horse has a natural predisposition for the sport, however, its use in competitions can result in stress related problems that impair its sporting performance and especially its health. In this way it is fundamental not only to understand how the different risk and resilience factors to different stressors influence the response to stress, but also to develop strategies that can prevent or minimize the deleterious effects of stress. In this sense, acupuncture is an ancient technique of Traditional Chinese Medicine that has been used in the treatment and prevention of stress-related diseases. The present study proposed the use of two models of stress: one physical (physical exercise) and another psychological (startle model) to verify the reactivity to the stress of athletes horses. In addition, it was also evaluated if horses of different sporting modalities present different psychological stress responses and if acupuncture can alter the responses to physical stress. In the experiment 1, 16 Thoroughbred race horses were submitted to a exercise in the field of high intensity and short duration (12 m / s, 4 min). The RR intervals for analysis of the Heart Rate Variability were acquired through the Polar Equine ? heart rate monitor and blood samples were collected before and immediately after 2h, 4h, 6h, and 24h after exercise. The exercise promoted autonomic alterations in the sympatho-vagal balance since it significantly increased the low frequency component (LF), the heart rate and the LF / HF ratio, and decreased the high frequency component (HF) (p <0.01). There was an increase in hematocrit, plasma proteins, glucose and plasma lactate immediately after exercise (p <0.001). There was an increase (p <0.01) in serum cortisol values after 30 minutes, returning to baseline values after 60 min. However, no significant difference was observed in plasma cytokines IL-1? and IL-6 between moments after exercise and baseline. In experiment 2, horses of the experimental group 1 after exercise were randomly divided into two groups: CTL (C2): Control (without manipulation) and ACUP (C2)): animals submitted to weekly sessions of acupuncture at points VG1, C7, VG20 and B52 for 10 weeks. After the treatment period the animals repeated the same exercise and the same parameters were analyzed. Acupuncture reduced the LF / HF ratio, promoting a faster recovery of the animals, showing no influence on the other parameters analyzed. In the experiment 3, 24 equines were used, from three equestrian modes: Polo (PSI) (n = 9), Dressage (Brazilian Horse Riding) (n = 6) and Endurance (n=6) were subjected to the experimental model of startling through the abrupt opening of an umbrella. The results showed that endurance horses presented a significantly less intense startle-induced autonomic response than Polo and Dressage horses (lower LF / HF ratio at the time of the jump), paradoxically Enduro horses have cortisol levels in response in response to the startle than Polo horses. However, there was no difference between the modalities in the behavioral response after the startle, and Polo horses had significantly higher baseline levels of cortisol than the other modalities and did not change their cortisol levels in response to stress. Thus, we can conclude that 1) the exercise in the field of high intensity and short duration promoted adaptive changes characteristic of stress, being able to be used in studies of reactivity to stress in race horses; 2) acupuncture has a modulating effect on the stress-induced autonomic response in athletic horses, and 3) the equestrian modalities of Dressage, Polo and Endurance present different stress reactivity / O cavalo tem uma predisposi??o natural para o esporte, no entanto, o seu uso em competi??es pode resultar em problemas relacionados ao estresse que prejudicam seu desempenho esportivo e principalmente a sua sa?de. Desta forma ? fundamental n?o apenas entender como os diferentes fatores de risco e de resili?ncia a diferentes estressores influenciam a resposta ao estresse, como tamb?m desenvolver estrat?gias que possam prevenir ou minimizar os efeitos delet?rios do estresse. Neste sentido a acupuntura ? uma t?cnica milenar da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa que tem sido utilizada no tratamento e preven??es de doen?as relacionadas ao estresse. O presente estudo prop?s o uso de dois modelos de estresse: um f?sico (exerc?cio f?sico) e outro psicol?gico (modelo de sobressalto) para verificar a reatividade ao estresse de cavalos atletas. Al?m disso, tamb?m foi avaliado se cavalos de diferentes modalidades esportivas apresentam respostas ao estresse de psicol?gico distintas e se acupuntura pode alterar as respostas ao estresse f?sico. No experimento 1, 16 equinos de corrida da ra?a Puro Sangue Ingl?s foram submetidos ao exerc?cio a campo de alta intensidade e curta dura??o (12 m/s, 4min). Os intervalos RR para an?lise da Variabilidade da Frequencia Card?aca foram adquiridos atrav?s do frequenc?metro card?aco Polar Equine? e as amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e, imediatamente, 2h, 4h, 6h, e 24h ap?s o exerc?cio. O exerc?cio promoveu altera??es auton?micas no balan?o simpato-vagal uma vez que aumentou significativamente o componente de baixa frequ?ncia (LF), a frequ?ncia card?aca e a raz?o LF/HF e diminuiu o componente de alta frequ?ncia (HF) (p < 0.01). Houve aumento do hemat?crito, das prote?nas plasm?ticas, glicose e lactato plasm?tico imediatamente ap?s o exerc?cio (p < 0.001). Houve aumento (p<0.01) nos valores s?ricos de cortisol ap?s 30 minutos, retornando aos valores basais ap?s 60min. No entanto, n?o foi observado diferen?a significativa nas citocinas plasm?ticas IL-1? e IL-6 entre os momentos ap?s exerc?cio e o momento basal. No experimento 2: os equinos do experimento 1 ap?s o exerc?cio foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos: CTL (C2): Controle (sem manipula??o) e ACUP (C2)ACUP (C2): animais submetidos a sess?es semanais de acupuntura nos pontos VG1, C7, VG20 e B52 durante 10 semanas. Ap?s o per?odo de tratamento os animais repetiram o mesmo exerc?cio e foram analisados os mesmos par?metros. A acupuntura reduziu a raz?o LF/HF, promovendo uma recupera??o mais r?pida dos animais n?o apresentando influ?ncia nos demais par?metros analisados. No experimento 3, foram utilizados 24 equinos, pertencentes a tr?s modalidades equetres: P?lo (ra?a PSI) (n=9), Adestramento (ra?a Brasileiro de Hipismo) (n=6) e Enduro (Puro Sangue ?rabe) (n=9) submetidos ao modelo experimental de sobressalto atrav?s da abertura abrupta de um guarda-chuva. Os resultados mostraram que cavalos de enduro apresentaram resposta auton?mica induzida pelo sobressalto significativamente menos intensa que cavalos de Polo e Adestramento (menor raz?o LF/HF no momento do sobressalto), paradoxalmente cavalos de Enduro possuem n?veis de cortisol em resposta ao sobressalto mais altos que cavalos de Polo. N?o houve diferen?a entre as modalidades na resposta comportamental ap?s o sobressalto, no entanto cavalos de P?lo apresentam n?veis basais de cortisol significativamente mais altos que as demais modalidades e n?o variaram seus n?veis de cortisol em resposta ao estresse. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que 1) o exerc?cio a campo de alta intensidade e curta dura??o promoveu altera??es adaptativas caracter?stica de estresse, podendo ser utilizado em estudos de reatividade ao estresse em cavalos de corrida; 2) a acupuntura tem um efeito modulador da resposta auton?mica induzida pelo estresse em cavalos atletas e 3) as modalidades equestres de Adestramento, Polo e enduro apresentam reatividade ao estresse distintas