Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is nowadays a well-established and popular choice for various survey missions. Earlier studies indicate that BeiDou in combination with Global Positioning System (GPS), Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) and Galileo contributes to a lower uncertainty in 3D. Earlier studies indicates that GNSS achieves good enough quality and is reliable for deformation monitoring. The purpose of the study is to examine the potential of BeiDou using static deformation monitoring in 3D at the millimeter level, both individually and in combination with other satellite systems. The study detects deviations in a local network and by connecting to an external reference station using single- and double frequency as well as broadcast- and precise ephemeris. Data were collected using static measurements for three sessions within 2 days. The observation time for session 1 was 9 h and for sessions 2 and 3 was 4 h, respectively. The measurements were carried out using 3 points with the average baseline length of 791 m. A simulated deformation was applied at 2 occasions were each displacement was 5 mm in plane and 4,8 mm in height. Data was processed in Leica Infinity. The measured deformation was compared with the true displacement and with the rest of the satellite constellations. The result of the study shows that BeiDou in combination with GPS/GLONASS/Galileo in a local network achieves deviations between 0,2–1,0 mm in plane and 0,1–1,2 mm in height for every setting. Regarding processing with only BeiDou in a local network with broadcast ephemeris and the B1 frequency, the result indicates deviations between 0,2–1,9 mm in plane and 0,4–1,0 mm in height. Further processing with precise ephemeris the deviations was calculated between 0,2–1,8 mm in plane and 0,9–4,6 mm in height. Larger deviations were obtained using the external reference station MAR6. The outcomes of this study indicate that there is a possibility to use BeiDou individually for deformation monitoring if broadcast- and precise ephemeris with frequency B1 are used. BeiDou in combination with GPS/GLONASS/Galileo indicates deviations at millimeter level (<1,2 mm) in 3D. BeiDou as a complement achieves equivalent deviations in comparison to GPS/GLONASS/Galileo. The conclusion indicates that BeiDou as a complement is useful for static deformation monitoring. Further conclusions indicate that an external reference station should not be used for deformation monitoring. BeiDou can, when using B1 frequency and precise ephemeris, detect millimeter displacements for shorter sessions. / Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) är idag ett väletablerat och populärt val vid diverse mättekniska uppdrag. Tidigare studier tyder på att BeiDou i kombination med Global Positioning System (GPS), Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) och Galileo bidrar till en lägre osäkerhet i 3D. Tidigare studier visar att GNSS uppnår tillräckligt hög kvalitet för att anses tillförlitligt vid deformationsövervakning. Syftet med studien är att undersöka BeiDou och dess potential vid statisk deformationsövervakning i 3D på millimeternivå, både enskilt och i kombination med andra satellitsystem. Vidare detekteras skillnader i ett lokalt nätverk och med anslutning mot en extern referensstation med enkel- och flerfrekvens samt utsändaoch precisa bandata. Data samlades in via statisk mätning under två dagar, i tre sessioner, där session 1 uppgick till 9 timmar och session två samt tre till fyra timmar vardera. Mätningarna genomfördes på tre punkter med en genomsnittlig baslinjelängd på 791 m. En simulerad deformation pågick under två tillfällen där vardera rörelsen var 5 mm i plan och 4,8 mm i höjd. Data bearbetades i Leica Infinity. Den mätta deformationen jämfördes mot den faktiska förflyttningen samt mot övriga satellitkonstellationer. Studiens resultat visar att BeiDou i kombination med GPS/GLONASS/Galileo i ett lokalt nätverk erhöll avvikelser mellan 0,2–1,0 mm i plan och 0,1–1,2 mm i höjd för samtliga inställningar. Angående bearbetning med BeiDou enskilt i ett lokalt nätverk beräknat med utsända bandata och frekvensen B1 erhöll resultatet avvikelser på 0,2–1,9 mm i plan och 0,4–1,0 mm i höjd. Vid efterbehandling med precisa bandata beräknades avvikelserna till 0,2–1,8 mm i plan och 0,9–4,6 mm i höjd. Större avvikelser erhölls vid bearbetning mot den externa referensstationen. Studiens slutsatser visar att möjligheten finns att använda BeiDou enskilt för deformationsövervakning med både utsända- och precisa bandata och frekvensen B1. BeiDou i kombination med GPS/GLONASS/Galileo visar avvikelser på millimeternivå (<1,2 mm) i 3D. I jämförelse med GPS/GLONASS/Galileo erhåller mätningar med BeiDou som komplement ingen signifikant avvikelse. Slutsatsen tyder på att BeiDou som komplement uppnår likvärdig kvalitet som GPS/GLONASS/Galileo och är användbart vid statisk deformationsövervakning. Ytterligare slutsatser tyder på att anslutning mot en extern referensstation inte bör användas. BeiDou med enkelfrekvensen B1 med precisa bandata har även potential att detektera förflyttningar på millimeternivå vid kortare sessioner.

Aerodynamic measurements were taken over models of the Boeing 777 high fidelity isolated landing gear in the 6- by 6-foot Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel (VT-SWT) at a free-stream Mach number of 0.16. Noise control devices (NCD) were developed at Virginia Tech [9] to reduce noise by shielding gear components, reducing wake interactions and by streamlining the flow around certain landing gear components. Aerodynamic measurements were performed to understand the flow over the landing gear and also changes in the flow between "Baseline" and "NCD" configurations (without and with Noise Control Devices respectively). Hot-film, Pitot-static measurements and flow visualization using tufts were performed over an isolated 26% scale-model high fidelity landing gear for the "Baseline" and "NCD" configurations. Contours of turbulence intensity, normalized wake velocity and normalized total pressure loss for both configurations are compared. The "Baseline" configuration was also compared with the NASA Ames study conducted by Horne et al [7]. Hot-film measurements are also compared to Microphone Phased Array results which were acquired at Virginia Tech by Ravetta [8]. A novel technique for processing hot-film measurements by breaking turbulence into octave bands as acoustic measurements is presented. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were taken at six different locations over the 13% scale-model landing gear with no door and at a truck angle of zero degrees. Results are compared to PIV measurements taken over the wheels of a four-wheel landing gear by Lazos [10-12]. PIV results such as average velocity contours and vectors, streamlines and instantaneous velocity contours and vectors are presented. Results presented from PIV and flow visualization are in good agreement with results from Lazos [10-12]. / Master of Science