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This study determined how quality grade and degree of doneness influence the development of beef flavor compounds among whole muscle and ground patties. Proximate composition, pH, cooking duration, neutral and polar lipid fatty acids, free and total amino acids, total reducing sugars, and volatile compounds were evaluated in beef strip steaks and ground patties of Longissimus lumborum from three USDA quality grades (Prime, Low Choice, and Standard; n=8 per quality grade) and six degrees of doneness (4, 25, 55, 60, 71, and 77°C). In the split-plot experiment, quality grade was the whole-plot, product-type was a sub-plot, and degree of doneness was the sub-sub-plot. The 3-way interaction of quality grade, degree of doneness, and product type impacted moisture (P = 0.004) and protein content (P = 0.006); pH (P < 0.001); neutral and polar lipid fatty acids (P ≤ 0.048); free and total amino acids (P ≤ 0.044); total reducing sugars (P < 0.001); and volatile compounds (P ≤ 0.029). The 2-way interaction of quality grade and degree of doneness impacted free amino acids (P ≤ 0.036); PUFA within the neutral lipid fraction (P ≤ 0.033); fatty acids within the polar lipid fraction (P ≤ 0.043); volatile compounds (P ≤ 0.038); and the total fat percentage (P = 0.046). The 2-way interaction of quality grade and product type impacted fatty acids within the neutral lipid fraction (P ≤ 0.042); fatty acids within the polar lipid fraction (P ≤ 0.015); and volatile compounds (P ≤ 0.047). The 2-way interaction of product type and degree of doneness affected fatty acids within the neutral lipid fraction (P ≤ 0.046); fatty acids within the polar lipid fraction (P ≤ 0.035); free amino acids (P ≤ 0.005) and total amino acids (P ≤ 0.004); volatile compounds (P ≤ 0.029); and cooking duration (P < 0.001). Overall the results of this study indicated that quality grade, grinding, and cooking have interacting effects on flavor related compounds. Thus, each factor must be considered during any model development which aims to predict beef flavor.

No description available.

As indústrias do setor da carne têm buscado meios para agregar valor através da adição de ingredientes benéficos à saúde e pela utilização de cortes de baixo valor comercial. A produção de carnes reestruturadas e o uso de óleos vegetais em substituição a gordura animal são estratégicas tecnológicas, criando produtos mais adaptados as necessidades do consumidor em termos de conveniência, uniformidade, tamanho de porção, composição, fácil preparação e alimentação saudável. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas e a vida útil de bifes reestruturados desenvolvidos com músculo Triceps brachii (miolo da paleta), utilizando a enzima transglutaminase, antioxidante e adição de óleo de canola, de acordo com os tratamentos: (1) controle, (2) adição de 5% de óleo de canola, (3) adição de eritorbato de sódio e (4) adição de 5% óleo de canola + eritorbato de sódio. A carne foi cortada e processada com 1% de NaCl, 0,3% de tripolifosfato de sódio, 1% de enzima transglutaminase e 10% de gordura da carne. Ainda no misturador foram adicionados 5% de óleo de canola (2 e 4) e 0,05% de antioxidante (3 e 4). Os bifes foram embalados á vácuo individualmente e armazenados congelados a -18°C por até 120 dias. Foram analisados: composição centesimal, pH, perdas durante o descongelamento e cozimento, análise instrumental da cor, teor de colesterol, oxidação lipídica, textura e análise sensorial Os valores de pH foram maiores (P<0,05) aos 120 dias de armazenamento congelado, independente dos tratamentos. A adição de óleo de canola afetou (P<0,05) a composição centesimal dos bifes, com exceção do teor de cinzas que não se alterou (P>0,05). A maior perda de cozimento foi encontrada nos bifes reestruturados formulados com antioxidante mais óleo de canola (23,66%), diferindo (P<0,05) do bife reestruturado somente com antioxidante que apresentou a menor perda (16,34%), porém não deferiram dos tratamentos controle e com óleo de canola. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para oxidação lipídica entre os tratamentos aos 0 e 30 dias de armazenamento, já aos 60, 90 e 120 dias, houve diferença (P<0,05), onde os tratamentos sem adição de antioxidante tiveram os maiores resultados para TBARS. O tratamento com canola (2) também diferiu do tratamento controle (1) apresentando menores valores de TBARS aos 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento. A adição do óleo de canola e do antioxidante afetou (P<0,05) o teor de colesterol na carne reestruturada crua, aumentou a luminosidade (L*) e intensidade do amarelo (b*), mas não influenciou a intensidade de vermelho (a*). Os tratamentos com adição de óleo de canola apresentaram os menores valores de dureza. Os bifes reestruturados com adição de óleo de canola e eritorbato de sódio possuem propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais aceitáveis, podendo ser comercializado como um produto de preparo rápido e possivelmente com maior valor agregado. / The meat sector industries are looking for ways to add value by adding ingredients beneficial to health and by use the cuts of low commercial value. The restructured meat production and use vegetable oils in place of animal fat are strategic technology, creating products more adapted to the needs of the consumer in terms of convenience, uniformity, portion size, composition, easy preparation and healthy eating. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and shelf life of the restructured beef developed with Triceps brachii, using the enzyme transglutaminase, antioxidant and addition of canola oil, according to the following treatments: (1) control, (2) added 5% canola oil, (3) added of sodium erythorbate and (4) added of 5% canola oil + sodium erythorbate. The meat was cut and processed with 1% NaCl, 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate, 1% transglutaminase enzyme and 10% beef fat. Also in the mixer was added 5% canola oil (2 and 4) and 0.05% of antioxidant (3 and 4). The steaks were vacuum packaged individually and stored frozen at -18 °C up to 120 days. In the final product were analyzed: chemical composition, pH, losses during thawing and cooking, instrumental analysis of color, cholesterol, lipid oxidation, texture and sensory analysis. The pH values were higher (P <0.05) at 120 days of frozen storage for all treatments. The addition of canola oil affected (P <0.05) the chemical composition of restructured steaks, with the exception of ash content did not change (P> 0.05). The greatest loss of cooking has been found in restructured steaks formulated with antioxidant more canola oil (23.66%) differing (P <0.05) of the restructured steak with only antioxidant that showed the smallest loss (16.34%), but not differed the control and canola oil treatments. There were no difference (P> 0.05) for lipid oxidation between treatments at 0 and 30 days of storage, but at 60, 90 and 120 days, there were a difference (P <0.05), where treatments without antioxidant addition had the greatest results for TBARS. Treatment with canola (2) also differed from the control treatment (1), exhibited lower TBARS values at 90 and 120 days of storage. The addition of canola oil and antioxidant affected (P <0.05) cholesterol content in raw restructured beef increased the lightness (L *) and intensity of yellow (b *), but did not influence the intensity of red ( a *). The treatments with the addition of canola oil had the lowest hardness values. The steaks restructured with the addition of canola oil and sodium erythorbate have physicochemical and sensory properties acceptable and can be marketed as a product of rapid preparation and possibly with greater added value.

This study compared the effect of packaging method (0.4% carbon monoxide, 80% oxygen or vacuum), storage time (7, 14 and 21 days) and internal cooking temperature 49, 57, 66, 71 and 79°C) on color and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of top sirloin steaks and ground beef patties. Ground beef was obtained from 3 different sources (chuck, loin and trim). All samples were stored at 2°C for 7, 14 and 21 days. All raw ground beef samples stored in 0.4% carbon monoxide remained bright red throughout the 21-day storage period. The phenomenon of premature browning (appearance of cooked color at lower than normal cooking temperatures) was observed in samples stored in high oxygen. TBA values were highest for the samples stored in 80% oxygen. Internal a* redness values were lowest for samples stored in 80% oxygen. Percent myogobin denaturation (PMD) increased with increase in internal cooking temperature and was highest for the ground beef samples stored in 80% oxygen. The a* redness values were highest for raw steaks stored in 0.4% CO. Steaks stored in vacuum had a uniform purple color, but some browning was noticed on the surface of the samples by day 14. PMD and TBA values of cooked top sirloin steaks were highest for the samples stored in 80% oxygen This study confirms that high oxygen packaging promotes rancidity in ground beef and top sirloin steaks. Packaging in 0.4% carbon monoxide helps maintain a bright cherry red color in ground beef and top sirloin steaks for up to 21 days.

As indústrias do setor da carne têm buscado meios para agregar valor através da adição de ingredientes benéficos à saúde e pela utilização de cortes de baixo valor comercial. A produção de carnes reestruturadas e o uso de óleos vegetais em substituição a gordura animal são estratégicas tecnológicas, criando produtos mais adaptados as necessidades do consumidor em termos de conveniência, uniformidade, tamanho de porção, composição, fácil preparação e alimentação saudável. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas e a vida útil de bifes reestruturados desenvolvidos com músculo Triceps brachii (miolo da paleta), utilizando a enzima transglutaminase, antioxidante e adição de óleo de canola, de acordo com os tratamentos: (1) controle, (2) adição de 5% de óleo de canola, (3) adição de eritorbato de sódio e (4) adição de 5% óleo de canola + eritorbato de sódio. A carne foi cortada e processada com 1% de NaCl, 0,3% de tripolifosfato de sódio, 1% de enzima transglutaminase e 10% de gordura da carne. Ainda no misturador foram adicionados 5% de óleo de canola (2 e 4) e 0,05% de antioxidante (3 e 4). Os bifes foram embalados á vácuo individualmente e armazenados congelados a -18°C por até 120 dias. Foram analisados: composição centesimal, pH, perdas durante o descongelamento e cozimento, análise instrumental da cor, teor de colesterol, oxidação lipídica, textura e análise sensorial Os valores de pH foram maiores (P<0,05) aos 120 dias de armazenamento congelado, independente dos tratamentos. A adição de óleo de canola afetou (P<0,05) a composição centesimal dos bifes, com exceção do teor de cinzas que não se alterou (P>0,05). A maior perda de cozimento foi encontrada nos bifes reestruturados formulados com antioxidante mais óleo de canola (23,66%), diferindo (P<0,05) do bife reestruturado somente com antioxidante que apresentou a menor perda (16,34%), porém não deferiram dos tratamentos controle e com óleo de canola. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para oxidação lipídica entre os tratamentos aos 0 e 30 dias de armazenamento, já aos 60, 90 e 120 dias, houve diferença (P<0,05), onde os tratamentos sem adição de antioxidante tiveram os maiores resultados para TBARS. O tratamento com canola (2) também diferiu do tratamento controle (1) apresentando menores valores de TBARS aos 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento. A adição do óleo de canola e do antioxidante afetou (P<0,05) o teor de colesterol na carne reestruturada crua, aumentou a luminosidade (L*) e intensidade do amarelo (b*), mas não influenciou a intensidade de vermelho (a*). Os tratamentos com adição de óleo de canola apresentaram os menores valores de dureza. Os bifes reestruturados com adição de óleo de canola e eritorbato de sódio possuem propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais aceitáveis, podendo ser comercializado como um produto de preparo rápido e possivelmente com maior valor agregado. / The meat sector industries are looking for ways to add value by adding ingredients beneficial to health and by use the cuts of low commercial value. The restructured meat production and use vegetable oils in place of animal fat are strategic technology, creating products more adapted to the needs of the consumer in terms of convenience, uniformity, portion size, composition, easy preparation and healthy eating. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and shelf life of the restructured beef developed with Triceps brachii, using the enzyme transglutaminase, antioxidant and addition of canola oil, according to the following treatments: (1) control, (2) added 5% canola oil, (3) added of sodium erythorbate and (4) added of 5% canola oil + sodium erythorbate. The meat was cut and processed with 1% NaCl, 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate, 1% transglutaminase enzyme and 10% beef fat. Also in the mixer was added 5% canola oil (2 and 4) and 0.05% of antioxidant (3 and 4). The steaks were vacuum packaged individually and stored frozen at -18 °C up to 120 days. In the final product were analyzed: chemical composition, pH, losses during thawing and cooking, instrumental analysis of color, cholesterol, lipid oxidation, texture and sensory analysis. The pH values were higher (P <0.05) at 120 days of frozen storage for all treatments. The addition of canola oil affected (P <0.05) the chemical composition of restructured steaks, with the exception of ash content did not change (P> 0.05). The greatest loss of cooking has been found in restructured steaks formulated with antioxidant more canola oil (23.66%) differing (P <0.05) of the restructured steak with only antioxidant that showed the smallest loss (16.34%), but not differed the control and canola oil treatments. There were no difference (P> 0.05) for lipid oxidation between treatments at 0 and 30 days of storage, but at 60, 90 and 120 days, there were a difference (P <0.05), where treatments without antioxidant addition had the greatest results for TBARS. Treatment with canola (2) also differed from the control treatment (1), exhibited lower TBARS values at 90 and 120 days of storage. The addition of canola oil and antioxidant affected (P <0.05) cholesterol content in raw restructured beef increased the lightness (L *) and intensity of yellow (b *), but did not influence the intensity of red ( a *). The treatments with the addition of canola oil had the lowest hardness values. The steaks restructured with the addition of canola oil and sodium erythorbate have physicochemical and sensory properties acceptable and can be marketed as a product of rapid preparation and possibly with greater added value.

Charcoal broiling is becoming an increasingly popular method for cooking meat. Little scientific work has been done in this area. Information presently available on charcoal broiling consists of broad generalizations which have developed from trial and error testing. With the current interest in charcoal broiling, there is a need for more factual, scientific information as to the proper procedure. Cooking method affects palatability and nutritive value of meat. Chemical and physical changes occur during the cooking process and the reactions which take place are not fully known or understood. Each cooking method has a specific effect upon meat due to the rate of heat penetration and the reactions which take place during the cooking period. Broiling usually takes place at high temperature, making this method of cooking meat contrary to recommendations . Generally broiling is done with the thermostat set at 500 F . The heating element is constantly energized when turned on. Attempts are made to adjust to the desired temperature by varying the distance from the heat source. Cover et al. (1957) showed actual surface temperature of the broiler often fluctuated from the desired temperature. Preliminary testing in our laboratory showed that it was impossible to regulate heat at a constant temperature with an electric broiler.

Edam and Cheddar whey were thermized (T) for different time periods (5–30 min) at 70 degrees Celsius, vacuum evaporated, and spray dried to obtain whey powders (WP). Native and thermized WP were evaluated for antioxidative properties. Edam and Cheddar WP significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (PV) in ferric-catalyzed soybean oil emulsions. Thermization significantly improved antioxidative properties of WP with 5T, 10T, and 15T treatments showing better protective effects compared to 20T and 30T treatments. Based on these results, native (0T) and thermized (5T, 10T, and 15T) Edam and Cheddar WP coatings, with and without enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (CH), were used to reduce oxidative degradation and moisture loss of cubed beef steak and pork loin. Thermized treatments significantly reduced TBARS and PV in both types of meat, with CH containing treatments showing enhanced antioxidative properties. Protein oxidation as reflected by carbonyl formation and a decrease in sulfhydryls was also reduced by thermization. Treated and native WP coatings significantly reduced moisture loss of meat samples. Cubed beef steak treated with Cheddar WP coatings were evaluated for microbiological quality and basic sensory attributes. Although not statistically significant, 5T, 10T, and 10TCH treatments numerically showed potential for microbial reduction up to 4 days of storage. Sensory evaluation showed significant protection of key sensory attributes by treatments throughout the storage period when compared to controls with the 5 min thermization showing the best effect on lowering offlavor development based on sensory scores. The effect of pH and glucomannan (GM) on antioxidative properties of thermized (5T) Cheddar WP coatings applied to catfish fillets was also investigated. Coatings at pH 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0 (with GM) showed markedly greater protection against oxidative degradation compared to coatings without GM, as reflected by TBARS values and PV after 7 days of storage. Carbonyl formation and oxidation of sulfhydryl groups were also significantly reduced by coatings containing GM. Cheddar WP-based edible coatings (pH 7.0–8.0) with GM markedly reduced lipid oxidation and protein oxidation of fresh catfish fillets.

No description available.

In this research consumers attitudes towards general food safety and their perceptions of the safety of beef in Japan and Canada are examined. Risk perceptions, the willingness to pay for beef traceability from farm to final consumer and the willingness to pay for animal testing for bovine spongifrom encephalopothy (BSE) are measured through a stated preference exercise, provided as part of national surveys in each country. Japanese respondents continue to have higher risk attitudes and perceptions about beef than Canadian respondents in 2009 as compared to 2006. In each country survey respondents strongly prefer domestic beef over imports from any other country. However, interest in beef from other countries increases as full traceability, or one hundred % animal testing for BSE or both attributes are incorporated into the markets. The willingness to pay increases at a diminishing rate, from either traceability or BSE animal testing to both attributes. In latent class models the Japanese data suggest that there are three distinct classes of survey respondents, where class 1 respondents are characterized as being more trusting and willing to pay for beef from different countries, class 2 respondents strongly prefer domestic beef and their willingness to pay for imported beef does not increase with traceability or animal testing and class 3 respondents would only be willing to pay for traceable and a combination of traceable and animal tested domestic beef. Similarly, Canadian survey respondents can be segregated into two classes. Class 1 consumers are more trusting and will be willing to pay for both domestic and imported beef. Class 2 consumers are more cautious. / Agricultural and Resource Economics