Phosphonium ions readily compare to ammonium ions in regards to their aggregate characteristics, thermal stability, and antibacterial activity. Ionic aggregation in phosphonium-based polymers provides thermoreversible crosslinks, ideal for reversible self-assembly, self-healing, and smart response. In polymers, these ionic functionalities aggregate, providing improved moduli, and altering the size and structure of ionic aggregates regulates polymer melt processability. This dissertation highlights phosphonium-based chemistry for the synthesis of novel step-growth ionomers and structure-property relationships in ionic polymers. The synthesis of phosphonium endcapping reagents for melt polyester reactions afforded a thermally stable ionic functionality that controlled molecular weight. Weak association was present with phosphonium ions at low ion concentrations below 7.7 mole %. The use of novel ionic bisacetoacetate monomers in the formation of networks from Michael addition reactions led to the synthesis of ionic networks with increased and broadened glass transitions and improved tensile stresses at break and strains at break compared to those in the non-ionic networks. The first electrospun fibers from Michael addition crosslinking reactions are reported, and equilibrium ionic liquid uptake experimental results indicated that ionic functional networks absorb close to three times the amount of ionic liquid as non-ionic, poly(ethylene glycol)-based films. Chain-extending polyurethanes with a phosphonium diol and subsequently varying the hard segment content led to changes in ionic aggregation, crystallinity, and thermal transitions in the polymers. Additionally, novel phosphonium-based methacrylate monomers incorporated into diblock copolymers with styrene exhibited microphase separation. Overall, the inclusion of phosphonium ions pendant to or in the main chain of various types of polymers led to changes in morphology, improved tensile properties, enhanced moduli, broadened transitions, changes in crystalline melting points, changes in solubility, and appearance of ionic aggregation. / Ph. D.

Ion-containing segmented polyurethanes exhibit unique morphology and physical properties due to synergistic interactions of electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. A fundamental investigation on a series of well-defined ion-containing polyurethanes elucidated the influence of charge placement, charge density, and soft segment structure on physical properties, hydrogen bonding, and morphologies. An unprecedented comparison of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based sulfonated polyurethanes containing sulfonate anions either in the soft segments or hard segments revealed that sulfonate charge placement dramatically influenced microphase separation and physical properties of segmented polyurethanes, due to altered hydrogen bonding and thermodynamic immiscibility between soft and hard segments. Moreover, studies on sulfonated polyurethanes with identical sulfonated hard segments but different soft segment structures indicated that soft segment structure tailored sulfonated polyurethanes for a wide range of mechanical properties. Sulfonated polyurethanes incorporated with ammonium-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) generated novel polyurethane nanocomposites with significantly enhanced mechanical performance. Modification of MWCNTs followed a dendritic strategy, which doubled the functionality by incorporating two ammonium cations per acid site. Complementary characterization demonstrated successful covalent functionalization and formation of surface-bound ammonium salts. Upon comparison with pristine MWCNTs, ammonium-functionalized MWCNTs exhibited significantly enhanced dispersibility in both DMF and sulfonated polyurethane matrices due to good solvation of ammonium cations and intermolecular ionic interactions between anionic polyurethanes and cationic MWCNTs. Segmented polyurethanes containing sulfonated PEO-based soft segments and nonionic hard segments were incorporated with various contents of room temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate (EMIm ES), to investigate the influence of ionic liquid on physical properties, morphologies, and ionic conductivity. Results indicated that EMIm ES preferentially located in the sulfonated PEO soft phase, leading to significantly enhanced ionic conductivity and well-maintained mechanical properties. These properties are highly desirable for electromechanical transducer applications. Electromechanical actuators fabricated with sulfonated polyurethane/IL composite membranes exhibited effective response under a low applied voltage (4 V). However, in the case of an imidazolium-containing segmented polyurethane with imidazolium ionic hard segments and hydrophobic poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) soft segments, EMIm ES selectively located into the imidazolium ionic hard domains, as evidenced with a constant PTMO soft segment glass transition temperature (Tg) and systematically reduced imidazolium hard segment Tg. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy demonstrated that ionic conductivity of imidazolium-containing segmented polyurethanes increased by five orders of magnitude upon incorporation of 30 wt% EMIm ES. Imidazolium-containing sulfonated pentablock copolymers were also investigated to elucidate the influence of imidazolium counter cation structures on solution rheology, morphology, and thermal and mechanical properties. Combination of living anionic polymerization and post functionalization strategies provided well-defined sulfonated pentablock copolymers containing structured imidazolium cations in sulfonated polystyrene middle block. Varying alkyl substitute length on imidazolium cations tailored physical properties and morphologies of sulfonated pentablock copolymers. Results indicated that long alkyl substitutes (octyl and dodecyl) on imidazolium cations significantly influenced solution rheological behavior, morphology, and water uptake properties of sulfonated pentablock copolymers due to the altered characteristic of imidazolium cations. Imidazolium-containing sulfonated pentablock copolymers exhibited systematically tailored mechanical properties due to the plasticizing effect of alkyl substitutes. In addition, incorporation of ionic liquids into sulfonated pentablock copolymers further tailored their mechanical properties and ionic conductivity, which made these materials suitable for electromechanical transducer applications. All sulfonated pentablock copolymers were successfully fabricated into actuator devices, which exhibited effective actuation under a low applied voltage (4 V). / Ph. D.

Des carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHC)s ont été employés comme catalyseurs organiques de la polymérisation par étapes du téréphtaldéhyde. Cette partie est une application en chimie des polymères de la réaction de « condensation de la benzoïne » catalysée par les NHCs impliquant un mono-aldéhyde analogue. Des poly(1,4-phénylène-1-oxo-2-hydroxyéthylène)s ou « polybenzoïnes » ont ainsi été obtenus par polymérisation en solution dans le DMSO ou le THF comme solvant à une température inférieure à 40 °C. La présence de chaines de polybenzoïne cycliques a pu être mise en évidence. La proportion de ces cycles dépend de la nature du catalyseur carbénique et de la polarité du milieu réactionnel. Dans la deuxième partie du travail, des solutions simples ont été proposées pour manipuler les NHCs de manière plus aisée, en évitant leur dégradation prématurée. Pour ce faire, des supports polymères porteurs de sites carbéniques, c’est à dire des « poly(NHC)s », ont été développés et employés à des fins d’organocatalyse. Bien que recyclables, ces « poly(NHC)s » restent assez sensibles aux traces d’impuretés. Un moyen de les protéger est de les faire réagir avec le CO2. Les adduits ainsi formés, « poly(NHC-CO2)s », peuvent alors être employés comme précurseurs pour générer les « poly(NHC)s » in situ, par simple activation thermique, le retour aux « poly(NHC-CO2)s » pouvant être effectué par carboxylation des « poly(NHC)s ». Enfin, des méthodes de synthèse de composés de type imidazolium (version moléculaire) et polyimidazolium (version polymère supportée) à contre anion hydrogénocarbonate (HCO3-) ont été développées. De tels précurseurs peuvent eux-mêmes servir de pré-catalyseurs (moléculaires ou polymères) pour générer, par chauffage, des NHCs et poly(NHC)s, offrant un moyen très pratique de mener des réactions d’organocatalyse et de recycler les catalyseurs. / N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been employed as organic catalysts for the step-growth polymerization of terephtaldehyde. This part is an application to polymer chemistry of the so-called “benzoin condensation”, reaction catalyzed by NHCs involving a mono-aldehyde substrate. Poly(1,4-phenylene-1-oxo-2-hydroxyethylene)s or « polybenzoins » have thus been obtained by polymerization reactions conducted in DMSO or THF at temperatures below 40°C. Presence of cyclic polybenzoins has been put forward. The content of such cyclic species was found to vary as a function of the NHC catalyst employed and of the reaction media used. In a second part, simple solutions have been proposed to easily handle NHCs, by avoiding their degradation. For this purpose, polymer supports bearing NHCs moities, i.e “poly(NHC)s”, have been developed and employed for the purpose of organocatalysis. Even if “poly(NHC)s” were found to be recyclable, they still remain sensitive to impurities. Another way to protect the carbenic centers is to react “poly(NHC)s” with CO2. The adducts thus obtained, “poly(NHC-CO2)s”, can then be employed as precursors for the in situ generation of “poly(NHC)s”, by a simple thermal activation. A further carboxylation of such generated species allow for the recovering of “poly(NHC-CO2)s”. Finally, synthetic methods for the preparation of imidazolium (molecular version) and polyimidazolium (supported polymer version) salts with hydrogenocarbonate (HCO3-) as counter-anion have been developed. Such precursors can serve as precatalysts (molecular or supported) to generate, by heating, NHCs and poly(NHC)s, giving a practice way to conduct organocalysed reactions and recycle the catalysts.

Acid induced step-growth polymerizations of bis(p-methoxybenzyl) carbonate (pMBC), bis(m-methoxybenzyl) carbonate (mMBC) and difurfuryl carbonate (DFC) have been performed to produce resin-foams, because controlled release of carbon dioxide takes place during polymerization of those organic carbonates. The monomers are polymerized in bulk using p-toluene sulfonic acid (pTS) as a catalyst. The volume development of the foams is assisted by use of an appropriate surfactant and the crosslinking agent 1,3,5-trioxane as co-components. A portion of carbon dioxide release is a function of the carbenium stability of the reactive intermediate derived from the monomer; DFC > pMBC ≫ mMBC. Resins derived from mMBC can be post-treated to release carbon dioxide after polymerization. The molecular structures of the resulting materials are investigated by solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study foam morphology. The carbon dioxide release was monitored with TG-MS analysis. Finally, the polymer foams have been converted into carbon foams and investigated by means of mercury porosimetry. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

La variété des structures colloïdales auto assemblées est principalement due à la présence d'interactions anisotropes. Nous présentons ici une méthode numérique pour étudier l'agrégation irréversible par patches de particules sphériques. Il s'agit d'une amélioration de la dynamique d’amas browniens prenant en compte les interactions par patches et les mouvements de rotation. Nous limitons notre étude aux particules à deux patches opposés de taille variable. Une interaction isotrope, faible, est également ajoutée pour modéliser une polymérisation par étape dans diverses conditions de solvant. Cet algorithme a été testé sur des chaînes isolées et nous avons retrouvé les propriétés statiques et dynamiques attendues. En jouant sur la balance entre la qualité du solvant et la taille des patches diverses morphologies hors-équilibres sont obtenues. Même dans la limite diluée, les collisions corrélées jouent un rôle important et une description de type Smoluchowski échoue. / The versatility of self assembling structures is mostly due to the presence of anisotropic interactions. We present a new simulation method to study irreversible patchy aggregation of spherical particles. It is a variation of the Brownian Cluster Dynamics method taking into account patchy interactions and rotational motions. We limit our case to particles with two oppositely located patches. The size of patches can vary and an isotropic interaction is superimposed around the particle to mimic step-polymerization with various solvent qualities. This new algorithm was successfully tested on single polymer chains and expected static and dynamic properties were recovered. Depending on the balance between solvent quality and patch size various out of equilibrium morphologies could be obtained. Even in the limit dilute solutions, correlated collisions play a key role and the Smoluchowski approach fails. We propose new directions for a better understanding of anisotropy effects on kinetics.

A busca por materiais derivados de fontes renováveis e com características como biocompatibilidade e biodegradabilidade tem crescido significativamente nos últimos anos. A utilização de enzimas na polimerização representa um grande passo para a obtenção destes, visto que possibilitam a produção de polímeros evitando a utilização de catalisadores tóxicos e, assim, melhorando sua biocompatibilidade. O presente trabalho descreve a utilização de monômeros funcionais derivados de fontes renováveis na produção de poliésteres hidrolisáveis via catálise enzimática. As sínteses de polímeros produzidos a partir de isosorbídeo e ácidos dicarboxílicos ou derivados - como seus ésteres alquílicos e vinílicos - foram feitas utilizando a lipase de Candida antarctica Fração B como catalisador. As polimerizações foram realizadas por policondensações em massa e em solução, utilizando-se diferentes solventes e diferentes técnicas para remoção de subprodutos de reação. A principal abordagem foi o estudo das diferentes condições reacionais realizadas, variando-se o tempo de reação, tipo do monômero, solvente utilizado (se for o caso) e tipo de técnica para remoção de subprodutos visando o aumento da massa molar dos polímeros. A condição que forneceu os materiais com maiores massas molares foi a policondensação em solução, utilizando a mistura cicloexano:benzeno como solvente. Tendo por objetivo investigar profundamente a condição ótima obtida, e estabelecer padrões de comparação com outros sistemas, foram estudados, nessa condição, parâmetros como tempo de reação, efeito do tamanho da cadeia carbônica do monômero, grupo de saída, solubilidade dos polímeros e diluição do sistema. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho (SEC), termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), espectroscopia no infravermelho, difração de raios-X, e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C. Através deste trabalho foi provado que, embora apresente uma cinética de reação lenta, a polimerização enzimática deste diol secundário estericamente impedido é possível, fornecendo poliésteres com massas molares similares às obtidas via catálise química. Todos os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são inéditos no que diz respeito à polimerização enzimática de dióis secundários impedidos, mais especificamente de isosorbídeo. / The search for materials derived from renewable sources, with characteristics such as biocompatibility and biodegradability has grown significantly in recent years. The use of enzymes in the polymerization is a major step for the attainment of these materials, since it allows the production of polymers while avoiding the use of toxic catalysts and thus improving its biocompatibility. This paper describes the use of functional monomers derived from renewable sources in the production of hydrolysable polyesters by enzyme catalysis The synthesis and characterization of polymers derived from isosorbide and dicarboxilic acids or derivatives - such as alkyl and vinyl esters - were carried out using the lipase from Candida antarctica - Fraction B as catalyst. The polymerizations were accomplished by polycondensations in bulk and in solution, using different solvents and different techniques for removal of reaction byproducts. The main approach was to study the different reaction conditions, by varying the reaction time, monomer type, solvent used (if applicable) and the type of technique for removal of byproducts, aiming at maximizing polymer molar mass. The condition that provided the material with higher molecular weight was the solution step-growth polymerization, using a mixture cyclohexane:benzene as solvents. Aiming to thoroughly investigate the optimum condition obtained, and to establish standards for comparison with other systems, it was studied, in this condition, parameters such as reaction time, effect of monomer carbon chain length , leaving group, polymers solubility of and dilution of the reaction system. The materials were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (SEC), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Through this work it was proved that, in spite of a slow reaction kinetics, the enzymatic polymerization of this hindered secondary diol is possible, providing polyester with molecular weight similar to those obtained by chemical catalysis. All results obtained in this work are unprecedented with respect to the enzymatic polymerization of hindered secondary diols, more specifically of Isosorbide.

A busca por materiais derivados de fontes renováveis e com características como biocompatibilidade e biodegradabilidade tem crescido significativamente nos últimos anos. A utilização de enzimas na polimerização representa um grande passo para a obtenção destes, visto que possibilitam a produção de polímeros evitando a utilização de catalisadores tóxicos e, assim, melhorando sua biocompatibilidade. O presente trabalho descreve a utilização de monômeros funcionais derivados de fontes renováveis na produção de poliésteres hidrolisáveis via catálise enzimática. As sínteses de polímeros produzidos a partir de isosorbídeo e ácidos dicarboxílicos ou derivados - como seus ésteres alquílicos e vinílicos - foram feitas utilizando a lipase de Candida antarctica Fração B como catalisador. As polimerizações foram realizadas por policondensações em massa e em solução, utilizando-se diferentes solventes e diferentes técnicas para remoção de subprodutos de reação. A principal abordagem foi o estudo das diferentes condições reacionais realizadas, variando-se o tempo de reação, tipo do monômero, solvente utilizado (se for o caso) e tipo de técnica para remoção de subprodutos visando o aumento da massa molar dos polímeros. A condição que forneceu os materiais com maiores massas molares foi a policondensação em solução, utilizando a mistura cicloexano:benzeno como solvente. Tendo por objetivo investigar profundamente a condição ótima obtida, e estabelecer padrões de comparação com outros sistemas, foram estudados, nessa condição, parâmetros como tempo de reação, efeito do tamanho da cadeia carbônica do monômero, grupo de saída, solubilidade dos polímeros e diluição do sistema. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho (SEC), termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), espectroscopia no infravermelho, difração de raios-X, e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C. Através deste trabalho foi provado que, embora apresente uma cinética de reação lenta, a polimerização enzimática deste diol secundário estericamente impedido é possível, fornecendo poliésteres com massas molares similares às obtidas via catálise química. Todos os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são inéditos no que diz respeito à polimerização enzimática de dióis secundários impedidos, mais especificamente de isosorbídeo. / The search for materials derived from renewable sources, with characteristics such as biocompatibility and biodegradability has grown significantly in recent years. The use of enzymes in the polymerization is a major step for the attainment of these materials, since it allows the production of polymers while avoiding the use of toxic catalysts and thus improving its biocompatibility. This paper describes the use of functional monomers derived from renewable sources in the production of hydrolysable polyesters by enzyme catalysis The synthesis and characterization of polymers derived from isosorbide and dicarboxilic acids or derivatives - such as alkyl and vinyl esters - were carried out using the lipase from Candida antarctica - Fraction B as catalyst. The polymerizations were accomplished by polycondensations in bulk and in solution, using different solvents and different techniques for removal of reaction byproducts. The main approach was to study the different reaction conditions, by varying the reaction time, monomer type, solvent used (if applicable) and the type of technique for removal of byproducts, aiming at maximizing polymer molar mass. The condition that provided the material with higher molecular weight was the solution step-growth polymerization, using a mixture cyclohexane:benzene as solvents. Aiming to thoroughly investigate the optimum condition obtained, and to establish standards for comparison with other systems, it was studied, in this condition, parameters such as reaction time, effect of monomer carbon chain length , leaving group, polymers solubility of and dilution of the reaction system. The materials were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (SEC), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Through this work it was proved that, in spite of a slow reaction kinetics, the enzymatic polymerization of this hindered secondary diol is possible, providing polyester with molecular weight similar to those obtained by chemical catalysis. All results obtained in this work are unprecedented with respect to the enzymatic polymerization of hindered secondary diols, more specifically of Isosorbide.

Acid induced step-growth polymerizations of bis(p-methoxybenzyl) carbonate (pMBC), bis(m-methoxybenzyl) carbonate (mMBC) and difurfuryl carbonate (DFC) have been performed to produce resin-foams, because controlled release of carbon dioxide takes place during polymerization of those organic carbonates. The monomers are polymerized in bulk using p-toluene sulfonic acid (pTS) as a catalyst. The volume development of the foams is assisted by use of an appropriate surfactant and the crosslinking agent 1,3,5-trioxane as co-components. A portion of carbon dioxide release is a function of the carbenium stability of the reactive intermediate derived from the monomer; DFC > pMBC ≫ mMBC. Resins derived from mMBC can be post-treated to release carbon dioxide after polymerization. The molecular structures of the resulting materials are investigated by solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study foam morphology. The carbon dioxide release was monitored with TG-MS analysis. Finally, the polymer foams have been converted into carbon foams and investigated by means of mercury porosimetry. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

A partir des mêmes briques élémentaires portant des fonctions aldéhydes et mettant en jeu des catalyseurs différents, trois types de nouveaux polymères ont été synthétisés par la polymérisation par étape dans ce travail. Dans la première partie, bis-cétone et bis-aldéhyde monomères ont directement polymérisé dans des conditions stoechiométriques par ce processus offrant polyaldols. Divers catalyseurs et des effets de la nature du solvant ont ensuite été étudiés. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons travaillé sur la polymérisation organo-catalysée de monomères bis-aldéhydes par des précurseurs de carbènes N-hétérocycliques chiraux et achiraux pour synthétiser les polymères chiraux. Enfin, la directe polymérisation des monomères de type AB2 avec une fonction aldéhyde fournit une facile synthétique approche à polyacétals hyperbrramifiés portant nombreux périphéries aldehyiques. Ces polyacétals hyperramifiés sans défauts structuraux ont ensuit été introduirsé par des chaines de PEO par réaction de « PEGylation ». L’utilisation de la postpolymymérisation permet d’offre un large varité de la propriété du polymère, à l’aide ces périphéries aldéhydiques. Enplus, les polyacétals hyperramifiés sont dégradables, et facilement hydrolysés en milieu acide. / Using the same building blocks carrying aldehyde function with different catalysts, three types of new polymers were synthesized by step-growth polymerization in this work. In the fist part, bis-ketone and bis-aldehyde monomers have been directly polymerized under stoichiometric conditions by this process affording polyaldols. The effects of different catalysts and solvent nature have also been studied. In the second part, we have studied the organo-catalyzed polymerization of bis-aldehyde monomers by precursors of chiral and achiral N-heterocyclic carbene for synthesis of chiral polymer. Finally, polymerization of AB2-type monomers with one function of aldehyde provides a facile synthetic approach to hyperbranched polyacetals carrying numerous peripheral aldehydes. These defect free hyperbranched polyacetals have been introduced PEO chains by "PEGylation" reaction. A wide variety of other functional moieties could be introduced by postpolymerization with peripheral aldehydes. Besides, the hyperbranched polyacetals are degradable in essence, being readily hydrolyzed under acidic condition.

Elastomere werden während ihrer Lebensdauer meist mechanisch und thermisch besonders stark beansprucht. Dadurch sind sie einem hohen Verschleiß und einer Abnutzung ausgesetzt, die zum Versagen des Materials führen. Dabei können schwerwiegende Folgen für Maschine und Mensch entstehen. Eine elegante Möglichkeit diesen Erscheinungen entgegenzuwirken bietet die Entwicklung von selbstheilenden Materialien. Durch reversible Vernetzungen können Mikro- und Makrorisse verschlossen und die Lebensdauer von elastomeren Werkstoffen erheblich gesteigert werden. Eine mögliche reversible Vernetzung ist die Bildung ionischer Cluster. Die in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr in den Fokus gerückten polyionischen Flüssigkeiten (PIF) bieten, aufgrund ihres hohen Anteils an ionischen Gruppen (meist in jeder Wiederholeinheit), eine gute Voraussetzung für eine ionische Modifizierung von Elastomeren. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es in kommerziell erhältlichem Brombutylkautschuk (BIIR) durch Modifizierung mit polyionischen Flüssigkeiten (PIF) selbstheilende Eigenschaften hervorzurufen. Dabei sollte die Reversibilität der ionischen Clusterbildung ausgenutzt werden. Aufgrund des zu erwartenden großen Einflusses der Beweglichkeit der ionischen Komponente wurden drei unterschiedliche Konzepte verfolgt, bei denen die Mobilität der PIF-Phase durch Reaktionen mit der BIIR-Matrix im unterschiedlichen Maße eingeschränkt wurde. Zum einen wurde der BIIR reaktiv mit PIF geblendet, sodass sowohl kovalente als auch nichtkovalente Vernetzungen erfolgten (Konzept 1). Nach diesem Konzept ist die Mobilität der ionischen Gruppen stark begrenzt. In einem weiteren Konzept erfolgte eine einseitige Pfropfung von PIF an den BIIR (Konzept 2). Dadurch wurde eine kovalente Vernetzung vermieden und die Beweglichkeit der PIF nur leicht eingeschränkt. Weiterhin erfolgte nach Konzept 3 ein nichtreaktives Blenden mit PIF, wodurch die freie Beweglichkeit der PIF-Phase gewährleistet war. Dafür war vorgesehen den BIIR zunächst mit niedermolekularen Alkylimidazolen ionisch zu modifiziert. Dadurch sollten alle reaktiven Stellen im BIIR blockiert und die Kompatibilität mit der PIF erhöht werden. Als Blendkomonenten wurden drei unterschiedliche PIF synthetisiert. Neue PIF (A Serie) konnten über polymeranaloge Umsetzungen von Poly(butadien-co-maleinsäureanhydrid) hergestellt werden. Hierzu wurden zunächst die Anhydridgruppen des Polymers mit 1,(3 Aminopropyl)imidazol und dann in einem zweiten Schritt mit Alkylbromid umgesetzt. In einer weiteren Serie (B-Serie) wurde Polyvinylimidazol mit Alkylbromid umgesetzt. Beide Synthesemethoden haben den Vorteil, dass durch variable Umsetzung mit verschiedenen Alkylbromiden bzw. durch Co-Umsetzung mit Alkylamiden (A-Serie) sowie durch Ionenaustausch das Eigenschaftsniveau in weitem Maße variiert und dem entsprechenden Anwendungsfall angepasst werden kann. Insbesondere konnten durch Teilumsetzung Proben erhalten werden, welche reaktive Gruppen besitzen, die für die kovalente Bindung mit BIIR geeignet waren. Bei einer weiteren Serie (C-Serie) erfolgte die Synthese über eine Stufenwachstumsreaktion eines AB Monomers. Hierbei stand im Mittelpunkt inwieweit ein gerichteter Kettenaufbau erfolgt. Das war insofern wichtig, da diese Monomere für die einseitige Pfropfung mit BIIR vorgesehen waren, bei der eine kovalente Vernetzung vermieden wird. Durch MALDI-TOF-Untersuchungen konnte dieser gerichtete Kettenaufbau nachgewiesen werden. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der nach den drei Konzepten hergestellten Blends wurden mit DMA-Untersuchungen und Zug-Dehnungsexperimenten ermittelt. Vergleichend wurde ein konventionell mit Schwefel vernetzter BIIR herangezogen. Besonders gute mechanische Eigenschaften wurden mit den Blends nach Konzept 2 und 3 erreicht, welche vergleichbar und teils deutlich besser waren als der schwefelvernetzte BIIR. Nach diesen beiden Konzepten erfolgte die Vernetzung ausschließlich über die Bildung ionischer Cluster. Diese reversiblen Bindungen sorgen für eine starke Vernetzung des BIIR die vergleichbar bzw. stärker ist als die kovalenten Bindungen mit Schwefel. Eher schlechte mechanische Eigenschaften konnten für die Blends nach Konzept 1 beobachtet werden. Die kovalenten Verknüpfungen über die PIF sorgen für eine relativ lose und weitmaschige Vernetzung des BIIR. Die ermittelten Vernetzungsdichten sind deutlich niedriger im Vergleich zum schwefelvernetzten BIIR. Die zusätzlichen reversiblen Vernetzungspunkte durch die ionische Clusterbildung wirken sich aufgrund der eingeschränkten Mobilität schwächer aus als in den anderen Konzepten. Neben den hergestellten Blends wurden auch die ionisch modifizierten BIIR-Proben separat untersucht. Diese zeigten besonders bei der Verwendung von kurzkettigen Alkylimidazolen herausragende mechanische Eigenschaften. Die Ursache dafür liegt vermutlich in der Bildung von stärkeren und kompakteren ionischen Clustern. Für die Testung der Selbstheilungseigenschaften wurden an zerschnittenen und geheilten Probekörper Zugversuche durchgeführt und mit den Werten der unbehandelten Probekörper verglichen. Um eine reproduzierbare Probenvorbereitung zu gewährleisten, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine Schneidevorrichtung entwickelt, in der die Heilungsversuche unter gleichen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden konnten. Gute Selbstheilungseigenschaften konnten für die Blends nach Konzept 3 beobachtet werden. Die vorherige Modifizierung des BIIR mit längeren Alkylimidazolen wirkte sich dabei besonders vorteilhaft auf die Heilung der Proben aus. Ebenfalls sehr gute Heilungsraten konnten für die Blends nach Konzept 1 ermittelt werden. Jedoch zeigt diese Art der Modifizierung aufgrund der geringen mechanischen Stabilität das geringste Potential für mögliche industrielle Anwendungen. Für die Blends nach Konzept 2 wurden eher schlechte Heilungsraten ermittelt. Die ausschließlich ionisch modifizierten Proben zeigten die mit Abstand beste Selbstheilung, wobei die Verwendung von langkettigen Alkylimidazolen für die Heilung vorteilhaft ist. Im Vergleich mit aus der Literatur bekannten elastomeren Materialien konnten deutlich bessere Bruchspannungen für geheilte und unbehandelte Probekörper erreicht werden. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass über die ionische Modifizierung von BIIR nach den drei vorgestellten Konzepten Materialien mit sehr guten mechanischen Eigenschaften und herausragender Selbstheilung hergestellt werden konnten. Es zeigte sich, dass diese Eigenschaften eng mit der Mobilität der für die reversible Vernetzung verantwortlichen ionischen Gruppen verknüpft sind. Der Vergleich mit einem konventionell schwefelvernetzten BIIR zeigte, dass die physikalische Vernetzung über die Bildung von ionischen Clustern (Konzept 2 und 3) vergleichbar bzw. stärker ist. Weiterhin sind diese Materialien rezyklierbar, da bei höheren Temperaturen ein Schmelzen durch Auflösen der ionischen Cluster zu erwarten ist. Diese Verbesserungen gegenüber dem schwefelvernetzten BIIR zeigen deutlich das Potential dieser Materialen für mögliche Anwendungen in der Industrie.