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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Processing methods for high-amylase corn: impact on ruminal digestion and feedlot cattle performance

Horton, Lucas M. January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / Three studies evaluated effects of high-amylase corn (Enogen® Feed Corn, EFC) on ruminal digestive characteristics using different processing methods; a 4th study evaluated performance of finishing cattle fed steam-flaked EFC. In study 1, mill-run corn (CON) and EFC were ground through 9-, 6-, or 4 -mm screens, blended to contain 0, 33.3, 66.7, or 100% EFC, and heated to 50, 75, or 100⁰C (plus a non-heated control). No 2- or 3-way interactions occurred (P > 0.05). Increasing EFC in blends linearly improved in situ dry matter disappearance (ISDMD; P < 0.01) and in vitro gas production (IVGP; P = 0.02). Study 2 used blends of EFC and CON containing 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% EFC, which were reconstituted to 27, 30, or 33% moisture, and ensiled. High-amylase corn did not affect ISDMD (P = 0.19) but IVGP increased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to greater amounts of EFC. Acetate:propionate ratio and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production by in vitro fermentation improved linearly by increasing EFC (P < 0.02). Study 3 used the same blends of EFC and CON as study 2. Grains were tempered with 0, 3, or 6% moisture, steam conditioned 15, 30, or 45 min, and flaked. No 2- or 3-way interactions occurred. Starch availability, ISDMD, IVGP, and in vitro production of acetate, propionate, and total VFA increased linearly (P < 0.01) with greater flaked EFC in blends. Study 4 fed finishing diets consisting of steam-flaked CON, or EFC, for 136 d to 700 crossbred beef heifers (394 ± 8.5 kg initial BW). Compared to CON, cattle fed EFC had similar DMI (P = 0.78) but had greater ADG (P < 0.01) and a 5% improvement in feed efficiency (P < 0.01). Carcass weight was 6 kg greater for EFC cattle (P < 0.01), which also had 8% fewer liver abscesses (P = 0.03) than CON. Marbling score was greater in CON cattle (P = 0.04) than EFC; no differences in USDA Quality Grade (P = 0.33), Yield Grade (P = 0.13), LM area (P = 0.89), or 12th-rib fat thickness (P = 0.21) were evident. Improvements in digestion associated with EFC are likely confined to that component of grain mixtures due to a lack of quadratic effects. Improvements in feed efficiency, carcass weight, and potential liver abscess mitigation may be of advantageous use for producers.
2

An evaluation of distller's grain price relationships and implications of increased ethanol production on grain processing practices in commercial feedlots

Van Winkle, Tyler W. January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Ted C. Schroeder / Very rapid growth in the ethanol industry has led to a void of information regarding price dynamics and utilization of distiller's grains. Understanding market conditions is essential for livestock producers to make informed decisions in the procurement of feedstuffs, especially as grain price levels have recently increased substantially. In this study, distiller's grain price discovery dynamics are evaluated to develop an understanding of spatial price relationships. The knowledge of price relationships reveals that users of distiller's grain should shop around when procuring the feedstuff. Additionally, because animal performance may be altered with increased inclusion of distiller's grains, regional competitive advantages could shift fed cattle production to geographic regions characterized by high of ethanol production plants. Therefore, the cost of current grain processing methods are evaluated to enhance the awareness of regional competitiveness and long term sustainability. The combination of these two objectives allows producers to better realize the implications of the ethanol industry on their ability to maintain their operations into the near future.
3

Efeito do processamento do concentrado sobre a seleção de dieta por bovinos / Effect of corn processing on diet selection by bovine

Ferreira, Fernanda Altieri 28 November 2003 (has links)
Foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar o efeito do processamento do milho sobre o processo de seleção de dieta em bovinos através de um ensaio delineado em blocos casualizados, utilizando-se doze vacas Holandesas secas, não gestantes e portadoras de cânulas ruminais. O ensaio foi conduzido em dois períodos de 20 dias cada e contou com três tratamentos correspondentes aos diferentes tipos de processamentos do milho disponíveis para o animal manifestar suas preferências, sendo: A) cana-de-açúcar e milho moído grosso, B) cana-de-açúcar e milho moído fino e C) cana-de-açúcar e milho floculado. Uréia foi utilizada em todos os tratamentos junto com a cana-de-açúcar a fim de se fixar um nível de proteína bruta (10% PB) nas dietas experimentais para que a seleção de dieta dos animais para ingestão de energia não fosse influenciada pela proteína. A avaliação do processo de escolha foi feita através da comparação da composição química das dietas selecionadas pelos animais nos diferentes tratamentos e dos parâmetros do conteúdo ruminal de cada animal (pH, ácidos graxos voláteis e nitrogênio amoniacal) colhidos diariamente. Os animais do tratamento C ingeriram 45,08% e 42,08% menos concentrado, 24,52% e 22,58% menos matéria seca (MS) total, 29,83% e 27,59% menos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) em kg, 9,29% e 8,62% menos NDT em porcentagem e 45,7% e 47,19% mais fibra em detergente neutro em porcentagem do que os animais dos tratamentos A e B, respectivamente. Já o consumo de MS degradável em kg e amido degradável em kg e em porcentagem não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Isto sugere que o processamento do milho influenciou a seleção de dieta, provavelmente pela energia disponível no grão e que os animais foram capazes de reconhecer diferenças na degradabilidade dos milhos que não são determinadas pelas análises bromatológicas comumente feitas. Quanto ao parâmetros ruminais, não foi possível observar diferenças entre o pH e a concentração de AGVs totais, acetato, butirato e N-NH3 no fluido ruminal dos animais estudados nos diferentes tratamentos. Estes achados podem estar seguindo a hipótese de alguns estudos que afirmam que os animais, através de escolhas não aleatórias de dietas, objetivam a manutenção de seu ambiente ruminal ótimo, corrigindo desbalanços e minimizando seu desconforto. Em contrapartida, os animais do tratamento C apresentaram 12,00% e 21,79% menor concentração de propionato em seu fluido ruminal do que os animais dos tratamentos A e B, respectivamente. Esta característica pode ter sido provocada pela menor disponibilidade de substrato para fermentação que por sua vez foi causada pela menor ingestão de milho floculado pelos animais do tratamento C. / The effect of corn, processed by three different ways, on ability of food selection by ruminants was studied in a randomized block design with 12 fistulated dry cows. The trial was conducted in two periods (8 animals/treatment) of 20 days each one. Treatments allowed selection of different processed corn grain by the animals: A) sugar cane and coarsely ground corn grain, B) sugar cane and finely ground corn grain, and C) sugar cane and steam-flaked corn grain. Urea was used with sugar cane in all treatments in the same proportion, ensuring 10% of crude protein in this ingredient. All ingredients had the same crude protein level (10%) to avoid nitrogen (N) influence over the selection process. The evaluation of selection process was done through comparison among chemical composition (total digestible nutrients, neutral-detergent fiber) of selected diet by the animals in different treatments and through cows’ ruminal patterns (pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia N). Intake of corn by cows in C group was 45.08 and 42.08% lower than that ones in A and B groups, respectively. This causes 24.52 and 22.58% lower total dry matter intake (DMI), 29.83 and 27.59% lower TDN (kg) intake, 9.29 and 8.62 lower TDN (%) intake and 45.70 and 47.19% higher NDF intake by cows on C group than A and B, respectively. However, degradable dry matter intake (kg) and degradable starch (kg and %) did not differ among treatments. These data suggest that corn processing influenced diet selection process, probably due to different energy content and availability in processed grains used in this trial, and the animals were able to recognize differences among corn degradabilities, which are not determined by usual chemical analyses. Total VFAs, acetate and butirate concentration, pH and ammonia N did not differ among treatments, which indicates that animals do make wisely choices with the objective to keep an ideal ruminal environment. However, differences in propionate concentration and acetate: propionate ratio were observed, probably by lower intake of steam-flaked corn in C group.
4

Efeito do processamento do concentrado sobre a seleção de dieta por bovinos / Effect of corn processing on diet selection by bovine

Fernanda Altieri Ferreira 28 November 2003 (has links)
Foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar o efeito do processamento do milho sobre o processo de seleção de dieta em bovinos através de um ensaio delineado em blocos casualizados, utilizando-se doze vacas Holandesas secas, não gestantes e portadoras de cânulas ruminais. O ensaio foi conduzido em dois períodos de 20 dias cada e contou com três tratamentos correspondentes aos diferentes tipos de processamentos do milho disponíveis para o animal manifestar suas preferências, sendo: A) cana-de-açúcar e milho moído grosso, B) cana-de-açúcar e milho moído fino e C) cana-de-açúcar e milho floculado. Uréia foi utilizada em todos os tratamentos junto com a cana-de-açúcar a fim de se fixar um nível de proteína bruta (10% PB) nas dietas experimentais para que a seleção de dieta dos animais para ingestão de energia não fosse influenciada pela proteína. A avaliação do processo de escolha foi feita através da comparação da composição química das dietas selecionadas pelos animais nos diferentes tratamentos e dos parâmetros do conteúdo ruminal de cada animal (pH, ácidos graxos voláteis e nitrogênio amoniacal) colhidos diariamente. Os animais do tratamento C ingeriram 45,08% e 42,08% menos concentrado, 24,52% e 22,58% menos matéria seca (MS) total, 29,83% e 27,59% menos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) em kg, 9,29% e 8,62% menos NDT em porcentagem e 45,7% e 47,19% mais fibra em detergente neutro em porcentagem do que os animais dos tratamentos A e B, respectivamente. Já o consumo de MS degradável em kg e amido degradável em kg e em porcentagem não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Isto sugere que o processamento do milho influenciou a seleção de dieta, provavelmente pela energia disponível no grão e que os animais foram capazes de reconhecer diferenças na degradabilidade dos milhos que não são determinadas pelas análises bromatológicas comumente feitas. Quanto ao parâmetros ruminais, não foi possível observar diferenças entre o pH e a concentração de AGVs totais, acetato, butirato e N-NH3 no fluido ruminal dos animais estudados nos diferentes tratamentos. Estes achados podem estar seguindo a hipótese de alguns estudos que afirmam que os animais, através de escolhas não aleatórias de dietas, objetivam a manutenção de seu ambiente ruminal ótimo, corrigindo desbalanços e minimizando seu desconforto. Em contrapartida, os animais do tratamento C apresentaram 12,00% e 21,79% menor concentração de propionato em seu fluido ruminal do que os animais dos tratamentos A e B, respectivamente. Esta característica pode ter sido provocada pela menor disponibilidade de substrato para fermentação que por sua vez foi causada pela menor ingestão de milho floculado pelos animais do tratamento C. / The effect of corn, processed by three different ways, on ability of food selection by ruminants was studied in a randomized block design with 12 fistulated dry cows. The trial was conducted in two periods (8 animals/treatment) of 20 days each one. Treatments allowed selection of different processed corn grain by the animals: A) sugar cane and coarsely ground corn grain, B) sugar cane and finely ground corn grain, and C) sugar cane and steam-flaked corn grain. Urea was used with sugar cane in all treatments in the same proportion, ensuring 10% of crude protein in this ingredient. All ingredients had the same crude protein level (10%) to avoid nitrogen (N) influence over the selection process. The evaluation of selection process was done through comparison among chemical composition (total digestible nutrients, neutral-detergent fiber) of selected diet by the animals in different treatments and through cows’ ruminal patterns (pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia N). Intake of corn by cows in C group was 45.08 and 42.08% lower than that ones in A and B groups, respectively. This causes 24.52 and 22.58% lower total dry matter intake (DMI), 29.83 and 27.59% lower TDN (kg) intake, 9.29 and 8.62 lower TDN (%) intake and 45.70 and 47.19% higher NDF intake by cows on C group than A and B, respectively. However, degradable dry matter intake (kg) and degradable starch (kg and %) did not differ among treatments. These data suggest that corn processing influenced diet selection process, probably due to different energy content and availability in processed grains used in this trial, and the animals were able to recognize differences among corn degradabilities, which are not determined by usual chemical analyses. Total VFAs, acetate and butirate concentration, pH and ammonia N did not differ among treatments, which indicates that animals do make wisely choices with the objective to keep an ideal ruminal environment. However, differences in propionate concentration and acetate: propionate ratio were observed, probably by lower intake of steam-flaked corn in C group.

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