State identification has been a more and more important issue in Taiwan since 1990.¡@This study applies focus group interview for the analysis of state identification.¡@Interviewers will progressive interpret the state identification of themselves through interaction in a small group by focus group interview. Accordingly, the facts on affecting Taiwanese in state identification can be exposed, and outwards of state identification of Taiwanese can be further explored. ¡@¡@According to the findings of the study, party identification can drive state identification for Taiwanese, especially for those who have strong emotion in party identification. And their position of state identification is usually consistent with that of their identified party. Meanwhile, as for a Taiwanese who has weak emotion in party identification, age, provincial, background, and growing experience are the main factors that affect state identification. Moreover, concerning the symbol of the state, Taiwanese have different preferences and selections in parties and the name of the state. However, once the symbol of the state appears in an international occasion, national identification can drive a Taiwanese to generate a certain degree of emotion that connects with the symbol of the state. ¡@¡@Finally, this study further discovers that Taiwanese confuse the concept of national identification with that of state identification. The concept of national identification has always been used to discuss issues about Taiwan, and therefore Taiwanese are unaware of using national identification to discuss state identification.

Farmers run complex operations to fully plant, manage, grow, and harvest crops through the seasons. To help alleviate the tough decision-making process, tools have been created to inform farmers about their machinery and field status. GPS localization and machine state identification provides useful information to farm managers. A tool was created that successfully utilizes GPS data taken from loggers on tractors, combines, and grain trucks to successfully identify the states of all the machines in the field, including, idle, active, on the go, and stationary unloading. Initial results of the algorithm provide a 96% success rate in determining the state of the combine during harvest. Additionally, the algorithm was accurate at determining the state of grain carts and grain trucks at the boundaries of the field 94% of the time. In addition to GPS state identification, LoRa was identified as a potential technology which could link grain trucks and combines in real time providing useful information for in field decision making. Using a mobile end node and stationary gateway, testing was done to evaluate the performance and range of LoRa at long range and speeds ranging from 8 km/h to 96 km/h. Testing revealed a packet reliability of 77% at 8 km/h and a packet reliability of 43% at 96 km/h. A sharp decline in packet reliability was identified around a speed of 16km/h. <br><br>

Com o objetivo de aumentar o lucro de plantas químicas, a Otimização em Tempo Real (RTO) é uma ferramenta que busca determinar as condições ótimas operacionais do processo em estado estacionário, respeitando as restrições operacionais estabelecidas. Neste trabalho foi realizada a implementação prática de um ciclo RTO em um processo de destilação por recompressão de vapor (VRD), propileno-propano, da Refinaria de Paulínia (Petrobras S.A.), a partir de dados históricos da planta. Foram consideradas as principais etapas de um ciclo clássico de RTO: identificação de estado estacionário, reconciliação de dados, estimação de parâmetros e otimização econômica. Essa unidade foi modelada, simulada e otimizada em EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization), um simulador de processos orientado a equações desenvolvido no Brasil. Foram analisados e comparados dois métodos de identificação de estado estacionário, um baseado no teste estatístico F e outro baseado em wavelets. Ambos os métodos tiveram resultados semelhantes e mostraram-se capazes de identificar os estados estacionários de forma satisfatória, embora seja necessário o ajuste de parâmetros na sua implementação. Foram identificados alguns pontos estacionários para serem submetidos ao ciclo RTO e foi possível verificar a importância de partir de um estado estacionário para a continuidade do ciclo, já que essa é uma premissa do método. A partir dos pontos analisados, os resultados deste estudo mostram que o RTO é capaz de aumentar o ganho econômico entre 2,5-24%, dependendo das condições iniciais consideradas, o que pode representar ganhos de até 18 milhões de dólares por ano. Além disso, para essa unidade, verificou-se que o compressor é um equipamento limitante no aumento de ganho econômico do processo. / In order to increase the profits of chemical plants, the Real-Time Optimization (RTO) is a tool that seeks to determine the steady-state optimal process operating conditions to maximize its profit under the operational restrictions. In this work, a practical implementation of a RTO cycle was implemented in a vapor recompression distillation (VRD) process, propylene-propane, from Paulínia Refinery (Petrobras S.A.), from historical plant data. The main steps of a classical RTO cycle are considered: steady-state identification, data reconciliation, parameter estimation and economical optimization. This unit was modeled, simulated and optimized in EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization), which is an equation oriented simulator conceived and developed in Brazil. Two steady state identification methods were analyzed and compared, one based on a F-like test and other based on wavelets. Both methods had similar results and showed to be able to identify the stationary states satisfactorily, although parameter tuning is necessary in their implementation. Some stationary points were identified and submitted to the RTO cycle. It was possible to verify the importance of start from a steady-state to continue the cycle, since this is a premise of the method. From the points analyzed, the results of this study show that the RTO is able to increase the economic gain between 2.5- 24%, depending on the initial conditions that is considered, which may represent gains of up to 18 million dollar per year. Furthermore, for this unit, it was found that the compressor is a limiting equipment in increasing economical gain.

Com o objetivo de aumentar o lucro de plantas químicas, a Otimização em Tempo Real (RTO) é uma ferramenta que busca determinar as condições ótimas operacionais do processo em estado estacionário, respeitando as restrições operacionais estabelecidas. Neste trabalho foi realizada a implementação prática de um ciclo RTO em um processo de destilação por recompressão de vapor (VRD), propileno-propano, da Refinaria de Paulínia (Petrobras S.A.), a partir de dados históricos da planta. Foram consideradas as principais etapas de um ciclo clássico de RTO: identificação de estado estacionário, reconciliação de dados, estimação de parâmetros e otimização econômica. Essa unidade foi modelada, simulada e otimizada em EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization), um simulador de processos orientado a equações desenvolvido no Brasil. Foram analisados e comparados dois métodos de identificação de estado estacionário, um baseado no teste estatístico F e outro baseado em wavelets. Ambos os métodos tiveram resultados semelhantes e mostraram-se capazes de identificar os estados estacionários de forma satisfatória, embora seja necessário o ajuste de parâmetros na sua implementação. Foram identificados alguns pontos estacionários para serem submetidos ao ciclo RTO e foi possível verificar a importância de partir de um estado estacionário para a continuidade do ciclo, já que essa é uma premissa do método. A partir dos pontos analisados, os resultados deste estudo mostram que o RTO é capaz de aumentar o ganho econômico entre 2,5-24%, dependendo das condições iniciais consideradas, o que pode representar ganhos de até 18 milhões de dólares por ano. Além disso, para essa unidade, verificou-se que o compressor é um equipamento limitante no aumento de ganho econômico do processo. / In order to increase the profits of chemical plants, the Real-Time Optimization (RTO) is a tool that seeks to determine the steady-state optimal process operating conditions to maximize its profit under the operational restrictions. In this work, a practical implementation of a RTO cycle was implemented in a vapor recompression distillation (VRD) process, propylene-propane, from Paulínia Refinery (Petrobras S.A.), from historical plant data. The main steps of a classical RTO cycle are considered: steady-state identification, data reconciliation, parameter estimation and economical optimization. This unit was modeled, simulated and optimized in EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization), which is an equation oriented simulator conceived and developed in Brazil. Two steady state identification methods were analyzed and compared, one based on a F-like test and other based on wavelets. Both methods had similar results and showed to be able to identify the stationary states satisfactorily, although parameter tuning is necessary in their implementation. Some stationary points were identified and submitted to the RTO cycle. It was possible to verify the importance of start from a steady-state to continue the cycle, since this is a premise of the method. From the points analyzed, the results of this study show that the RTO is able to increase the economic gain between 2.5- 24%, depending on the initial conditions that is considered, which may represent gains of up to 18 million dollar per year. Furthermore, for this unit, it was found that the compressor is a limiting equipment in increasing economical gain.

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