Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-241).

Shallow embedded column connections are widely used for columns resisting gravity loads in current design methods. These connections are usually considered “pinned” for structural analysis. In reality these connections fall in between a fixed and a pinned condition. Although methods exist to estimate the stiffness and strength of exposed columns or embedded columns under lateral loads, little research has been done to determine the strength of shallow embedded columns. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the strength of these connections. A total of 12 specimens with varying orientation, embedment depth, and column size were loaded laterally until failure or significant loss in strength. The results showed that shallow embedded connections are 86%-144% stronger in yielding and 32%-64% stronger in ultimate strength than current design methods would predict. This strength comes from a combination of the embedment depth and the resistance from the base plate and anchor rods. A model is proposed to explain the strength of the specimens and to conservatively estimate the strength of specimens with different variables. The specimens also exhibited stiffness ranging from 50%-75% of what would be expected from fully embedded columns.

[pt] Colunas protendidas de aço representam uma excelente solução estrutural em escoramentos de grandes estruturas e em colunas de estruturas espaciais de apoio a lonas tensionadas de coberturas de grandes vãos. Após um estudo extensivo do comportamento teórico através do uso do programa ANSYS onde avaliou-se a geometria estrutural mais eficiente, níveis de protensão e características dos cabos de aço, foram então definidos os diversos ensaios experimentais a serem executados em colunas com doze metros de comprimento e com tubos de 89,3 mm de diâmetro. A característica inédita deste estudo é a execução de ensaios tri-dimensionais em escala real deste tipo de coluna. Foram executadas comparações de resultados teóricos com os obtidos experimentalmente e foram feitas recomendações de análise e projeto destas estruturas. / [en] Pre-stressed steel columns represent an efficient structural solution for a great variety of temporary/permanent supports systems including large span spatial structures using pre-tensioned fabrics. The first step of the present investigation comprised a painstaking investigation of the structural behaviour of these members with the aid of finite element simulations performed with the ANSYS program. Its results indicated trends for the determination of the most efficient structural geometries, steel ties pre-stressing levels and characteristics. With these results in hand, the investigation proceeded with full-scale experimental tests executed in twelve meters pre-stressed stayed steel columns with an approximately diameter of ninety millimetres. The main contribution of the present investigation was the conception, development and execution of new tri-dimensional full-scale tests for this load bearing systems. The test results enable theoretical and numerical results to be validated against experimental evidence later to be introduced in structural design codes.

The essence of performance-based structural fire safety design of steel building structures is the ability to predict thermal and structural response to fire. An important aspect of such predictions is the ability to evaluate strength of columns at elevated temperatures. Columns are critical structural elements, and failure of columns can lead to collapse of a structure. The ability of steel columns to carry their design loads is greatly affected by timeand temperature-dependent mechanical properties of steel at high temperatures due to fire. It is well known that structural steel loses strength and stiffness with temperature, especially at temperatures above 400 °C. Further, the reductions in strength and stiffness of steel are also dependent on the duration of exposure to elevated temperatures. The time-dependent response or creep of steel plays a particularly important role in predicting the collapse load of steel columns subjected to fire temperatures. Specifically, creep of steel leads to the creep buckling phenomenon, where the critical buckling load for a steel column depends not only on slenderness and temperature, but also on duration of exposure to fire temperatures. The main focus of the research summarized in this dissertation is on a testing program to investigate the effects of time-dependent material behavior or creep on buckling of steel columns subjected to fire. Material characterization tests were conducted at temperatures up to 1000 °C to evaluate tensile and creep properties of ASTM A992 steel at elevated temperatures. In addition, buckling tests on W4×13 wide flange columns under pin-end conditions were conducted to characterize short-time and vii creep buckling phenomena at elevated temperatures. The column test results are further used to verify analytical and computational tools developed to model the time-dependent buckling of steel columns at elevated temperatures. Test results are also compared against code-based predictions such as those from Eurocode 3 and the AISC Specification. Results of the research study presented in this dissertation clearly indicate that thermal creep of steel has a very large effect on strength of steel columns at high temperatures due to fire. The effect of creep on column capacity at high temperatures can be predicted using analytical and computational approaches presented in this dissertation. / text

Orientador: Leandro Palermo Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T00:34:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gaiga_Flavio_M.pdf: 4138952 bytes, checksum: a8e6c34a3ba774087ac02c45444601ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Na construção civil, o uso racional do aço e concreto na composição de seções estruturais é uma forma economicamente e estruturalmente viável, principalmente em edifícios de múltiplos andares. Dentre o vasto campo denominado "estruturas mistas aço concreto", podemos caracterizar os pilares mistos parcialmente revestidos como um perfil de aço estrutural do tipo "I" ou "H" revestido com concreto, armadura longitudinal e transversal, e conectores de cisalhamento nas mesas e alma. Na determinação da resistência dos pilares mistos, parte-se da hipótese básica de que há interação completa entre os dois materiais, e que não haja escorregamento relativo entre as duas superfícies. Tendo em vista estes aspectos, neste trabalho são apresentados modelos numéricos tridimensionais de pilares mistos com o objetivo de simular o seu comportamento estrutural. As simulações foram feitas utilizando o programa ANSYS versão 9.0, com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). Com o objetivo de validar a estratégia de análise foram construídos modelos numéricos comparando os resultados obtidos com os provenientes de análise experimental, extraídos de trabalhos apresentados por outros pesquisadores. A partir desta análise numérica foi aplicado o método simplificado proposto pela ABNT/NBR:14323/99 no dimensionamento de um pilar misto parcialmente revestido, comparando os resultados analíticos com os provenientes da análise numérica via MEF, e identificando as regiões de aplicação de cargas e transferência de esforços na interface aço concreto. / Abstract: The rational use of the steel and concrete in buildings, in the composition of structural sections is a economically form and structural viable, mainly in multi storey buildings. Among the vast field called "steel-concrete composite structures", we can characterize the composite columns encased like a profile of structural steel of the type "I" or "H" covered with concrete, longitudinal and transversal bars, and shear connectors in flange and web. For determination of the strength of the composite columns, it starts of the basic hypothesis that there is complete interaction among the two materials, and that there is not relative relationship among the two surfaces. Despite these aspects, this work presents three-dimensional numeric models of composite columns with the goal of simulating shearing structural behavior. The simulations were made using the software ANSYS version 9.0, based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). With the purpose of validating the analysis strategy numeric models it were built comparing the results obtained with the coming of experimental analysis, extracted from works presented by other researchers. From this numerical analysis it was applied the simplified method proposed by ABNT/NBR:14323/99 for the design of a partially encased composite column, comparing the analytical results with the coming of numerical analysis using FEM, and identifying the regions of loads application and transfer in the interface steel-concrete. / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Shallowly embedded column base connections with unreinforced block out concrete are a common method of connecting steel columns to their foundation. There has been little research done to accurately quantify the effects of this block out concrete on the connection strength and rigidity, and therefore there is nothing to aid the practicing engineer in accounting for this in structural analysis. Due to this lack of understanding, engineers have typically ignored the effects of shallow block out concrete in their analysis, presumably leading to a conservative design. Recent research has attempted to fill this gap in understanding. Several methods have been proposed that seek to quantify the effects of shallow block out concrete on a column base connection. Barnwell proposed a model that predicts the strength of a connection. Both Jones and Tryon used numerical modeling to predict the rotational stiffness of the connection. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the validity of these proposed models. A total of 8 test specimens were created at 2/3 scale with varying column sizes, connection details, and embedment depths. The columns were loaded laterally and cyclically at increasing displacements until the connection failed. The results show that the strength model proposed by Barnwell is reasonable and appropriate, and when applied to this series of physical tests produce predictions that have an observed/predicted ratio of between 0.95 to 1.39. The results also show that methods for estimating the rotational stiffness of the connection at the top of the block out concrete, as proposed by Jones and Tryon also produce reasonable values that had observed/predicted ratios of between 0.93 to 1.47. An alternative model for determining a design value for the rotational stiffness of a shallowly embedded column base plate is also proposed. When the embedment depth to column depth ratio is greater than 1.22, the connection is sufficiently rigid and at small deflections (less than 1% story drift) may be accurately modelled with infinite rotational stiffness (a "fixed" connection) at the base of the column.

Os pilares de aço, assim como outros elementos constituídos de outros materiais, quando expostos à temperaturas elevadas têm suas propriedades mecânicas de resistência e rigidez reduzidas em resposta ao aquecimento provocado pela ação térmica, podendo ocasionar o colapso prematuro da estrutura. Com base nesse aspecto, o objetivo do presente projeto de pesquisa foi analisar numericamente o comportamento de pilares de aço em situação de incêndio, considerando condições de compartimentação do ambiente em chamas. Para tanto, foram elaborados modelos numéricos desenvolvidos com o código computacional ANSYS v9.0 para fins de realização da análise acoplada termoestrutural em caráter transiente com relação ao gradiente térmico. Foram elaborados, inicialmente modelos bidimensionais para validar as informações referentes à temperatura na seção transversal. Posteriormente, foram construídos modelos tridimensionais térmicos e estruturais que levam em conta as não linearidades do material e geométrica, na forma de imperfeição geométrica inicial do tipo global, com vistas à análise termoestrutural do elemento. Os resultados obtidos nas análises termo-estruturais foram comparados com resultados obtidos por meio de procedimentos normativos das normas ABNT NBR14323:1999 e EC3-1.2. Os métodos simplificados propostos por tais normas aplicam o fator de massividade, definido como a relação entre o perímetro exposto ao fogo e a área total da seção transversal, na determinação da temperatura máxima do elemento estrutural que, conseqüentemente, influencia no dimensionamento em temperaturas elevadas. Os resultados dos exemplos apresentados mostram que, em situações onde a distribuição da temperatura ocorre de forma não-uniforme, o fator de massividade (parâmetro que consiste de artifício matemático para a determinação de valores de temperatura máxima no elemento) conduz a valores de temperatura e conseqüente comportamento estrutural não condizente com a real situação de interesse na análise. Acredita-se que os resultados aqui obtidos poderão ser de grande importância na contribuição em futuras revisões da norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14323:1999, atualmente em vigor. / The most part of materials whose constitute fire protection elements or structural elements, such as steel columns, when exposed to high temperature have their strength and elasticity modulus reduced caused by thermal action. Therefore the structure can collapse earlier than in an ambient temperature situation. Based in this aspect, the objective of the presented work is to develop steel columns numerical analysis to consider its behavior under fire situation, including compartment condition of the room. The thermal and coupled thermal structural numerical analyses were carried out using the computational code ANSYS v9.0. In an initial stage, 2-D models are proposed in order to obtain cross sections thermal gradient, considering also the numerical result of the code TCD v5.5 in sense to compare with ANSYS thermal result. Afterwards, three-dimensional models taking account coupled thermal and structural analysis, considering materials and geometric non-linearity were showed. The obtained results were compared with method proposed by standard ABNT NBR 14323:1999 and EC3-1.2, in which are used the section factor, i.e., the parameter defined by the ratio between exposed perimeter to fire and total cross section area in order to determine the maximum structural element temperature and, consequently, the design in elevated temperature with respect to the collapse load . The results, obtained by numerical analysis, drive in sense to signalize that, for the situations where non-uniform heating conditions occurs, the use of section factor (F), used as a alternative simplified parameter which the objective to determine the maximum temperature at the element, can carry out, eventually, to an unsatisfactory and non-representative response if compared with a real fire situation. These presented results can be converted to an important contribution for future reviews of Brazilian standard code ABNT NBR14323:1999 currently in action.

Os pilares de aço, assim como outros elementos constituídos de outros materiais, quando expostos à temperaturas elevadas têm suas propriedades mecânicas de resistência e rigidez reduzidas em resposta ao aquecimento provocado pela ação térmica, podendo ocasionar o colapso prematuro da estrutura. Com base nesse aspecto, o objetivo do presente projeto de pesquisa foi analisar numericamente o comportamento de pilares de aço em situação de incêndio, considerando condições de compartimentação do ambiente em chamas. Para tanto, foram elaborados modelos numéricos desenvolvidos com o código computacional ANSYS v9.0 para fins de realização da análise acoplada termoestrutural em caráter transiente com relação ao gradiente térmico. Foram elaborados, inicialmente modelos bidimensionais para validar as informações referentes à temperatura na seção transversal. Posteriormente, foram construídos modelos tridimensionais térmicos e estruturais que levam em conta as não linearidades do material e geométrica, na forma de imperfeição geométrica inicial do tipo global, com vistas à análise termoestrutural do elemento. Os resultados obtidos nas análises termo-estruturais foram comparados com resultados obtidos por meio de procedimentos normativos das normas ABNT NBR14323:1999 e EC3-1.2. Os métodos simplificados propostos por tais normas aplicam o fator de massividade, definido como a relação entre o perímetro exposto ao fogo e a área total da seção transversal, na determinação da temperatura máxima do elemento estrutural que, conseqüentemente, influencia no dimensionamento em temperaturas elevadas. Os resultados dos exemplos apresentados mostram que, em situações onde a distribuição da temperatura ocorre de forma não-uniforme, o fator de massividade (parâmetro que consiste de artifício matemático para a determinação de valores de temperatura máxima no elemento) conduz a valores de temperatura e conseqüente comportamento estrutural não condizente com a real situação de interesse na análise. Acredita-se que os resultados aqui obtidos poderão ser de grande importância na contribuição em futuras revisões da norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14323:1999, atualmente em vigor. / The most part of materials whose constitute fire protection elements or structural elements, such as steel columns, when exposed to high temperature have their strength and elasticity modulus reduced caused by thermal action. Therefore the structure can collapse earlier than in an ambient temperature situation. Based in this aspect, the objective of the presented work is to develop steel columns numerical analysis to consider its behavior under fire situation, including compartment condition of the room. The thermal and coupled thermal structural numerical analyses were carried out using the computational code ANSYS v9.0. In an initial stage, 2-D models are proposed in order to obtain cross sections thermal gradient, considering also the numerical result of the code TCD v5.5 in sense to compare with ANSYS thermal result. Afterwards, three-dimensional models taking account coupled thermal and structural analysis, considering materials and geometric non-linearity were showed. The obtained results were compared with method proposed by standard ABNT NBR 14323:1999 and EC3-1.2, in which are used the section factor, i.e., the parameter defined by the ratio between exposed perimeter to fire and total cross section area in order to determine the maximum structural element temperature and, consequently, the design in elevated temperature with respect to the collapse load . The results, obtained by numerical analysis, drive in sense to signalize that, for the situations where non-uniform heating conditions occurs, the use of section factor (F), used as a alternative simplified parameter which the objective to determine the maximum temperature at the element, can carry out, eventually, to an unsatisfactory and non-representative response if compared with a real fire situation. These presented results can be converted to an important contribution for future reviews of Brazilian standard code ABNT NBR14323:1999 currently in action.

yes / This paper presents the results of a numerical investigation on strategies for enhancing the fire behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns by using inner steel profiles such as circular hollow sections (CHS), HEB profiles or embedded steel core profiles. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed for that purpose, which is capable for representing the various types of sections studied and the nonlinear behaviour of the materials at elevated temperatures. High strength steel is considered in the numerical model, as a possible way to lengthen the fire endurance. The numerical model is validated against experimental results available in the literature for various types of steel-concrete composite sections using inner steel profiles, obtaining satisfactory results. Based on the developed numerical model, parametric studies are conducted for investigating the influence of the cross-sectional geometry and the steel grade of the inner profiles on the fire performance of these composite columns, for eventually providing some practical recommendations.

The aim of the master thesis is design and check the timber construction of the sports hall in two variants. The first variant is a frame, which is formed by three steel columns. The roof structure is made from timber trusses, which is pin-supported beam above both fields. The second variant is a frame, which is formed by three steel-concrete columns. The roof structure is made from timber glulam beam of saddle shape, which is continuous over both fields. Spatial rigidity of the structure is ensured by steel bars. The second variant is calculated in detail by hand and the structure drawings are attached. Input static models and auxiliary static models were created in SCIA Engineer 18.1.